oil platform
DESCRIPTION
This document gives some brief information about the types of oil platforms or oil rigs. offshore rigs like tension leg platforms, FPSOs, gravity based platforms, fixed offshore structures, complaint structures are discussed in this documentTRANSCRIPT
-
4/4/2015 OilplatformWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platform 1/12
OilplatformP51offtheBraziliancoastisasemisubmersibleplatform.
OilplatformMittelplateintheNorthsea
OilplatformFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Anoilplatform,offshoreplatform,or(colloquially)oilrigisalargestructurewithfacilitiestodrillwells,toextractandprocessoilandnaturalgas,ortotemporarilystoreproductuntilitcanbebroughttoshoreforrefiningandmarketing.Inmanycases,theplatformcontainsfacilitiestohousetheworkforceaswell.
Dependingonthecircumstances,theplatformmaybefixedtotheoceanfloor,mayconsistofanartificialisland,ormayfloat.Remotesubseawellsmayalsobeconnectedtoaplatformbyflowlinesandbyumbilicalconnections.Thesesubseasolutionsmayconsistofoneormoresubseawells,orofoneormoremanifoldcentresformultiplewells.
Contents
1History2Types
2.1Fixedplatforms2.2Complianttowers2.3Semisubmersibleplatform2.4Jackupdrillingrigs2.5Drillships2.6Floatingproductionsystems2.7Tensionlegplatform2.8Gravitybasedstructure2.9Sparplatforms2.10Condeepplatforms2.11Normallyunmannedinstallations(NUI)2.12Conductorsupportsystems
3Particularlylargeexamples4Maintenanceandsupply5Crew
5.1Essentialpersonnel5.2Incidentalpersonnel
6Drawbacks6.1Risks6.2Ecologicaleffects
7Deepestoilplatforms
-
4/4/2015 OilplatformWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platform 2/12
Offshoreplatform,GulfofMexico
8Seealso9References10Externallinks
History
Around1891,thefirstsubmergedoilwellsweredrilledfromplatformsbuiltonpilesinthefreshwatersoftheGrandLakeSt.Marys(a.k.a.MercerCountyReservoir)inOhio.Thewidebutshallowreservoirwasbuiltfrom1837to1845toprovidewatertotheMiamiandErieCanal.
Around1896,thefirstsubmergedoilwellsinsaltwaterweredrilledintheportionoftheSummerlandfieldextendingundertheSantaBarbaraChannelinCalifornia.Thewellsweredrilledfrompiersextendingfromlandoutintothechannel.
OthernotableearlysubmergeddrillingactivitiesoccurredontheCanadiansideofLakeErieinthe1900sandCaddoLakeinLouisianainthe1910s.Shortlythereafter,wellsweredrilledintidalzonesalongtheGulfCoastofTexasandLouisiana.TheGooseCreekfieldnearBaytown,Texasisonesuchexample.Inthe1920s,drillingwasdonefromconcreteplatformsinLakeMaracaibo,Venezuela.
TheoldestsubseawellrecordedinInfield'soffshoredatabaseistheBibiEibatwellwhichcameonstreamin1923inAzerbaijan.LandfillwasusedtoraiseshallowportionsoftheCaspianSea.
Intheearly1930s,theTexasCompanydevelopedthefirstmobilesteelbargesfordrillinginthebrackishcoastalareasofthegulf.
In1937,PureOilCompany(nowpartofChevronCorporation)anditspartnerSuperiorOilCompany(nowpartofExxonMobilCorporation)usedafixedplatformtodevelopafieldin14feet(4.3m)ofwater,onemile(1.6km)offshoreofCalcasieuParish,Louisiana.
In1946,MagnoliaPetroleumCompany(nowpartofExxonMobil)erectedadrillingplatformin18ft(5.5m)ofwater,18milesoffthecoastofSt.MaryParish,Louisiana.
Inearly1947,SuperiorOilerectedadrilling/productionplatformin20ft(6.1m)ofwatersome18milesoffVermilionParish,Louisiana.ButitwasKerrMcGeeOilIndustries(nowAnadarkoPetroleumCorporation),asoperatorforpartnersPhillipsPetroleum(ConocoPhillips)andStanolindOil&Gas(BP),thatcompleteditshistoricShipShoalBlock32wellinOctober1947,monthsbeforeSuperioractuallydrilledadiscoveryfromtheirVermilionplatformfartheroffshore.Inanycase,thatmadeKerrMcGee'swellthefirstoildiscoverydrilledoutofsightofland.[1][2]
TheBritishMaunsellFortsconstructedduringWorldWarIIareconsideredthedirectpredecessorsofmodernoffshoreplatforms.Havingbeenpreconstructedinaveryshorttime,theywerethenfloatedtotheirlocationandplacedontheshallowbottomoftheThamesandtheMerseyestuary.[2][3]
-
4/4/2015 OilplatformWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platform 3/12
AfixedplatformbaseunderconstructiononaLouisianariver
Types
Largerlakeandseabasedoffshoreplatformsanddrillingrigforoil.
1,2)conventionalfixedplatforms3)complianttower4,5)verticallymooredtensionlegandminitensionlegplatform6)spar7,8)semisubmersibles9)floatingproduction,storage,andoffloadingfacility10)subseacompletionandtiebacktohostfacility.[4]
Fixedplatforms
Theseplatformsarebuiltonconcreteorsteellegs,orboth,anchoreddirectlyontotheseabed,supportingadeckwithspacefordrillingrigs,productionfacilitiesandcrewquarters.Suchplatformsare,byvirtueoftheirimmobility,designedforverylongtermuse(forinstancetheHiberniaplatform).Varioustypesofstructureareused,steeljacket,concretecaisson,floatingsteelandevenfloatingconcrete.Steeljacketsareverticalsectionsmadeoftubularsteelmembers,andareusuallypiledintotheseabed.ToseemoredetailsregardingDesign,constructionandinstallationofsuchplatformsreferto:[5]and.[6]
Concretecaissonstructures,pioneeredbytheCondeepconcept,oftenhaveinbuiltoilstorageintanksbelowtheseasurfaceandthesetankswereoftenusedasaflotationcapability,allowingthemtobebuiltclosetoshore(NorwegianfjordsandScottishfirthsarepopularbecausetheyareshelteredanddeepenough)andthenfloatedtotheirfinalpositionwheretheyaresunktotheseabed.Fixedplatformsareeconomicallyfeasibleforinstallationinwaterdepthsuptoabout520m(1,710ft).
Complianttowers
Theseplatformsconsistofslender,flexibletowersandapilefoundationsupportingaconventionaldeckfordrillingandproductionoperations.Complianttowersaredesignedtosustainsignificantlateraldeflectionsandforces,andaretypicallyusedinwaterdepthsrangingfrom370to910metres(1,210to2,990ft).
Semisubmersibleplatform
-
4/4/2015 OilplatformWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platform 4/12
400feet(120m)talljackuprigbeingtowedbytugboats,KachemakBay,Alaska
Theseplatformshavehulls(columnsandpontoons)ofsufficientbuoyancytocausethestructuretofloat,butofweightsufficienttokeepthestructureupright.Semisubmersibleplatformscanbemovedfromplacetoplaceandcanbeballastedupordownbyalteringtheamountoffloodinginbuoyancytanks.Theyaregenerallyanchoredbycombinationsofchain,wireropeorpolyesterrope,orboth,duringdrillingand/orproductionoperations,thoughtheycanalsobekeptinplacebytheuseofdynamicpositioning.Semisubmersiblescanbeusedinwaterdepthsfrom60to3,000metres(200to10,000ft).
Jackupdrillingrigs
JackupMobileDrillingUnits(orjackups),asthenamesuggests,arerigsthatcanbejackedupabovetheseausinglegsthatcanbelowered,muchlikejacks.TheseMODUs(MobileOffshoreDrillingUnits)aretypicallyusedinwaterdepthsupto120metres(390ft),althoughsomedesignscangoto170m(560ft)depth.Theyaredesignedtomovefromplacetoplace,andthenanchorthemselvesbydeployingthelegstotheoceanbottomusingarackandpiniongearsystemoneachleg.
Drillships
Adrillshipisamaritimevesselthathasbeenfittedwithdrillingapparatus.Itismostoftenusedforexploratorydrillingofnewoilorgaswellsindeepwaterbutcanalsobeusedforscientificdrilling.Earlyversionswerebuiltonamodifiedtankerhull,butpurposebuiltdesignsareusedtoday.Mostdrillshipsareoutfittedwithadynamicpositioningsystemtomaintainpositionoverthewell.Theycandrillinwaterdepthsupto3,700m(12,100ft).[7]
Floatingproductionsystems
ThemaintypesoffloatingproductionsystemsareFPSO(floatingproduction,storage,andoffloadingsystem).FPSOsconsistoflargemonohullstructures,generally(butnotalways)shipshaped,equippedwithprocessingfacilities.Theseplatformsaremooredtoalocationforextendedperiods,anddonotactuallydrillforoilorgas.Somevariantsoftheseapplications,calledFSO(floatingstorageandoffloadingsystem)orFSU(floatingstorageunit),areusedexclusivelyforstoragepurposes,andhostverylittleprocessequipment.Thisisoneofthebestsourcesforhavingfloatingproduction.
Theworld'sfirstfloatingliquefiednaturalgas(FLNG)facilityiscurrentlyunderdevelopment.Seethesectiononparticularlylargeexamplesbelow.
Tensionlegplatform
TLPsarefloatingplatformstetheredtotheseabedinamannerthateliminatesmostverticalmovementofthestructure.TLPsareusedinwaterdepthsuptoabout2,000meters(6,600feet).The"conventional"TLPisa4columndesignwhichlookssimilartoasemisubmersible.ProprietaryversionsincludetheSeastarandMOSESminiTLPstheyarerelativelylowcost,usedinwaterdepthsbetween180and1,300metres(590and4,270ft).MiniTLPscanalsobeusedasutility,satelliteorearlyproductionplatformsforlargerdeepwaterdiscoveries.
Gravitybasedstructure
-
4/4/2015 OilplatformWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platform 5/12
Devil'sTowersparplatform
AGBScaneitherbesteelorconcreteandisusuallyanchoreddirectlyontotheseabed.SteelGBSarepredominantlyusedwhenthereisnoorlimitedavailabilityofcranebargestoinstallaconventionalfixedoffshoreplatform,forexampleintheCaspianSea.ThereareseveralsteelGBSintheworldtoday(e.g.offshoreTurkmenistanWaters(CaspianSea)andoffshoreNewZealand).SteelGBSdonotusuallyprovidehydrocarbonstoragecapability.Itismainlyinstalledbypullingitofftheyard,byeitherwettowor/anddrytow,andselfinstallingbycontrolledballastingofthecompartmentswithseawater.TopositiontheGBSduringinstallation,theGBSmaybeconnectedtoeitheratransportationbargeoranyotherbarge(provideditislargeenoughtosupporttheGBS)usingstrandjacks.ThejacksshallbereleasedgraduallywhilsttheGBSisballastedtoensurethattheGBSdoesnotswaytoomuchfromtargetlocation.
Sparplatforms
SparsaremooredtotheseabedlikeTLPs,butwhereasaTLPhasverticaltensiontethers,asparhasmoreconventionalmooringlines.Sparshavetodatebeendesignedinthreeconfigurations:the"conventional"onepiececylindricalhullthe"trussspar",inwhichthemidsectioniscomposedoftrusselementsconnectingtheupperbuoyanthull(calledahardtank)withthebottomsofttankcontainingpermanentballastandthe"cellspar",whichisbuiltfrommultipleverticalcylinders.ThesparhasmoreinherentstabilitythanaTLPsinceithasalargecounterweightatthebottomanddoesnotdependonthemooringtoholditupright.Italsohastheability,byadjustingthemooringlinetensions(usingchainjacksattachedtothemooringlines),tomovehorizontallyandtopositionitselfoverwellsatsomedistancefromthemainplatformlocation.ThefirstproductionsparwasKerrMcGee'sNeptune,anchoredin590m(1,940ft)intheGulfofMexicohowever,spars(suchasBrentSpar)werepreviouslyusedasFSOs.
Eni'sDevil'sTowerlocatedin1,710m(5,610ft)ofwaterintheGulfofMexico,wastheworld'sdeepestsparuntil2010.Theworld'sdeepestplatformiscurrentlythePerdidosparintheGulfofMexico,floatingin2,438metresofwater.ItisoperatedbyRoyalDutchShellandwasbuiltatacostof$3billion.[8][9]
ThefirsttrusssparswereKerrMcGee'sBoomvangandNansen.Thefirst(andonly)cellsparisKerrMcGee'sRedHawk.[10]
Condeepplatforms
Condeepplatformgotitsbreakthroughinthesummerof1973.WhenacontractwassignedbetweentheNorwegianContractors(NC)andMobilontheconstructionofBerylAandtheShellBrentB.IthadnotbeenimplementedonboldbuildingprojectsinNorwaysincetheRjukandevelopment.TheNorwegianCondeepplatformsattractedinternationalattention,andtheconstructionwasawardedtheprizeforthetechnologicalinnovationintheworld'slargestoilconferenceinHoustonin1975.
InternationallyCondeepistheepitomeofoiloperationsintheNorthSea.Condeepplatformshavebeenthemostsignificantindependentcontributionstotheoffshoreindustry.ThelatestandgreatestCondeepplatformisTrollA,whichwassubmittedtoShellin1995.
-
4/4/2015 OilplatformWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platform 6/12
A'Statfjord'gravitybasedstructureunderconstructioninNorway.Almostallofthestructurewillendupsubmerged.
Table31providesanoverviewofallCondeepplatformbuilt,11arelocatedintheNorwegiansector.
ThefirstconcreteplatformsintheUKsectorwasCondeepplatformsbuiltbytheNC.SeveralofthenextBritishconcreteplatformhadmultipledesignresemblingCondeep.
In1978,thereweredemandsfromNPDthatplatformsshouldalsobedesignedforremoval,thisincludedthenineCondeepplatformsfromtheStatfjordB.However,thefullextentoftheremovalprocessisnotgenerallyconsideredintheoriginaldesign.
Normallyunmannedinstallations(NUI)
Theseinstallationsarethenaddedtotheseawater.(sometimescalledtoadstools)aresmallplatforms,consistingoflittlemorethanawellbay,helipadandemergencyshelter.Theyaredesignedtobeoperatedremotelyundernormalconditions,onlytobevisitedoccasionallyforroutinemaintenanceorwellwork.
Conductorsupportsystems
Theseinstallations,alsoknownassatelliteplatforms,aresmallunmannedplatformsconsistingoflittlemorethanawellbayandasmallprocessplant.Theyaredesignedtooperateinconjunctionwithastaticproductionplatformwhichisconnectedtotheplatformbyflowlinesorbyumbilicalcable,orboth.
Particularlylargeexamples
ThePetroniusPlatformisacomplianttowerintheGulfofMexicomodeledaftertheHessBaldpateplatform,whichstands2,000feet(610m)abovetheoceanfloor.Itisoneoftheworld'stalleststructures.[11]
TheHiberniaplatforminCanadaistheworld'slargest(intermsofweight)offshoreplatform,locatedontheJeanneD'ArcBasin,intheAtlanticOceanoffthecoastofNewfoundland.Thisgravitybasestructure(GBS),whichsitsontheoceanfloor,is111metres(364ft)highandhasstoragecapacityfor1.3millionbarrels(210,000m3)ofcrudeoilinits85metre(279ft)highcaisson.Theplatformactsasasmallconcreteislandwithserratedouteredgesdesignedtowithstandtheimpactofaniceberg.TheGBScontainsproductionstoragetanksandtheremainderofthevoidspaceisfilledwithballastwiththeentirestructureweighinginat1.2milliontons.
RoyalDutchShelliscurrentlydevelopingthefirstFloatingLiquefiedNaturalGas(FLNG)facility,whichwillbesituatedapproximately200kmoffthecoastofWesternAustraliaandisdueforcompletionaround2017.[12]Whenfinished,itwillbethelargestfloatingoffshorefacility.Itisexpectedtobeapproximately488mlongand74mwidewithdisplacementofaround600,000twhenfullyballasted.[13]
Maintenanceandsupply
-
4/4/2015 OilplatformWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platform 7/12
Atypicaloilproductionplatformisselfsufficientinenergyandwaterneeds,housingelectricalgeneration,waterdesalinatorsandalloftheequipmentnecessarytoprocessoilandgassuchthatitcanbeeitherdelivereddirectlyonshorebypipelineortoafloatingplatformortankerloadingfacility,orboth.Elementsintheoil/gasproductionprocessincludewellhead,productionmanifold,productionseparator,glycolprocesstodrygas,gascompressors,waterinjectionpumps,oil/gasexportmeteringandmainoillinepumps.
LargerplatformsassistedbysmallerESVs(emergencysupportvessels)liketheBritishIolairthataresummonedwhensomethinghasgonewrong,e.g.whenasearchandrescueoperationisrequired.Duringnormaloperations,PSVs(platformsupplyvessels)keeptheplatformsprovisionedandsupplied,andAHTSvesselscanalsosupplythem,aswellastowthemtolocationandserveasstandbyrescueandfirefightingvessels.
Crew
Essentialpersonnel
Notallofthefollowingpersonnelarepresentoneveryplatform.Onsmallerplatforms,oneworkercanperformanumberofdifferentjobs.Thefollowingalsoarenotnamesofficiallyrecognizedintheindustry:
OIM(offshoreinstallationmanager)whoistheultimateauthorityduringhis/hershiftandmakestheessentialdecisionsregardingtheoperationoftheplatformoperationsteamleader(OTL)offshoreoperationsengineer(OOE)whoistheseniortechnicalauthorityontheplatformPSTLoroperationscoordinatorformanagingcrewchangesdynamicpositioningoperator,navigation,shiporvesselmaneuvering(MODU),stationkeeping,fireandgassystemsoperationsintheeventofincidentautomationsystemsspecialist,toconfigure,maintainandtroubleshoottheprocesscontrolsystems(PCS),processsafetysystems,emergencysupportsystemsandvesselmanagementsystemssecondmatetomeetmanningrequirementsofflagstate,operatesfastrescuecraft,cargooperations,fireteamleaderthirdmatetomeetmanningrequirementsofflagstate,operatefastrescuecraft,cargooperations,fireteamleaderballastcontroloperatortooperatefireandgassystemscraneoperatorstooperatethecranesforliftingcargoaroundtheplatformandbetweenboatsscaffolderstorigupscaffoldingforwhenitisrequiredforworkerstoworkatheightcoxswainstomaintainthelifeboatsandmanningthemifnecessarycontrolroomoperators,especiallyFPSOorproductionplatformscateringcrew,includingpeopletaskedwithperformingessentialfunctionssuchascooking,laundryandcleaningtheaccommodationproductiontechstoruntheproductionplanthelicopterpilot(s)livingonsomeplatformsthathaveahelicopterbasedoffshoreandtransporting
-
4/4/2015 OilplatformWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platform 8/12
workerstootherplatformsortoshoreoncrewchangesmaintenancetechnicians(instrument,electricalormechanical).Fullyqualifiedmedic.Radiooperatortooperateallradiocommunications.
Incidentalpersonnel
Drillcrewwillbeonboardiftheinstallationisperformingdrillingoperations.Adrillcrewwillnormallycomprise:
ToolpusherDrillerRoughnecksRoustaboutsCompanymanMudengineerMotormanDerrickhandGeologistWeldersandWelderHelpers
Wellservicescrewwillbeonboardforwellwork.Thecrewwillnormallycomprise:
WellservicessupervisorWirelineorcoiledtubingoperatorsPumpoperatorPumphangerandranger
Drawbacks
Risks
Thenatureoftheiroperationextractionofvolatilesubstancessometimesunderextremepressureinahostileenvironmentmeansriskaccidentsandtragediesoccurregularly.TheU.S.MineralsManagementServicereported69offshoredeaths,1,349injuries,and858firesandexplosionsonoffshorerigsintheGulfofMexicofrom2001to2010.[14]OnJuly6,1988,167peoplediedwhenOccidentalPetroleum'sPiperAlphaoffshoreproductionplatform,onthePiperfieldintheUKsectoroftheNorthSea,explodedafteragasleak.TheresultinginvestigationconductedbyLordCullenandpublicizedinthefirstCullenReportwashighlycriticalofanumberofareas,including,butnotlimitedto,managementwithinthecompany,thedesignofthestructure,andthePermittoWorkSystem.Thereportwascommissionedin1988,andwasdeliveredNovember1990.[15]Theaccidentgreatlyacceleratedthepracticeofprovidinglivingaccommodationsonseparateplatforms,awayfromthoseusedforextraction.
-
4/4/2015 OilplatformWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platform 9/12
NOAAmapofthe3,858oilandgasplatformsextantintheGulfofMexicoin2006
Theoffshorecanbeinitselfahazardousenvironment.InMarch1980,the'flotel'(floatinghotel)platformAlexanderL.KiellandcapsizedinastormintheNorthSeawiththelossof123lives.[16]
In2001,Petrobras36inBrazilexplodedandsankfivedayslater,killing11people.
Giventhenumberofgrievancesandconspiracytheoriesthatinvolvetheoilbusiness,andtheimportanceofgas/oilplatformstotheeconomy,platformsintheUnitedStatesarebelievedtobepotentialterroristtargets.AgenciesandmilitaryunitsresponsibleformaritimecounterterrorismintheUS(CoastGuard,NavySEALs,MarineRecon)oftentrainforplatformraids.
OnApril21,2010,theDeepwaterHorizonplatform,52milesoffshoreofVenice,Louisiana,(propertyofTransoceanandleasedtoBP)exploded,killing11people,andsanktwodayslater.Theresultingunderseagusher,conservativelyestimatedtoexceed20millionUSgallons(76,000m3)asofearlyJune,2010,becametheworstoilspillinUShistory,eclipsingtheExxonValdezoilspill.
Ecologicaleffects
InBritishwaters,thecostofremovingallplatformrigstructuresentirelywasestimatedin2013at30billion.[17]
Aquaticorganismsinvariablyattachthemselvestotheunderseaportionsofoilplatforms,turningthemintoartificialreefs.IntheGulfofMexicoandoffshoreCalifornia,theseaaroundoilplatformsarepopulardestinationsforsportsandcommercialfishermen,becauseofthegreaternumbersoffishneartheplatforms.TheUnitedStatesandBruneihaveactiveRigstoReefsprograms,inwhichformeroilplatformsareleftinthesea,eitherinplaceortowedtonewlocations,aspermanentartificialreefs.IntheUSGulfofMexico,asofSeptember2012,420formeroilplatforms,about10percentofdecommissionedplatforms,havebeenconvertedtopermanentreefs.[18]
OntheUSPacificcoast,marinebiologistMiltonLovehasproposedthatoilplatformsoffCaliforniaberetainedasartificialreefs,insteadofbeingdismantled(atgreatcost),becausehehasfoundthemtobehavensformanyofthespeciesoffishwhichareotherwisedecliningintheregion,inthecourseof11yearsofresearch.[19]Loveisfundedmainlybygovernmentagencies,butalsoinsmallpartbytheCaliforniaArtificialReefEnhancementProgram.Divershavebeenusedtoassessthefishpopulationssurroundingtheplatforms.[20]
Deepestoilplatforms
Theworld'sdeepestoilplatformisthefloatingPerdido,whichisasparplatformintheGulfofMexicoinawaterdepthof2,438metres(7,999ft).
Nonfloatingcomplianttowersandfixedplatforms,bywaterdepth:
PetroniusPlatform,535m(1,755ft)BaldpatePlatform,502m(1,647ft)
-
4/4/2015 OilplatformWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platform 10/12
BullwinklePlatform,413m(1,355ft)PompanoPlatform,393m(1,289ft)BenguelaBelizeLobitoTombocoPlatform,390m(1,280ft)TombuaLandanaPlatform,366m(1,201ft)HarmonyPlatform,366m(1,201ft)TrollAPlatform,303m(994ft)GulfaksCPlatform,217m(712ft)
Seealso
AccommodationplatformChukchiCapNorthSeaoilOffshoreconcretestructureOffshoredrillingOffshoregeotechnicalengineeringProtocolfortheSuppressionofUnlawfulActsagainsttheSafetyofFixedPlatformsLocatedontheContinentalShelfRigstoReefsSubmarinepipelineSAR201TEMPSCTexasTowersUnitedStatesoffshoredrillingdebate
References
1. Refaccessed021289bytechnicalaspectsandcoastmapping.KerrMcGee2. ProjectRedsand(http://www.projectredsand.com/)3. 11.2Azerbaijan'sOilHistoryBriefOilChronologysince1920Part2byMirYusifMirBabayev
(http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai112_folder/112_articles/112_chronology.html)4. OfficeofOceanExplorationandResearch(15December2008)."TypesofOffshoreOilandGasStructures"
(http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/06mexico/background/oil/media/types_600.html).NOAAOceanExplorer:ExpeditiontotheDeepSlope.NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration.Retrieved23May2010.
5. http://www.slideshare.net/amirkabirsadeghi/jsas0020401sadeghi6. http://www.slideshare.net/amirkabirsadeghi/jsas004077sadeghi7. "ChevronDrillshipaccessdate=20100524"(http://www.chevron.com/news/press/release/?id=20100311).
20100311.8. ShellstartsproductionatPerdido(http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN3123683920100331)
-
4/4/2015 OilplatformWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platform 11/12
WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoOilplatform.
Externallinks
OilRigDisposal(pdf)(http://www.parliament.uk/post/pn065.pdf)PostnoteissuedbytheUKParliamentaryOfficeofScienceandTechnology.OverviewofConventionalPlatforms(http://www.vulcanhammer.info/off/conventional.php)PictoraltreatmentontheinstallationofplatformswhichextendfromtheseabedtotheoceansurfaceExploringtheFutureofOffshoreOilandGasDevelopmentinBC:LessonsfromtheAtlantic
9. Fahey,Jonathan,AssociatedPress,"DeepGulfdrillingthrives18mos.afterBPspill(http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45825598/ns/us_newsenvironment/t/deepgulfdrillingthrivesmosafterbpspill/)",JapanTimes,4January2012,p.11"Theoffshoredrillinglife:crampedanddangerous(http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gzJrDDvRM0_zBWa3CWjEGhvB0xw?docId=7c57a1cc233d4a2d9ee7d047ef6d32cc)",1January2012.
10. "FirstCellSparaccessdate=20100524"(http://www.fmctechnologies.com/en/SubseaSystems/GlobalProjects/NorthAmerica/US/KMGRedHawk.aspx?tab=%7BB01D40AB5E2F4710954319C658AF29F5%7D).
11. "WhatistheWorld'sTallestBuilding?"(http://www.allaboutskyscrapers.com/tallest_building.htm).AllAboutSkyscrapers.2009.Retrieved23May2010.
12. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9ccaed4a82ba11e0b97c00144feabdc0.html#axzz1NADgzzOH13. http://gastoday.com.au/news/flng_gets_serious/042981/14. "Potentialforbigspillafteroilrigsinks"(http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/36683314/ns/us_newslife/).
MSNBC.20100422.Retrieved20100604.15. http://www.oilandgas.org.uk/issues/piperalpha/v0000864.cfm16. "NorthSeaplatformcollapses"
(http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/27/newsid_2531000/2531091.stm).BBCNews.19800327.Retrieved20080619.
17. http://www.raeng.org.uk/publications/reports/decommissioninginthenorthsea.18. NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration,GulfdecomissioningandRigstoReefs,FAQs
(http://sero.nmfs.noaa.gov/habitat_conservation/documents/pdfs/efh/gulf_decommissioning_and_rigs_to_reefs_faqs_final.pdf),2012.
19. PageM,DuganJ,LoveM,LenihanH."EcologicalPerformanceandTrophicLinks:ComparisonsAmongPlatformsAndNaturalReefsForSelectedFishAndTheirPrey"(http://www.coastalresearchcenter.ucsb.edu/cmi/ecoperformance.html).UniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara.Retrieved20080627.
20. SACox,CRBeaver,QRDokken,andJRRooker.(1996)."Diverbasedunderwatersurveytechniquesusedtoassessfishpopulationsandfoulingcommunitydevelopmentonoffshoreoilandgasplatformstructures"(http://archive.rubiconfoundation.org/4689).In:MALang,CCBaldwin(Eds.)theDivingforScience...1996,"MethodsandTechniquesofUnderwaterResearch".ProceedingsoftheAmericanAcademyofUnderwaterSciences(16thAnnualScientificDivingSymposium).Retrieved20080627.
-
4/4/2015 OilplatformWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platform 12/12
(http://www.sfu.ca/cstudies/science/oilgas.htm)OffshoreOilDrillingNews(http://www.offshoremag.com/drillingandcompletion/)OffshoreOilDrillingNewsOilRigDisasters(http://www.oilrigdisasters.co.uk)ListingofOilRigAccidentsOilRigPhotos(http://www.oilrigphotos.com)CollectionofpicturesofDrillingRigsandProductionPlatformsAnindependentreviewofOffshorePlatformsintheNorthSea(http://www.divinglore.com/Offshore_Platforms.htm)TheMaureenAlphaStory(http://www.maureenalpha.eu)Novelconcepttouseoffshoreoilplatformsforfreshwaterproduction(http://www.spacewx.com/SpaceWater.html)TouringtheHermosaOilPlatformoffthecoastofLompoc,California(http://semicultured.com/?q=node/111)OilRigJobs(http://www.oiljobsoffshore.com/jobs.html)
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oil_platform&oldid=653682188"
Categories: Oilplatforms Structuralengineering Offshoreengineering
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon27March2015,at00:30.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.WikipediaisaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.