ohio’s woodpeckers - ohio bird conservation...
TRANSCRIPT
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Marne TitchenellWildlife Program Specialist
School of Environment and Natural Resources
OHIO’S WOODPECKERS: FLICKERS, SAPSUCKERS,
DOWNIES, AND MORE!
Ohio State University Extension
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What Will We Talk About:–
Amazing abilities of
woodpeckers
–
Woodpecker Habitat
–
The Life of a Woodpecker
–
Ohio’s Woodpeckers
–
Attracting Woodpeckers
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The Woodpeckers: Nature’s Power Tools
–
Highly specialized group of birds
• Nature’s power tools
• Carpenters of the bird world
• Specialize in cavity excavation
• Insect excavators
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The Woodpecker Family
–
Picidae• Piculets
(2)
• Wrynecks‐
Genus Jynx
• Picids‐
Woodpeckers
‐
Sapsuckers
–
US woodpeckers are picids
• 22 species• 7 in Ohio
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Diversity of Family Picidae
Smallest & Largest ‐
Worldwide Smallest & Largest – United States
Bar‐breasted Piculet
Imperial Woodpecker
Pileated
Woodpecker
Downy Woodpecker
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The Ivory‐Billed Woodpecker Story
–
Largest woodpecker north of Mexico
–
Was found in mature forests in southeast US
–
Believed to be extinct since mid‐1900’s
–
Rediscovered in Arkansas, 2005
–
Controversy over rediscover, still no agreement
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The Woodpeckers: Very Specialized Family
–
Avoiding brain damage
–
Specialized beak
–
Long tongue with modified tip
–
Protected nostrils and eyes
–
Short legs and strong toes
–
Stiff tail feathers
–
Protective coloring
–
Large ribs for extra muscle attachment
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The Woodpecker: World’s Best Shock Absorber
Strength and speed of impact:
• 100 times per minute• Speeds of 12‐15 mph• Force of 600‐1500 G’s• Decelerating after 1200 G’s =
coming to compete stop
from 26,000 mph
–Human left with concussion after 100 G’s
–How do woodpeckers avoid brain damage on a daily
basis??
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The Woodpecker: World’s Best Shock Absorber
–
Frontal bone in skull• Helps keep upper bill in place
–
Cartilage for cushion• Extra between bill and skull to
absorb shock‐
Protractor muscle
–
Perfect aim• Each blow delivered straight on
(perfect right angle)
–
Tiny padded brain• Brain lacks the mass to develop
enough inertia to cause damage
• Brain placement in skull and 90
degree angle attack‐
Shock wave travels below brain
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A Little Extra Muscle Never Hurts
–
Wider neck ribs for more muscle
attachment
• More muscle to absorb shock and constantly
drill, peck, hack, and whack!
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That’s One Weird Looking Tongue!
–
Tongue bone • Hyoid apparatus‐
Long slender, flexible
bones‐
Serve as attachment site
for muscles‐
Longer tongue = more
muscles = more extension
and strength
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Why are Woodpecker Tongues so Special?
–
It’s on the tip of the tongue…
• Sensitive• Sticky• Hairy• Barbed
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Specialized Beak
–
Shape –
Length
–
Size
–
Self sharpening• Bony inner structure
covered with durable, leathery sheath
(ramphotheca)
‐
Constantly growing• Like fingernails
‐
Constantly sharpened by
everyday abrasion
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Safety Glasses and Nose Protection
–
Feathers to protect nostrils and filter air
–
Eyes tightly fit in skull• Prevents injury during
pecking
–
Blink to protect eye• Also serves as “seat belt”
–
Well positioned eyes• Will see predators when tree
directly in front of them• See quite well and in color
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Strong Feet and Tail Feathers
–
Amazing feet• Zygodactyl
toes
‐
Two toes forwards
‐
Two toes backward
–
Tail feathers• 3rd
leg of the tripod
• Center 2 feathers longest and strongest
‐
Pointed tips, reinforced
shaft, strong interlocking
barbs‐
Molted last
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Protective Clothing
–
Disruptive Coloration• Helps to conceal from
predators • Sharp contrast breaks up
and hides shape and outline
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Meet Ohio’s Woodpeckers!
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Woodpecker Habitat Needs
–
Trees a requirement
• For nesting and feeding• Larger the woodpecker,
larger the tree needed‐
Pileated
woodpecker
–
Exception to the rule:‘
• Gila Woodpecker‐
Resides in southwest
deserts and into MexicoSaguaro Cactus
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Woodpecker Habitat Needs
–
Food• Insects main food‐
Eggs, larvae, adults
‐
Ants and beetles• One flicker stomach had over
3,000 ants in it!
‐
Moths and butterflies‐
Caterpillars
‐
Spiders
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Woodpecker Habitat Needs
–
Food• Bird eggs and nestlings‐
Red‐bellied
woodpecker
• Fruit (berries)
Oooo, a
plane!
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Woodpecker Habitat Needs
–
Food• Acorns, seeds, nuts‐
A few species will cache
nuts over winter• Red‐headed woodpecker
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Woodpecker Habitat Needs
–
Acorn Woodpecker• Drills acorn sized holes into
trees‐
Granary –
primary tree for
each family
‐
Up to 50,000 holes each with 1
acorn
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Woodpecker Habitat Needs
–
Food
• Sap‐
Yellow‐bellied
sapsucker‐
Feed at sapwells• Small holes pecked in neat
rows
‐
Sap is about 20‐30% of their diet
• Other wildlife benefits
• Tree usually heals
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Woodpecker Habitat Needs
–
Food
• Sap‐
Yellow‐bellied
sapsucker‐
Feed at sapwells• Small holes pecked in neat
rows
‐
Sap is about 20‐30% of their diet
• Other wildlife benefits
• Tree usually heals
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Woodpecker Habitat Needs
–
Migration• Yellow‐bellied sapsucker‐
Stopover in Ohio to feed and
rest
–
Rest of Ohio woodpeckers remain year round
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Woodpecker Communication
‐
Calls not songs‐
Single note repeated over and
over‐
Most woodpeckers have
variety of calls
‐
Used for communication‐
Territoriality
‐
Mating
‐
Alarm
‐
Drumming‐
Also form of communication
‐
Mainly during breeding season
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Woodpecker Breeding Season
–
Starts with males securing territories in early spring
• Large the bird = larger the
territory‐
Downy – ½‐1 acre‐
Pileated
–
1‐2 sq. miles
–
Cavity excavation• Most create their own• Flickers will use existing cavity
–
Tree selection• Decaying tree or live tree‐
Live trees can work for larger
woodpeckers
Are you about done
with that cavity?
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Woodpecker Cavity Excavation
–
Male begins excavation• Cavity preparation pair
bonding• Male does most of the
work• Can take 1‐3 weeks‐
Pileated
–
3‐6 weeks
–
Entrance hole as small as possible
• Clue to woodpecker species
‐
Downy – 1 ¼”
circle
‐
Pileated
–
3½ x 4”
oval
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Woodpecker Reproduction
–
Color of bird eggs VIP• Camouflage
–
Woodpeckers lay white eggs
• No camouflage needed
–
Most only one brood a year
• Hairy – 6 eggs• Red‐headed – 10 eggs
–
Both parents incubate, feed, and raise young
• Both have brood patches
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Hatching Time!
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Ohio’s Woodpeckers
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Pileated
Woodpecker
–Largest Ohio woodpecker (and US)
–Habitat• Large tract of mature
woods• Large trees for roosting• Carpenter ants, wood‐
boring insects and other invertebrates, & mast
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Pileated
Woodpecker
–Fairly common across range
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Northern Flicker
–Pic
Flamboyant (French) • Large, brown noisy,
animated, uniquely patterned woodpecker
–Habitat• Woodlands, forest edges,
& open fields with scattered trees, as well as
city parks and suburbs• Ground‐loving – ant
eater, also beetles and other inverts, and mast
‐
Pecks soil for ants
Red Shafted ‐
Western
Yellow Shafted – East & North
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Northern Flicker
–Widespread and common
throughout range
Red Shafted ‐
Western
Yellow Shafted – East & North
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Red‐bellied Woodpecker
–
Despite name, red belly rarely visible
–
Habitat• Most forests, woodlands,
and wooded suburbs of the
eastern United States
• Insects, spiders, and other
arthropods, mast, and
sometimes lizards and
nestling birds‐
Barbed tongue with sticky
saliva
–
Populations increasing throughout most of range
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Red‐headed Woodpecker
–Bold patterns earned nickname – “flying checker
board”• Males and females identical
–Habitat• Woodlands with oak or
beech, groves of dead or dying trees, and open areas
(burned, harvested)• 1/3 insect and 2/3 mast‐
Seeds, berries, nuts
‐
Successful aerial hawkers
juvenile
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Red‐headed Woodpecker
–
Once common throughout range, now uncommon and local in many regions
• Nomadic
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Yellow‐bellied Sapsucker
–Ohio’s only migratory woodpecker
• April‐May except NE Ohio
–Habitat• Young forests and edge
habitat, esp. forests regenerating from timber
harvesting• Sap is primary food, but
also insects (ants and spiders)
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Yellow‐bellied Sapsucker
–Widest range of 4 species of sapsuckers in US
•Populations stable, but require young forests
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Hairy Woodpecker
–Larger of 2 look‐alikes of Ohio woodpeckers
• Hairy – larger, longer bill and body
‐
Bill roughly as long as head
‐
All white outer tail feathers
–Habitat• Mature woodlands with
medium to large trees‐
Urban and rural areas
• 75% diet is insects• Readily visits suet feeders
Can I help
you with
something?
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Hairy Woodpecker
–One of most widespread of all NA woodpeckers
Can I help
you with
something?
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Downy Woodpecker
‐
Smallest woodpecker in Ohio and US
• Bill roughly 1/3 size of head• Black spots on white outer
tail feathers
‐
Habitat• Open woodlands,
particularly deciduous woods and along streams
‐
Rural and urban areas
• Diet mainly insects• Readily visits suet feeders
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Downy Woodpecker
–
Numerous across range with stable population
numbers
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Attracting Woodpeckers
–
Trees a requirement• Dead or dying trees‐
In multiple stages of decay
–
Size of woodlot• Small – Downie, Hairy, Red‐
bellied
• Larger – Pileated
–
Nest boxes where cavities
and snags lacking• Flickers
–
Feeders• Especially in winter!
–
Bird baths
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Nuisance Woodpeckers
–
Problems:
• Damage to building• Usually between June – Feb.
–
Management Options:
‘
• Woodpeckers are protected by
law‐
Can not physically harm them
• Scare tactics• Window decals, reflective
materials (CDs, mylar
tape),
loud noises
• Netting‐
Excludes woodpeckers
• Tactile repellents‐
Birds don’t like sticky feet
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Woodpecker helping trees, too!
–
Alphabet soup for dinner!
• EAB and ALB‐
Emerald Ash Borer
and Asian Longhorned
Beetle
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Online Resources
–Cornell Lab of Ornithology – All About Birds• www.allaboutbirds.org
– Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management• www.icwdm.org
–OSU Woodland Stewards• www.woodlandstewards.osu.edu
–Marne Titchenell• [email protected]• 614‐292‐0402
Questions?