ohio air quality 2016 finaldraft · state of ohio air quality calendar year 2016 prepared by...

Ohio Air Quality 2016

Division of Air Pollution Control June 2018

STATE OF OHIO AIR QUALITY

CALENDAR YEAR 2016

PREPARED BY DIVISION OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

OHIO ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

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Our Mailing address is:

Ohio EPA, Division of Air Pollution Control

PO Box 1049

Columbus, OH 43216‐1049

And we are located at:

Ohio EPA, Division of Air Pollution Control

50 West Town Street, Suite 700

Columbus, OH 43215

Ohio EPA’s web address is:

www.epa.ohio.gov

The Ohio EPA’s general phone number is:

(614) 644‐3020

The Division of Air Pollution Control phone number is:

(614) 644‐2270

Prepared by:

Dave Ambrose , Air Monitoring & Toxics Section

Phillip Downey, Air Monitoring & Toxics Section

Laura Woods, Air Quality Evaluation & Planning Section

Paul Koval, Supervisor, Air Monitoring & Toxics Section

Craig W. Butler, Director John R. Kasich, Governor

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Table of Contents List of Tables ................................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................... v Acronyms and Abbreviations .......................................................................................................... vi Executive summary ......................................................................................................................... 1 I. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 3 A. General .................................................................................................................................. 3 B. Development of the Ohio Air Monitoring System ................................................................ 4 C. Remote Ambient Data System .............................................................................................. 7 D. Data Availability on the Internet ........................................................................................... 7

II. 2016 Air Quality Data Summary Maps .................................................................................... 7 III. Air Quality Trends .................................................................................................................. 20 A. SO2 trends ............................................................................................................................ 20 B. Ozone trends ....................................................................................................................... 21 C. Carbon Monoxide Trends .................................................................................................... 24

IV. 2016 Air Quality Data ............................................................................................................. 27 A. Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) ...................................................................................... 27 B. Particulate Matter ≤10µm (PM10) ....................................................................................... 29 C. Particulate Matter ≤2.5µm (PM2.5) ..................................................................................... 32 D. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) ............................................................................................................. 39 E. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) ........................................................................................................ 41 F. Carbon Monoxide (CO) ........................................................................................................ 43 G. Ozone (O3) ........................................................................................................................... 45 H. Lead (Pb) .............................................................................................................................. 53

V. Air Toxics Monitoring 2016 .................................................................................................... 55 A. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 55 B. Volatile Organic Compound Sampling and Analysis ........................................................... 56 C. Heavy Metals Sampling and Analysis .................................................................................. 78 D. Heavy Metals Parameters ................................................................................................... 78

VI. Air Quality Index (AQI) ........................................................................................................... 87 VII. 2016 Monitoring Sites ........................................................................................................... 90

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List of Tables Table 1. Violation of Air Quality Standards by County 2016 .......................................................... 1

Table 2. U.S. EPA and Ohio EPA Ambient Air Quality Standards .................................................... 3

Table 3. Ambient Air Monitoring Sites in Ohio (2016).................................................................... 7

Table 4. TSP Summary Statistics ................................................................................................... 28

Table 5. PM10 Summary Statistics ................................................................................................. 30

Table 6. PM2.5 Summary Statistics ................................................................................................ 33

Table 7. PM2.5 Continuous Monitor Data ...................................................................................... 35

Table 8. PM2.5 24‐hour 98th Percentile Averages ......................................................................... 37

Table 9. PM2.5 Average of Annual Averages ................................................................................. 38

Table 10. SO2 Summary Statistics ................................................................................................. 40

Table 11. NO2 Summary Statistics ................................................................................................ 42

Table 12. CO Summary Statistics .................................................................................................. 44

Table 13. O3 1‐Hour Summary Statistics ....................................................................................... 46

Table 14. O3 8‐Hour Summary Statistics ....................................................................................... 48

Table 15. Three‐year Average of 4th High 8‐Hour O3 Averages .................................................... 50

Table 16. Count of Ozone Exceedances and Date Occurred (1999‐2016) ................................... 51

Table 17. Last Ozone Exceedance Dates 1‐Hr Standard >120 ppb (1991‐2016) .......................... 51

Table 18. Last Ozone Exceedance Dates 8‐Hr Standard >75 ppb (1991‐2016) ............................ 52

Table 19. Lead Summary Statistics ............................................................................................... 54

Table 20. DES VOC Target Compound List For TO‐15 Analysis ..................................................... 58

Table 21. VOC Summary of Statewide Canister Data ................................................................... 59

Table 22. VOC Sampling Site Identification .................................................................................. 61

Table 23. VOC Site‐specific Summary: Franklin County ‐ 1 (39‐049‐0034) .................................. 62



Table 26. VOC Site‐specific Summary: Cuyahoga County ‐ 1 (39‐035‐0038)................................ 68

Table 27. VOC Site‐specific Summary: Cuyahoga County ‐ 2 (39‐035‐1002)................................ 70

Table 28. VOC Site‐specific Summary: Jefferson County (39‐081‐0017) ...................................... 72

Table 29. VOC Site‐specific Summary: Ross County (AQS not assigned) ...................................... 74

Table 30. VOC Site‐specific Summary: Carroll County (AQS not assigned) .................................. 76

Table 31. Metals Sampling Site Identification .............................................................................. 80

Table 32. Heavy Metals: E. Liverpool ‐ 1 (39‐029‐0019) ............................................................... 81

Table 33. Heavy Metals: E. Liverpool ‐ 2 (39‐029‐0020) ............................................................... 81

Table 34. Heavy metals: E. Liverpool ‐ 3 (39‐029‐0023) ............................................................... 81

Table 35. Heavy Metals: Cleveland ‐ 1 (39‐035‐0038) .................................................................. 82





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Table 41. Heavy Metals: Columbus (39‐049‐0039) ...................................................................... 84

Table 42. Heavy Metals: Delta (39‐051‐0001) .............................................................................. 84

Table 43. Heavy Metals: Marion ‐ 1 (39‐101‐0003) ...................................................................... 84

Table 44. Heavy Metals: Marion ‐ 2 (39‐101‐0004) ...................................................................... 85

Table 45. Heavy Metals: Elmore (39‐123‐0012) ........................................................................... 85

Table 46. Heavy Metals: Bellefontaine (39‐091‐0006) ................................................................. 85

Table 47. Heavy Metals: Marietta (39‐167‐0008) ........................................................................ 86

Table 48. Heavy Metals: Marion ‐ 3 (AQS not assigned) .............................................................. 86

Table 49. Heavy Metals: Morain (39‐113‐7001) ........................................................................... 86

Table 50. Comparison of AQI Values ............................................................................................ 88

Table 51. AQI Summary by County ............................................................................................... 89

Table 52. Monitoring Network for 2016 ....................................................................................... 91

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List of Figures Figure 1. OEPA District Offices & Local Air Pollution Control Agencies Jurisdictional Boundaries 5

Figure 2. 2016 PM10 High 24‐Hour Concentration .......................................................................... 8

Figure 3. 2016 PM2.5 Highest Annual Average Concentration ........................................................ 9

Figure 4. 2016 PM2.5 98th Percentile 24‐Hour Concentration ...................................................... 10

Figure 5. 2016 SO2 2nd Highest 3‐Hour Average Concentration .................................................. 11

Figure 6. 2016 SO2 99th Percentile 1‐Hour Concentration ........................................................... 12

Figure 7. 2016 Carbon Monoxide 2nd Highest 8‐Hour Concentration ......................................... 13

Figure 8. 2016 Carbon Monoxide 2nd Highest 1‐Hour Concentration ......................................... 14

Figure 9. 2016 Nitrogen Dioxide Annual Arithmetic Mean Concentration .................................. 15

Figure 10. 2016 Nitrogen Dioxide 98th Percentile 1‐Hour Concentration ................................... 16

Figure 11. 2016 Ozone 4th Highest 8‐Hour Concentration .......................................................... 17

Figure 12. 2014‐2016 Average of the 4th High 8‐Hour Averages ................................................. 18

Figure 13. 2014‐2016 Lead, Highest 3 Month Rolling Average .................................................... 19

Figure 14. Sulfur Dioxide Trends – Urban Areas (2007‐2016) ...................................................... 20

Figure 15. Sulfur Dioxide Trends – All Sites (2007‐2016).............................................................. 20

Figure 16. 2nd Highest 1‐Hr Ozone in Urban Areas (1) .................................................................. 22

Figure 17. 2nd Highest 1‐Hr Ozone in Urban Areas (2) .................................................................. 22

Figure 18. 4th High 8‐Hr Ozone Concentration by Urban Area (1) ................................................ 23

Figure 19. 4th High 8‐Hr Ozone Concentration by Urban Area (2) ................................................ 23

Figure 20. Three‐Year Average of 4th High 8‐Hr Ozone Average by Urban Area (1) .................... 24

Figure 21. Three‐Year Average of 4th High 8‐Hr Ozone Average by Urban Area (2) .................... 24

Figure 22. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8‐Hours: Akron .......................................................... 25

Figure 23. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8‐Hours: Canton ........................................................ 25

Figure 24. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8‐Hours: Cincinnati ................................................... 25

Figure 25. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8‐Hours: Cleveland .................................................... 26

Figure 26. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8‐Hours: Lake ............................................................ 26

Figure 27. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8‐Hours: Dayton ........................................................ 26

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Acronyms and Abbreviations AA Atomic Absorption AQI Air Quality Index (replaced Pollutant Standard Index, PSI) AQS Air Quality System ATMP Air Toxics Monitoring Program CASTNET Clean Air Status and Trends Network CBSA Core‐Based Statistical Area CFR Code of Federal Regulations CO Carbon Monoxide DAPC Division of Air Pollution Control DES Division of Environmental Services DO District Office FEM Federal Equivalent Method FRM Federal Reference Method FR Federal Register GC Gas Chromatograph or Gas Chromatography GC/MS Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry LAA Local Air Agency NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards NAMS National Ambient Monitoring Stations NCore National Core Monitoring Network NO Nitric Oxide NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide O3 Ozone OAQPS Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards OASN Ohio Air Sampling Network Obs Observations Org Type Organization Type Pb Lead POC Parameter Occurrence Code ppb parts per billion ppm parts per million ppbv parts per billion by volume PQAO Primary Quality Assurance Organization PM10, PM‐10 Ten‐micron particulate matter PM2.5, PM‐2.5 2.5‐micron particulate matter PSI Pollutant Standard Index (replaced by Air Quality Index, AQI) RADS Remote Ambient‐Air Data System SLAMS State/Local Ambient Monitoring Stations SO2 Sulfur Dioxide TO‐15 Toxics analysis methods descriptions TSP Total Suspended Particulate VOC Volatile Organic Carbon µg/m3 micrograms per cubic meter mg/m3 milligrams per cubic meter ng/m3 nanograms per cubic meter

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Executive summary

A. General Review Air quality data for calendar year 2016 are summarized for seven criteria pollutants: particulate

matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microns (PM10), particulate matter with

aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2),

carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), and lead (Pb). Data are also summarized for total suspended

particulates (TSP). Also included is a section discussing toxics monitoring projects conducted and

trend analysis results for three criteria pollutants: SO2, CO, and O3.

B. Discussion of Violation Violations of multiple‐year, annual and short‐term air quality standards by county and pollutant

are provided in Section II: 2016 Air Quality Data Summary Maps. Table 1 gives a breakdown of air

quality standard violations by county. There were no violations of the PM10, NO2, Pb, or CO

standards in effect during 2016.

Table 1. Violation of Air Quality Standards by County 2016

Pollutant Standard Counties

Ozone 8‐hour (0.070 ppm) Butler, Geauga, Hamilton, Franklin, Lake, Warren

SO2 1‐hour 99th percentile Cuyahoga, Lake, Morgan

PM2.5 Annual Cuyahoga

C. Observations and Conclusions PM10

There were 33 PM10 active monitoring sites including three sites operated by industry with a total

of 52 monitors to collect ambient and quality assurance data.

PM2.5

There were 49 active PM2.5 monitoring sites with 98 monitors to collect both ambient and quality

assurance data. Of the 98 PM2.5 monitors, 72 were filter‐based instruments collecting individual

24‐hour average concentration on a schedule of either every three days or every six days. The

remaining 26 PM2.5 monitors collected hourly concentrations each day. In addition, there were

nine PM2.5 chemical speciation monitors which operated on an every three‐ or six‐day schedule

whose filters were analyzed for the chemical composition of PM2.5 matter.

In 2016, one site located in Cleveland was in violation of the annual PM2.5 NAAQS. There have

been no violations of the 24‐hour PM2.5 NAAQS in Ohio since 2009.

Sulfur Dioxide

There were 33 sulfur dioxide continuous sites collecting hourly data, five of which were operated

by private industry. There were exceedances of the 1‐hour standard in Cuyahoga and Lake

counties in 2016. There were violations of the three‐year, 1‐hour SO2 standard in Cuyahoga,

Lake, and Morgan counties.

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There were no exceedances of the 3‐hour standard statewide in 2016; the last occurrence of an

exceedance in Ohio of the 3‐hour standard was in 1991. In the last ten years, annual SO2

concentrations have been reduced 62% statewide.

Carbon Monoxide

There were 14 carbon monoxide continuous sites collecting hourly data. There were no violations

of the CO NAAQS in Ohio. Concentrations remain very low throughout all the urban areas of the

state. The last violation of the CO NAAQS occurred in 1990 in Steubenville.

Ozone

There were 52 continuous sites collecting hourly ozone data, three of which were operated by

U.S. EPA as part of their CASTNET monitoring network. Ohio attained the former ozone NAAQS

standard of 75 parts per billion (ppb) throughout the state within timeframes specified by the

Clean Air Act; however, in October 2015, U.S. EPA issued a more stringent ozone NAAQS of 70

parts per billion. Ohio EPA provided recommendations to U.S. EPA on areas of the state exceeding

or contributing to exceedances of the new standard and proposed non‐attainment designations

under the Clean Air Act. Monitors in Ohio where the new ozone NAAQS is exceeded are located

in the following Metropolitan Statistical Areas: Cleveland (Lorain, Cuyahoga, Lake, Geauga,

Medina, Summit and Portage counties); Columbus (Franklin, Delaware, Licking and Fairfield

counties) and Cincinnati (Hamilton, Butler, Warren and Clermont counties).

Nitrogen Dioxide

There were seven continuous nitrogen dioxide monitoring sites collecting hourly data. There

were no violations of the NAAQS for nitrogen dioxide in 2016, and there have been none in Ohio

since 1997.

Air Pollution Alerts

No air pollution alerts were declared in 2016.

D. Monitoring Network There were 123 monitoring sites reporting data from 43 counties. Each year, Ohio EPA is required

to submit an annual Air Monitoring Network Plan to U.S. EPA which describes the state’s ambient

monitoring network in detail. The most recent report and its associated appendixes are available

for viewing on our agency website at

http://epa.ohio.gov/dapc/ams/amsmain.aspx#126983982‐air‐monitoring‐plan

State maps depicting each of Ohio’s air monitoring networks for U.S. EPA criteria pollutants and

air toxics are presented in Appendix E of Ohio’s Air Monitoring Network Plan.

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I. INTRODUCTION

A. General A variety of substances are generated and released into the atmosphere by a multitude of

manmade and natural sources. Those substances that may affect public health and welfare are

regarded as "air pollutants." U.S. EPA has established National Ambient Air Quality Standards

(NAAQS) to safeguard public health and welfare from these air pollutants. Ambient air is defined

as air that is accessible to the general public. The air within fenced‐in, guarded or limited access

areas of facility property is not considered ambient air.

Pollutants for which NAAQS have been promulgated are sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide

(NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), lead (Pb), particulate matter having an aerodynamic

diameter ≤10 microns (PM10), and particulate matter having an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5

microns (PM2.5). The standards are ambient air concentrations expressed in micrograms per cubic

meter (µg/m3) or parts per million (ppm) per sampling averaging times. NAAQS concentrations,

averaging times, and restrictions in effect as of 2016 are provided in Table 2.

Table 2. U.S. EPA and Ohio EPA Ambient Air Quality Standards

Maximum Allowable Concentration

Pollutant Averaging time Restriction Primary1 Secondary1

PM2.5 Annual Three‐year average not to be exceeded 12.0 µg/m3 15.0 µg/m3

24‐hour Three‐year average of 98th percentile not to be exceeded

35 µg/m3 35 µg/m3

PM10 24‐hour Not to be exceeded more than once per year averaged over three years

150 µg/m3 150 µg/m3

Sulfur Dioxide

1‐hour Each year’s daily 1‐Hour maximum 99th percentile value averaged over 3 years

75 ppb none

3‐hour Not to be exceeded more than once per year none 0.5 ppm (1300 µg/m3)

Carbon Monoxide

8‐hour Not to be exceeded more than once per year 9 ppm (10 mg/m3)

none

1‐hour Not to be exceeded more than once per year 35 ppm (40 mg/m3)

none

Ozone 8‐hour Each year’s fourth high averaged over three‐years. Not to be exceeded

0.070 ppm 0.070 ppm

Nitrogen Dioxide

1‐hour Each year’s daily maximum 98th percentile 1‐Hour value averaged over three‐years. Not to be exceeded.

100 ppb

Annual Not to be exceeded 53 ppb 53 ppb

Lead 3‐month Three month rolling average over a three‐year period. Not to be exceeded.

0.15 µg/m3 0.15 µg/m3

1Primary standards are established for protection of public health; secondary standards are established for protection of public welfare.

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In some cases, standards are separated into two parts: primary and secondary. A primary

standard sets the level of air pollution where human health is protected. A secondary standard

sets the level where the welfare of citizens is protected due to air pollution damage to crops,

animals, vegetation, and materials.

This report presents summaries of Ohio EPA’s measurements of the NAAQS and toxic air

pollutants during calendar year 2016. Also presented are selected statistics and trend analyses

for various areas in Ohio. Prior to the pollutant data tables found in Section IV, there is a brief

description of pollutants, sources from which they originate, potential adverse health effects,

and monitoring methods used.

B. Development of the Ohio Air Monitoring System Society's concern about air pollution began with Clean Air Act of 1955. This Act and its subsequent

amendments first encouraged, then authorized, grants to help finance the establishment of state

and local air pollution control programs. In 1963, Ohio established the Ohio Air Sampling Network

(OASN) with 21 monitoring sites, measuring total suspended particulates (TSP) throughout the

state. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 mandated the promulgation of NAAQS. The U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) was formed in 1970 and began developing air

monitoring regulations requiring states to establish a network of monitors to measure air quality

in all major urban areas.

The air monitoring program began under the Ohio

Department of Health and started with Particulate

Matter, Sulfur Dioxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, Carbon

Monoxide, and Photochemical Oxidants. In October

of 1972, Ohio EPA was formed and was responsible

for Clean Air Act compliance. In 1978, U.S. EPA

promulgated the NAAQS for lead and, in 1979, the

NAAQS for ozone replaced photochemical oxidants.

Throughout this time period, the Ohio air quality

network was significantly expanded.

Ohio currently has four District Offices and nine local air agencies supporting the Ohio’s air

program. See Figure 1 on page 5 for geographic coverage and contact information.

The goals of the ambient monitoring program are to determine compliance with the ambient air

quality standards; to provide real‐time monitoring of air pollution episodes; to provide data for

trend analyses, regulation evaluation and planning; and to provide information to the public daily

concerning air quality in high population areas, near major emission sources, and in rural areas.

Cleveland NCore Site

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Figure 1. OEPA District Offices & Local Air Pollution Control Agencies Jurisdictional Boundaries

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In 1980, U.S. EPA and Ohio EPA established and designated certain portions of Ohio's ambient air

monitoring network to be a part of the National Air Monitoring Station (NAMS) network, created

for tracking national trends. This required that all sites produce data of adequate quality and

quantity to meet monitoring objectives and statistical analysis.

The first PM10 standard became effective July 1987, and the first PM2.5 standard was effective in

1997. Filter‐based PM2.5 monitors began collecting data in 1999. Monitors to determine chemical

makeup of the particulate matter were added in 2000. In 2001, monitors that could continuously

measure PM2.5 became a programmatic requirement.

The 1‐hour ozone standard was supplanted with an 8‐hour standard in 1997. The 8‐hour standard

is a three‐year average of the 4th highest daily 8‐hour averages, which was set at 0.08 ppm not to

be exceeded. In 2001, the United States Supreme Court found U.S. EPA’s proposed

implementation plan for ozone unlawful and further held that, in the setting of a standard for

ozone pursuant to Section 109 of the Clean Air Act, U.S. EPA must set air quality standards at

levels that are “requisite,” i.e., no higher or lower than necessary to protect public health with

an adequate margin of safety. The Supreme Court sent the case back to the D.C. Circuit Court of

Appeals to review U.S. EPA’s subsequent actions. In March 2002, the court upheld U.S. EPA’s

revision of the ozone NAAQS. In October 2015, the 8‐hour ozone standard was set to 0.070 ppm

as the three‐year average of each site’s annual fourth high 8‐hour average.

In 2009, the standard for lead (Pb) was revised to 0.15 µg/m3 as a three‐month rolling average,

replacing the 1.5 µg/m3 calendar quarter average. New monitors near known or presumed

sources were required to be operational on the first sampling day of January 2010.

On January 1, 2011, U.S. EPA made changes to the designations of sites. The NAMS designation,

used for national trends in concentrations was eliminated in favor of NCore sites, a much smaller

network of sites with many more parameters per site monitored. There are three NCore sites in

Ohio, which are located in Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Preble County.

During 2016, more than 200 ambient air monitors were operated in Ohio. Table 3 enumerates

the number and type of criteria pollutant monitors that were operated in Ohio District Office and

Local Air Agency jurisdictions.

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Table 3. Ambient Air Monitoring Sites in Ohio (2016)

Local Air Agency / District Office PM2.5 PM10 SO2 O3 CO NO2 Pb Total

Akron 4 0 2 3 2 0 0 11

Canton 2 0 0 3 1 0 0 6

Cincinnati (SWOAQA) 12 7 5 7/0/1* 2 2 0 35/0/1*

Cleveland 6 5 4 4 3 2 6 30

Lake Co. Health District 1 1 2 3 1 0 0 8

Warren‐Youngstown (M‐TAPCA) 3 4 1 3 0 0 0 11

Toledo 3 0 1 4 0 0 0 8

Dayton (RAPCA) 4 2 2 6 2 0 1 17

Portsmouth 3 3/3* 3/2* 2 0 0 0 11/5*

Central District Office (CDO) 5 1 1 7/0/1* 2 2 1 19/0/1*

Northeast District Office (NEDO) 1 3 2 2 0 0 3 11

Northwest District Office (NWDO) 1 0 1 2 0 0 3 7

Southeast District Office (SEDO) 4 3 4/3* 2/0/1* 1 1 1 16/3/1*

Southwest District Office (SWDO) 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2

Totals 49 29/3* 28/5* 49/0/3* 14 7 16 192/8/3* *Site required by Ohio EPA Government Operated / Industry Operated / CASTNET

C. Remote Ambient Data System Beginning in 1986, the Remote Ambient‐Air Data System (RADS) provided for the automatic

acquisition of data from Ohio EPA’s remote monitors to a central computer. Data is retrieved

from each district office and local air agency’s continuous monitoring sites on an hourly basis.

RADS has since been upgraded for improved remote access to data by digital cellular wireless

technology. Beginning in 2015, RADS is now using Agilaire’s AirVision software to poll, process,

and assemble all hourly data collected in Ohio.

D. Data Availability on the Internet Air monitoring data is available on Ohio EPA’s AirOhio website at

http://www.epa.ohio.gov/dapc/airohio/index.aspx.

Ohio EPA also provides ozone and PM2.5 data updates hourly to U.S. EPA’s AirNow website.

Current data and data forecasts are displayed in the form of tables and maps and can be viewed

at http://www.airnow.gov.

Historical ambient air quality data can also be found at www.epa.gov/airdata/. This site is a

gateway to maps, reports and user‐selected data residing in U.S. EPA’s Air Quality System (AQS)

database.

II. 2016 AIR QUALITY DATA SUMMARY MAPS

A series of maps on the following pages summarize data presented in Section IV of this report.

Values are presented on maps in counties where data was recorded.

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Figure 2. 2016 PM10 High 24‐Hour Concentration

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Figure 3. 2016 PM2.5 Highest Annual Average Concentration

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Figure 4. 2016 PM2.5 98th Percentile 24‐Hour Concentration

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Figure 5. 2016 SO2 2nd Highest 3‐Hour Average Concentration

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Concentrations in counties reflect the 99th percentile 1‐hour reading in 2016 only. Shaded

counties represent a violation of three‐year average form of the NAAQS.

Figure 6. 2016 SO2 99th Percentile 1‐Hour Concentration

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Figure 7. 2016 Carbon Monoxide 2nd Highest 8‐Hour Concentration

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Figure 8. 2016 Carbon Monoxide 2nd Highest 1‐Hour Concentration

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Figure 9. 2016 Nitrogen Dioxide Annual Arithmetic Mean Concentration

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Figure 10. 2016 Nitrogen Dioxide 98th Percentile 1‐Hour Concentration

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Concentrations in counties reflect the 4th highest 8‐hour average in 2016 only. Shaded

counties represent a violation of three‐year average form of the NAAQS.

Figure 11. 2016 Ozone 4th Highest 8‐Hour Concentration

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Figure 12. 2014‐2016 Average of the 4th High 8‐Hour Averages

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Figure 13. 2014‐2016 Lead, Highest 3 Month Rolling Average

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III. AIR QUALITY TRENDS

Monitoring sites designated as State & Local Air Monitoring Stations (SLAMS) meet rigid

prescribed federal requirements. Trend analyses in this section are drawn from data originating

in the SLAMS network.

A. SO2 trends Data for SO2 continuous instruments in urban areas meeting SLAMS siting requirements were

used to generate Ohio SO2 trend studies for years 2007 through 2016, which are plotted in the

figures below. Figure 14 is based on annual averages. Figure 15 plots the 99th percentile value,

which is the short term 1‐hour NAAQS for SO2. In the last ten years, annual SO2 concentrations

have improved an average of 62% statewide.

Figure 14. Sulfur Dioxide Trends – Urban Areas (2007‐2016)

Figure 15. Sulfur Dioxide Trends – All Sites (2007‐2016)

0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Concentration (ppm)

Year

Sulfur Dioxide Trend (2007‐2016)Urban Area Sites

Data Linear (Data)

0.010.020.030.040.050.060.070.080.090.0

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Concentration (ppb)

Year

Sulfur Dioxide Trend (2007‐2016)All Sites 1‐Hour 99th Percentile

Data Linear (Data)

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B. Ozone trends Assessing progress towards attainment of the ozone NAAQS is complicated because of the

influence of meteorology on ozone levels. Differences in weather conditions can cause variations

from year to year in both NAAQS exceedances and second highest 1‐hour ozone levels.

High temperatures, brilliant sunshine, and stagnant air contribute to increased evaporation from

fuel storage tanks, fuel systems, and auto refueling activities. These emissions, with nitrogen

oxides and hydrocarbons from vehicles, are a major contributor to low‐level ozone pollution

during these atmospheric conditions. In the presence of sunlight, hydrocarbons and nitrogen

oxides create ground‐level ozone.

One Hour Ozone Data:

Trend information is presented from eight metropolitan areas in Ohio for the period of 2007

through 2016. Figure 16 and Figure 17 on the following page shows second highest 1‐hour

averages for each year. In an area where ozone is monitored at several sites, the site with the

highest second high for each year was used, which may be a different site from year to year.

Eight Hour Ozone Standard:

Eight metropolitan areas are presented with the 4th highest 8‐hour daily ozone averages for the

years 2007 through 2016 in Figure 18 and Figure 19 on page 23. Figure 20 and Figure 21 on page

24 present the three‐year average of the 4th highest 8‐hour daily ozone averages for years 2007

through 2016 for the same areas. The year listed is the last year of the three‐year period. The

NAAQS is a three‐year average of the 4th highest 8‐hour averages; the concentration must be less

than or equal to 0.070 parts per million (70 parts per billion) to be in compliance with the

standard. The monitor with the highest 4th high in each three‐year period was used, not

necessarily the same monitor for all years. The three‐ year averages for each site in Ohio are

listed in the ozone portion of Section IV(G) on page 45.

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Figure 16. 2nd Highest 1‐Hr Ozone in Urban Areas (1)

Figure 17. 2nd Highest 1‐Hr Ozone in Urban Areas (2)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

ppb

Year

2nd Highest 1‐Hr. Ozone in Urban Impact Area

Akron Canton Cleveland Youngstown

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

ppb

Year

2nd Highest 1‐Hr. Ozone in Urban Impact Area

Cincinnati Columbus Dayton Toledo

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Figure 18. 4th High 8‐Hr Ozone Concentration by Urban Area (1)

Figure 19. 4th High 8‐Hr Ozone Concentration by Urban Area (2)

0

20

40

60

80

100

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

CONCEN

TRATION (ppb)

YEAR

4th high 8‐Hr Ozone Concentration


0

20

40

60

80

100

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

CONCEN

TRATION (ppb)

YEAR

4th high 8‐Hr Ozone Concentration


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Figure 20. Three‐Year Average of 4th High 8‐Hr Ozone Average by Urban Area (1)

Figure 21. Three‐Year Average of 4th High 8‐Hr Ozone Average by Urban Area (2)

C. Carbon Monoxide Trends Comparative plots of changes in carbon monoxide (CO) in the past ten years for eight major Ohio

cities are presented in Figure 22 through Figure 27 on pages 25‐26. One central‐city monitor in

each urban area was selected to yield data for a trend study of 8‐hour average CO concentrations.

Data for years 2007‐2016 are used in the figures. The last violation of the CO NAAQS occurred in

1990 in Steubenville.

0

20

40

60

80

100

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

CONCEN

TRATION (PPB)

3 YEAR PERIOD BEGINNING WITH 2005

3 Year Average of 4th High 8‐Hr. Ozone Averages


0

20

40

60

80

100

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

CONCEN

TRATION (PPB)

3 YEAR PERIOD BEGINNING WITH 2005

3 Year Average of 4th High 8‐Hr. Ozone Averages


Page | 25

Figure 22. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8‐Hours: Akron

Figure 23. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8‐Hours: Canton

Figure 24. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8‐Hours: Cincinnati

012345678

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Concentration (ppm)

Year

Akron: Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8‐hoursSelected Center City Site

High Second High

012345678

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Concentration (ppm)

Year

Canton: Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8‐HoursSelected Center City Site

High Second High

012345678

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Concentration (ppm)

Year

Cincinnati: Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8‐HoursSelected Center City Site

High Second High

Page | 26

Figure 25. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8‐Hours: Cleveland

Figure 26. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8‐Hours: Lake

Figure 27. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8‐Hours: Dayton

012345678

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Concentration (ppm)

Year

Cleveland: Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8‐HoursSelected Center City Site

High Second High

012345678

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Concentration (ppm)

Year

Lake: Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8‐HoursSelected Center City Site

High Second High

012345678

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Concentration (ppm)

Year

Dayton: Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8‐HoursSelected Center City Site

High Second High

Page | 27

IV. 2016 AIR QUALITY DATA

A. Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) Total suspended particulate matter is defined as any liquid (aerosol) or solid substance found in

the atmosphere. Particles larger than approximately 100 microns in diameter settle rapidly due

to gravity and are not considered suspended particulates. Fly ash, process dusts, soot and oil

aerosols are all common forms of suspended particulate matter. The major sources of particulate

pollution are industrial processes, electric power generation, industrial fuel combustion, and dust

from roadways and construction sites. Particulate pollution causes a wide range of damage to

materials, as well as limiting visibility and reducing the amount of sunlight reaching the earth.

Components of particulates may be harmful, such as sulfates, nitrates and metals. The major

adverse health effects on humans are related to damage to the respiratory system through

interference with the lungs’ natural cleansing processes.

Such adverse health effects are dependent, in a general sense, upon two factors: the

concentration, size and chemical composition of the particles of which the TSP consists; and the

composition of any pollutant gases in combination with it. Particles greater than ten microns in

diameter can rarely penetrate below the larynx and, therefore, are less likely to damage the

respiratory system. Particles less than six microns in diameter can penetrate the bronchial

passage while those of less than one micron in diameter can usually penetrate and be deposited

in the capillaries and alveoli of the lungs.

Page | 28

In 1987, TSP sampling was gradually replaced by ten‐micron particulate sampling (PM10). The

number of monitors decreased from over 200 in 1987 to 8 monitors in 2016. All TSP data is used

for lead and other metals monitoring. U.S. EPA later added a NAAQS for 2.5‐micron particulate

matter (PM2.5). Data collection for PM2.5 began in 1999. The PM2.5 monitors supplement and

partially replace the PM10 network.

Table 4 below summarizes key data statistics in 2016 for the seven TSP sites in Ohio.

Sampling Method

TSP is measured by the high‐volume air sampler method. This instrument draws measured

volumes of air through a glass fiber filter for 24 hours. Particulate matter trapped on the filter is

weighed to determine the mass of the particulates collected per volume of air. Results are

reported as micrograms of particulate matter per cubic meter of air (µg/m3). Normal sampling is

done intermittently once every six days.

Table 4. TSP Summary Statistics

Suspended particulate (TSP) (micrograms/cubic meter)

County Site ID POC City Obs 1st

Max 2nd Max

3rd Max

4th Max Mean

Columbiana 39‐029‐0020 1 East Liverpool 61 112 69 69 60 32.2

Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0038 1 Cleveland 61 182 179 151 100 50.7

Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0042 1 Cleveland 59 147 85 79 73 38




Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0060 1 Cleveland 40 250 209 180 164 85.1 *


Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0072 1 Warrensville Heights 36 61 56 43 40 26.3 *

Note: * indicates that the mean does not satisfy summary criteria.

Page | 29

B. Particulate Matter ≤10µm (PM10) In 1987, U.S. EPA promulgated a primary standard for particulate matter that included only those

particles with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than or equal to 10 micrometers (PM10,

particulate matter ≤10 micrometers). From 1987 until 1997 the annual standard was 50 µg/m3

annual arithmetic mean (averaged over three years' data). The 24‐hour standard was 150 µg/m3

and was not to be exceeded more than once per year, averaged over three years.

The original annual standard was retained until changes to the particulate NAAQS became

effective in 2006. At that time, the 24‐hour PM10 standard of 150 µg/m3 was retained, but the

annual PM10 standard of 50 µg/m3 was revoked.

The Ohio Air Monitoring Network was expanded to include 21 PM10 sites in 1986, 45 in 1988, and

a high of 91 sites in 1997. Since 1997 the PM10 network has been substantially reduced, as

monitoring of particulates has been focused to sampling of PM2.5 fine particulates. Table 5 on the

following pages summarizes key data statistics in 2016 for the 33 PM10 sites in Ohio.

Dayton Moraine PM10 Site

Sampling Method

PM10 is measured by the filtered air sampler method for non‐continuous instruments. These

instruments are refined beyond the traditional TSP sampler to limit the size of particle collected

on the filter. Measured volumes of air are similarly drawn through a quartz fiber filter for 24

hours. PM10 matter trapped on the filter is weighed to determine the mass collected per volume

of air. Results are reported as micrograms of particulate matter per cubic meter of air (µg/m3).

Continuous instruments collect real‐time PM10 concentrations by various other measurement

techniques.

Page | 30

Table 5. PM10 Summary Statistics

PM10 Total 0‐10um 24‐hour (micrograms/cubic meter)

County Site ID POC City Valid Days Obs

% Obs

Obs Req

1st Max

2nd Max

3rd Max

4th Max

Days > NAAQS

Max > NAAQS Mean

Belmont 39‐013‐0006 1 Shadyside 54 54 89 61 135 122 109 47 0 0 23.1

Belmont 39‐013‐0006 2 Shadyside 48 48 79 61 154** 100 64 44 0 0 22.8 *

Butler 39‐017‐0003 1 Middletown 14 14 23 61 30 30 24 22 0 0 18.1 *

Butler 39‐017‐0015 2 Middletown 39 39 64 61 48 46 43 41 0 0 20.9 *

Butler 39‐017‐0019 1 Middletown 61 61 100 61 73 39 37 37 0 0 18.3

Butler 39‐017‐0020 1 Middletown 59 59 97 61 87 85 82 77 0 0 36.1

Columbiana 39‐029‐0020 1 East Liverpool 58 58 95 61 39 28 28 25 0 0 14.9

Columbiana 39‐029‐0022 1 East Liverpool 6 6 10 61 32 24 24 19 0 0 21.2 *

Columbiana 39‐029‐0022 2 East Liverpool 4 4 7 61 32 23 18 11 0 0 21 *



Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0038 1 Cleveland 60 72 98 61 79 68 55 46 0 0 24

Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0038 4 Cleveland 60 72 98 61 74 56 54 51 0 0 24.3







Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0060 3 Cleveland 355 355 97 366 99 73 69 69 0 0 23

Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0065 1 Newburgh Heights 59 59 97 61 84 73 70 59 0 0 29.1

Cuyahoga 39‐035‐1002 1 Brook Park 61 61 100 61 32 28 27 25 0 0 14.2

Franklin 39‐049‐0024 1 Columbus 58 58 95 61 60 52 48 38 0 0 20.1

Franklin 39‐049‐0024 2 Columbus 57 57 93 61 48 48 45 36 0 0 18.7

Greene 39‐057‐0005 1 Yellow Springs 59 59 97 61 27 27 22 22 0 0 12.7

Hamilton 39‐061‐0014 1 Cincinnati 56 56 92 61 42 40 37 34 0 0 19.9




Hamilton 39‐061‐5001 1 Lockland 60 60 98 61 41 37 28 28 0 0 17

Page | 31

PM10 Total 0‐10um 24‐hour (micrograms/cubic meter)

County Site ID POC City Valid Days Obs

% Obs

Obs Req

1st Max

2nd Max

3rd Max

4th Max

Days > NAAQS

Max > NAAQS Mean

Hamilton 39‐061‐5001 2 Lockland 60 60 98 61 41 35 28 27 0 0 16.7

Jefferson 39‐081‐0001 1 Not in a city 61 61 100 61 34 34 34 33 0 0 16.5

Jefferson 39‐081‐0017 1 Steubenville 61 61 100 61 40 37 37 34 0 0 16.6

Jefferson 39‐081‐0017 2 Steubenville 61 61 100 61 43 36 35 34 0 0 16.4

Lake 39‐085‐1001 1 Fairport Harbor 61 61 100 61 34 31 29 26 0 0 13.4

Lake 39‐085‐1001 2 Fairport Harbor 60 60 98 61 33 31 28 28 0 0 13.5

Lawrence 39‐087‐0012 1 Ironton 59 59 97 61 34 29 21 20 0 0 14.9

Lorain 39‐093‐3002 1 Sheffield 61 61 100 61 22 22 21 21 0 0 10.8

Mahoning 39‐099‐0005 1 Youngstown 60 60 98 61 29 27 26 24 0 0 13.8



Montgomery 39‐113‐7001 1 Moraine 60 60 98 61 42 39 34 34 0 0 18.6

Montgomery 39‐113‐7001 2 Moraine 60 60 98 61 42 39 34 33 0 0 18.7

Scioto 39‐145‐0013 1 Portsmouth 61 61 100 61 33 26 21 20 0 0 14.4



Scioto 39‐145‐0020 1 Franklin Furnace 364 364 99 366 26 23 19 19 0 0 7.7



Trumbull 39‐155‐0006 1 Warren 59 59 97 61 33 22 21 21 0 0 10.6

Trumbull 39‐155‐0014 1 Warren 58 58 95 61 26 25 24 24 0 0 12.1

Trumbull 39‐155‐0014 2 Warren 56 56 92 61 31 25 25 23 0 0 13.3


Note: ** The quality assurance monitor at this site, designated by POC = 2, is not NAAQS comparable with the 150 µg/m3 standard; therefore, this reading does not represent an exceedance. The highest 24‐hour reading from the designated monitor at this site (POC = 1) is 135 µg/m3.

Page | 32

C. Particulate Matter ≤2.5µm (PM2.5) In 1997, the U.S. EPA promulgated revisions to the NAAQS for particulate matter. The primary

standard includes only those particles with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than or equal to 2.5

micrometers (PM2.5, particulate matter ≤2.5 micrometers).

The annual standard was 15.0 µg/m3 annual arithmetic mean, averaged over three consecutive

years. The annual NAAQS was changed from 15.0 µg/m3 to 12.0 µg/m3, effective January 2013.

The 24‐hour PM2.5 NAAQS was changed from 65 µg/m3 to 35 µg/m3 effective in December 2006.

The 24‐hour standard is met when the 98th percentile concentration, averaged over three

consecutive years, is less than or equal to 35 µg/m3.

Because of U.S. EPA’s final action to set the fine particulate PM2.5 standards to supplement the

PM10, the Ohio Air Monitoring Network had a peak of 52 sites in 2008. In 2016, there were 49

PM2.5 sites with a total of 98 monitors reporting data. There are 26 continuous monitors, nine of

which are speciation monitors, in addition to the remaining 73 filter‐based Federal Reference

Method (FRM) monitors.

The FRM monitors and a limited number of

continuous monitors are used to determine

compliance with the NAAQS. Speciation

monitors are used to determine the

composition of the particulates. The

continuous monitors are primarily used for

the Air Quality Index and for real time

reporting of particulate data to the public.

Table 6 through Table 9 on the following

pages summarize key data statistics in 2016

for the 49 PM2.5 sites in Ohio.

Sampling Method

PM2.5 is measured by the filtered air sampler method for non‐continuous instruments. These

instruments are refined beyond the PM10 sampler to further limit the size of particle collected on

the filter. Measured volumes of air are similarly drawn through a filter for 24 hours. PM2.5 matter

trapped on the filter is weighed to determine the mass collected per volume of air. Results are

reported as micrograms of particulate matter per cubic meter of air (µg/m3). Continuous

instruments collect real‐time PM2.5 concentrations by various other measurement techniques.

Cincinnati's PM2.5 Fairfield Site

Page | 33

Table 6. PM2.5 Summary Statistics

PM2.5 24‐hour (micrograms/cubic meter)

County Site ID POC City Valid Days

1st Max

2nd Max

3rd Max

4th Max

98th percentile Mean

Allen 39‐003‐0009 1 Lima 60 19.6 16.7 15.8 12.9 16.7 7.52

Allen 39‐003‐0009 2 Lima 61 20.1 19.7 16.8 16.3 19.7 7.8

Athens 39‐009‐0003 1 Not in a city 57 14.4 11.4 9.9 9.8 11.4 6.25

Athens 39‐009‐0003 2 Not in a city 53 14.4 12.6 11.4 10.2 12.6 6.4 *

Belmont 39‐013‐0006 1 Shadyside 114 26.1 16.3 16.2 15.9 16.2 8.29

Butler 39‐017‐0003 1 Middletown 14 16.2 16.2 14.6 12.6 16.2 10.04 *

Butler 39‐017‐0003 4 Middletown 14 15 13.8 13.1 12.1 15 9.31 *



Butler 39‐017‐0016 1 Fairfield 61 29.7 20.8 18.5 17.5 20.8 9.17

Butler 39‐017‐0016 4 Fairfield 59 20 19.2 17.6 17.5 19.2 9.21

Butler 39‐017‐0019 1 Middletown 61 28.4 21.8 21 18.7 21.8 9.45

Butler 39‐017‐0019 4 Middletown 59 19.7 18 18 17.3 18 9.22

Butler 39‐017‐0022 1 Middletown 57 33.1 25.2 24.6 20.4 25.2 10.92

Clark 39‐023‐0005 1 Springfield 58 23 17.7 16.6 16.3 17.7 8.33

Clark 39‐023‐0005 4 Springfield 61 15.9 15.5 15.3 15 15.5 8.38

Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0034 1 Cleveland 120 23.2 18 15.7 15.2 15.7 7.75

Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0038 1 Cleveland 116 29.7 21.3 20.5 19.9 20.5 9.85


Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0045 1 Cleveland 116 21.7 17.9 17 16.8 17 9.41


Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0065 1 Newburgh Heights 121 24.9 21.8 21.7 21.4 21.7 10.67

Cuyahoga 39‐035‐1002 1 Brook Park 120 20.2 16.3 14.2 14.2 14.2 7.82

Franklin 39‐049‐0024 1 Columbus 114 27.3 22.7 17.2 16.7 17.2 8.65

Franklin 39‐049‐0039 1 Columbus 119 26.5 17.8 17.7 17 17.7 8.55



Greene 39‐057‐0005 1 Yellow Springs 57 24.8 15.1 14.9 14.6 15.1 7.41

Greene 39‐057‐0005 2 Yellow Springs 61 26 15.3 15.2 14.8 15.3 7.63

Greene 39‐057‐0005 4 Yellow Springs 61 15.7 15.2 14.8 13.4 15.2 8.12

Hamilton 39‐061‐0006 1 Blue Ash 119 28.1 19.7 19.1 18.5 19.1 8.81

Hamilton 39‐061‐0010 1 Cleves 61 27.5 20.5 17 16.6 20.5 8.69

Hamilton 39‐061‐0010 4 Cleves 60 19.1 18.6 17.9 15.9 18.6 8.8

Hamilton 39‐061‐0014 1 Cincinnati 120 30.4 23.2 22.5 21.1 22.5 10.13

Hamilton 39‐061‐0014 2 Cincinnati 60 30 23 21.9 20.7 23 10.21





Jefferson 39‐081‐0017 1 Steubenville 116 30.5 20.9 19.6 18.5 19.6 8.81

Jefferson 39‐081‐0017 2 Steubenville 56 21.6 20.6 19.6 18.1 20.6 8.93

Jefferson 39‐081‐0021 1 Mingo Junction 105 18.3 17.3 17.2 16.6 17.2 7.61 *

Lake 39‐085‐0007 1 Painesville 120 18 16 14.6 13 14.6 6.83

Page | 34

PM2.5 24‐hour (micrograms/cubic meter)

County Site ID POC City Valid Days

1st Max

2nd Max

3rd Max

4th Max

98th percentile Mean

Lake 39‐085‐0007 2 Painesville 59 16 12.6 12.5 12.5 12.6 7.27

Lawrence 39‐087‐0012 1 Ironton 120 20.9 15.9 14 13.7 14 6.67

Lorain 39‐093‐3002 1 Sheffield 117 18.7 15.7 15.1 14.9 15.1 7

Lorain 39‐093‐3002 2 Sheffield 58 15.3 15 14 13.9 15 7.45

Lucas 39‐095‐0024 1 Toledo 119 28.8 22.4 19.7 17.4 19.7 8.62

Lucas 39‐095‐0024 2 Toledo 57 19.3 17 16.1 16.1 17 8.86

Lucas 39‐095‐0026 1 Toledo 121 20.8 19.3 16.9 16.5 16.9 8.17

Lucas 39‐095‐0028 1 Toledo 115 20.2 18 16.6 15.8 16.6 8.18

Mahoning 39‐099‐0005 1 Youngstown 57 18.5 16.8 16.1 14 16.8 7.94

Mahoning 39‐099‐0005 2 Youngstown 57 18.2 16.2 15.5 13.6 16.2 7.69

Mahoning 39‐099‐0014 1 Youngstown 96 19.9 19.2 16.7 15.1 19.2 8.21

Mahoning 39‐099‐0014 4 Youngstown 20 17.4 13.9 12.6 12.3 17.4 6.74 *

Medina 39‐103‐0004 1 Not in a city 109 20.1 16.2 16 15.1 16 7.26

Medina 39‐103‐0004 3 Not in a city 343 20.8 18.8 18.7 18.5 16.3 7.53

Montgomery 39‐113‐0038 1 Dayton 119 30.1 22.4 21.2 17.9 21.2 8.89

Montgomery 39‐113‐0038 2 Dayton 59 29.9 22.7 18.3 17.8 22.7 9.05

Portage 39‐133‐0002 1 Ravenna 103 21.8 15.4 14.4 14 14.4 7.07 *

Preble 39‐135‐1001 1 New Paris 119 21.7 16.5 15.9 15.8 15.9 7.48

Scioto 39‐145‐0013 1 Portsmouth 117 46.6 32.7 16.5 14.2 16.5 8.37

Scioto 39‐145‐0013 2 Portsmouth 61 47 13.8 13.5 11.9 13.8 7.77

Stark 39‐151‐0017 1 Canton 120 27.3 21.8 19.9 19 19.9 9.28

Stark 39‐151‐0017 2 Canton 61 27.1 18.9 18.1 17.5 18.9 9.46

Stark 39‐151‐0020 1 Canton 121 21.3 20.5 19 16.8 19 8.21

Stark 39‐151‐0020 3 Canton 185 20.8 19.4 18.9 17.9 17.9 9.09 *

Summit 39‐153‐0017 1 Akron 116 25.7 21.6 18.6 16.7 18.6 8.63

Summit 39‐153‐0017 2 Akron 57 22.1 16.6 16.2 15 16.6 8.79

Summit 39‐153‐0017 3 Akron 365 27.8 25.2 25 24.6 21.6 10.24

Summit 39‐153‐0023 1 Akron 114 20.2 16 15.9 15.6 15.9 7.79

Trumbull 39‐155‐0014 1 Warren 56 16.2 13.3 12.8 12.6 13.3 7.38

Trumbull 39‐155‐0014 4 Warren 50 15.3 14.4 14.4 13.2 15.3 7.46 *


Page | 35

Table 7. PM2.5 Continuous Monitor Data

County Site ID POC City Duration Obs 1st

Max

2nd

Max

3rd

Max

4th

Max Mean

Adams 39‐001‐0001 3 West Union 1‐hr 8751 55.9 46.0 40.7 37.9 5.94

24‐hr 366 20.8 15.2 13.1 12.9 5.89

Allen 39‐003‐0009 3 Lima 1‐hr 8754 42.4 34.3 31.7 29.4 4.35

24‐hr 366 13.9 11.8 11.8 11.0 4.29

Butler

39‐017‐0019 3 Middletown 24‐hr 365 30.2 26.7 23.3 23.0 8.79

1‐hr 8763 197.2 92.9 89.7 76.2 8.85

39‐017‐0020 3 Middletown 24‐hr 366 33.3 30.0 29.3 25.4 11.22

1‐hr 8779 278.5 79.1 78.8 65.9 11.27

Clark 39‐023‐0005 3 Springfield 24‐hr 353 27.7 20.2 19.1 18.7 8.28

1‐hr 8544 61.4 56.9 56.5 50.9 8.33

Clermont 39‐025‐0022 3 Batavia 1‐hr 8453 100.2 51.0 44.9 43.8 10.02

24‐hr 354 28.8 25.3 21.9 20.3 9.98

Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0060 3 Cleveland 24‐hr

1‐hr 8705 94.1 84.8 69.5 60.1 9.9

Franklin

39‐049‐0029 3 New Albany 24‐hr

1‐hr 8741 38.5 35.3 35.0 34.1 7.08

39‐049‐0034 3 Columbus 1‐hr 8727 94.7 70.4 56.5 50.5 5.56

24‐hr 364 22.6 16.2 14.7 13.7 5.52

Greene 39‐057‐0005 3 Yellow Springs 1‐hr 8204 120.8 98.3 95.0 85.7 7.3

24‐hr 342 32.2 22.4 22.0 20.2 7.26 *

Hamilton

39‐061‐0006 3 Cincinnati 1‐hr 8420 47.7 47.6 47.5 47.5 9.68

24‐hr

39‐061‐0010 3 Cleves 1‐hr 8534 78.1 51.1 50.1 49.1 10.52

24‐hr 354 30.7 26.0 24.9 23.7 10.49

39‐061‐0040 3 Cincinnati 24‐hr

1‐hr 8682 95.3 52.4 40.9 39.9 8.42

Jefferson 39‐081‐0017 3 Steubenville 24‐hr

1‐hr 8456 94.8 74.8 73.5 71.3 12.12

Lake 39‐085‐0007 3 Painesville 1‐hr 7054 61.0 58.0 46.0 40.0 8.61

24‐hr 294 24.0 21.1 18.5 18.5 8.56 *

Lawrence 39‐087‐0012 3 Ironton 1‐hr 8715 93.2 83.5 82.7 82.3 8.30

24‐hr 363 24.8 21.7 20.4 17.1 8.25

Lorain 39‐093‐3002 3 Sheffield 24‐hr 324 15.5 13.3 11.1 11.3 4.05 *

1‐hr 7801 72.3 34.9 34.5 34.1 4.11

Lucas 39‐095‐0024 3 Toledo 24‐hr 229 16.9 16.9 16.4 15.7 8.05 *

1‐hr 5488 87.6 60.7 60.1 48.4 8.08 *

Mahoning 39‐099‐0014 3 Youngstown 1‐hr 8754 78.0 63.8 58.6 48.5 8.3

24‐hr 365 23.7 18.5 17.7 16.3 8.24

Medina 39‐103‐0004 3 Chippawa 24‐hr 343 20.8 18.8 18.7 18.5 7.56

1‐hr 8232 80.1 77.6 57.9 56.9 7.62

Montgomery 39‐113‐0038 3 Dayton 1‐hr 8740 45.3 43.1 43.0 42.8 7.78

24‐hr 364 27.2 24.6 20.9 20.6 7.71

Preble 39‐135‐1001 3 New Paris 24‐hr 332 22.6 21.3 20.6 20.4 7.48 *

1‐hr 7974 63.1 47.1 44.1 43.6 7.55

Page | 36

County Site ID POC City Duration Obs 1st

Max

2nd

Max

3rd

Max

4th

Max Mean

Stark 39‐151‐0020 3 Canton 1‐hr 7585 50.2 49.5 47.0 44.5 7.72

24‐hr 315 20.8 19.4 18.9 17.9 7.92

Summit 39‐153‐0017 3 Akron 24‐hr 365 27.8 25.2 25.0 24.6 10.24

1‐hr 8683 108.2 89.0 87.0 83.4 10.28

Trumbull 39‐155‐0014 3 Warren 24‐hr 328 21.9 14.0 13.6 13.0 5.13 *

1‐hr 7902 117.6 87.6 55.4 51.6 5.17

Warren 39‐165‐0007 3 Lebanon 1‐hr 8521 41.4 39.6 39.3 38.4 8.86

24‐hr 355 26.0 21.6 21.3 20.4 8.80

Note: The * indicates that the mean does not satisfy summary criteria.

Page | 37

Table 8. PM2.5 24‐hour 98th Percentile Averages

Site County Year Average

'14‐'16 2014 2015 2016 39‐003‐0009 Allen 27.7 21.7 16.7 22

39‐009‐0003 Athens 18.0 18.4 11.4 16

39‐013‐0006 Belmont 21.2 16.2 19

39‐017‐0003

Butler

24.7 20.7 16.2 21

39‐017‐0015 21.8 22

39‐017‐0016 23.6 22.6 20.0 22

39‐017‐0019 23.9 21.2 21.0 22

39‐017‐0020 27.8 22.4 22.3 24

39‐017‐0022 20.9 25.2 23

39‐023‐0005 Clark 24.5 20 16.6 20

39‐035‐0034

Cuyahoga

23.2 22.2 15.7 20

39‐035‐0038 26.5 27.2 21.3 25

39‐035‐0045 25.7 26 17.0 23

39‐035‐0060 31.0 26.1 18.8 25

39‐035‐0065 26.2 26.9 21.7 25

39‐035‐1002 22.7 21.7 14.2 20

39‐049‐0024

Franklin

21.0 21.1 17.2 20

39‐049‐0039 27.4 24 17.7 20

39‐049‐0081 23.8 22.2 17.3 21

39‐057‐0005 Greene 24.2 17.5 15.2 19

39‐061‐0006

Hamilton

22.4 19.4 19.1 20

39‐061‐0010 24.3 20.5 19.1 21

39‐061‐0014 23.2 23 22.5 23

39‐061‐0040 23.6 21.3 18.1 21

39‐061‐0042 24.8 22.8 20.1 23

39‐081‐0017 Jefferson

26.0 23.5 19.6 23

39‐081‐0021 22.7 26.7 17.2 22

39‐085‐0007 Lake 18.1 19.6 14.6 17

39‐087‐0012 Lawrence 15.3 17.4 14.0 16

39‐093‐3002 22.9 22.6 15.1 20

39‐095‐0024

Lucas

24.8 23.6 19.7 23

39‐095‐0026 28.6 23.5 16.9 23

39‐095‐0028 24.4 22.7 16.6 21

39‐099‐0005 Mahoning

22.1 26.2 16.8 22

39‐099‐0014 22.1 24.2 17.4 21

39‐103‐0004 Medina 19.8 22.6 16.3 20

39‐113‐0032 Montgomery

30.8 31

39‐113‐0038 18.7 20.4 21.2 20

39‐133‐0002 Portage 19.3 21 14.4 18

39‐135‐1001 Preble 25.4 18.3 15.9 20

39‐145‐0013 Scioto 16.2 22.8 16.5 19

39‐151‐0017 Stark

25.0 26.1 19.9 24

39‐151‐0020 23.5 23.7 18.9 22

39‐153‐0017 Summit

22.9 26.6 21.6 24

39‐153‐0023 21.8 22.8 15.9 20

39‐155‐0005 Trumbull

20.8 27.5 24

39‐155‐0014 14.4 14

Page | 38

Table 9. PM2.5 Average of Annual Averages

Site County Year Average

'14‐'16 2014 2015 2016 39‐003‐0009 Allen 9.5 9.7 7.5 8.9 39‐009‐0003 Athens 7.8 7.6 6.2 7.2 39‐013‐0006 Belmont 8.7 8.3 8.5 39‐017‐0003

Butler

11.3 10.3 9.7 10.4 39‐017‐0015 9.8 9.8 39‐017‐0016 10.7 9.5 9.2 9.8 39‐017‐0019 11.2 10.2 9.3 10.2 39‐017‐0020 39‐017‐0022 12.1 10.9 11.5 39‐023‐0005 Clark 10.0 8.9 8.4 9.1 39‐035‐0034

Cuyahoga

9.6 9.2 7.8 8.9 39‐035‐0038 12.3 11.8 10.0 11.4 39‐035‐0045 11.4 11.0 9.4 10.6 39‐035‐0060 12.1 12.0 9.6 11.3 39‐035‐0065 12.5 13.3 10.7 12.2 39‐035‐1002 9.7 9.1 7.8 8.9 39‐049‐0024

Franklin 10.1 10.0 8.7 9.6

39‐049‐0039 10.7 10.4 8.4 9.8 39‐049‐0081 10.3 9.8 8.0 9.4 39‐057‐0005 Greene 9.8 8.3 7.8 8.6 39‐061‐0006

Hamilton

10.3 9.3 8.8 9.5 39‐061‐0010 10.4 9.2 8.8 9.4 39‐061‐0014 11.3 10.7 10.1 10.7 39‐061‐0040 10.4 9.2 8.8 9.4 39‐061‐0042 11.2 10.1 9.5 10.3 39‐061‐0048 12.9 39‐081‐0017

Jefferson 10.7 10.7 8.8 10.1

39‐081‐0021 10.6 9.6 7.6 9.3 39‐085‐0007 Lake 8.7 8.1 6.8 7.9 39‐087‐0012 Lawrence 7.5 7.3 6.7 7.1 39‐093‐3002 Lorain 9.1 8.2 7.0 8.1 39‐095‐0024

Lucas 10.5 10.1 8.6 9.8

39‐095‐0026 10.3 9.6 8.2 9.4 39‐095‐0028 10.6 10.0 8.2 9.6 39‐099‐0005

Mahoning 9.9 11.0 7.9 9.6

39‐099‐0014 9.8 10.2 8.0 9.3 39‐103‐0004 Medina 8.6 10.1 7.4 8.7 39‐113‐0032 Montgomery 11.1 39‐113‐0038 8.7 9.6 8.9 9.1 39‐133‐0002 Portage 9.0 8.9 7.1 8.3 39‐135‐1001 Preble 9.2 8.4 7.5 8.4 39‐145‐0013 Scioto 8.2 8.5 8.3 8.3 39‐151‐0017

Stark 11.7 11.4 9.3 10.8

39‐151‐0020 10.6 10.5 8.7 9.9 39‐153‐0017

Summit 10.8 12.5 9.7 11.0

39‐153‐0023 10.0 9.7 7.8 9.2 39‐155‐0005

Trumbull 10.3 10.5 10.4

39‐155‐0014 7.5 7.5 = insufficient data = site not used in comparison with annual NAAQS

Page | 39

D. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Sulfur dioxide is a colorless gas formed through the combination of sulfur and oxygen during

combustion. The major sources of SO2 are the burning of sulfur‐containing fossil fuels (mainly

coal), with lesser amounts caused by industrial processes such as smelting. The control of SO2

emissions can be accomplished by burning coal or oil with a relatively low sulfur content. Newer

boilers may be equipped with flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems that use a caustic solution

to scrub SO2 from the exhaust gas stream.

In 2010, U.S. EPA revised the NAAQS for

SO2 by establishing a 1‐hour standard at a

level of 75 parts per billion based on the

3‐year average of the annual 99th

percentile of 1‐hour daily maximum

concentrations. In the same action, the

primary annual and 24‐hour standards in

effect were revoked. The 3‐hour 500 ppb

secondary standard was retained.

Sampling Method

Sulfur dioxide is measured continuously by instruments using ultraviolet fluorescent techniques.

The analyzers irradiate and air sample with ultraviolet light. Sulfur dioxide gas molecules absorb

a portion of this energy, and then re‐emit the energy at a characteristic wavelength of light. This

light energy emitted by SO2 molecules is sensed by a photomultiplier tube and converted to an

electronic signal proportional to the concentration of SO2 present. All concentrations for SO2 are

reported in parts per billion (ppb).

Table 10 on the following pages summarizes key data statistics in 2016 for the 33 SO2 sites in

Ohio for the primary 1‐hour standard.

A Gavin Power Plant SO2 Site

Page | 40

Table 10. SO2 Summary Statistics

Sulfur dioxide (42401) 1‐hr Parts per billion

County Site ID POC City Complete quarters Obs

1st Max

2nd Max

3rd Max

4th Max

5th Max

6th Max

7th Max

99th percentile

Exceed‐ances method PQAO

Adams 39‐001‐0001 1 West Union 4 8106 59 42 38 30 16 15 15 37 0 060 1455

Allen 39‐003‐0009 1 Lima 4 8398 7 6 5 4 4 3 3 4 0 100 1453

Ashtabula 39‐007‐1001 1 Conneaut 4 8411 11 10 9 7 6 6 6 7 0 060 1454

Belmont 39‐013‐0006 1 Shadyside 4 8370 8 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 100 1453

Butler 39‐017‐0019 1 Middletown 4 8577 74 53 45 43 31 24 20 43 0 100 1455



Clark 39‐023‐0003 1 Enon 4 8561 9 7 7 6 6 5 5 6 0 060 1455

Columbiana 39‐029‐0019 1 East Liverpool 4 8402 37 17 17 14 13 12 12 14 0 060 1454

Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0038 2 Cleveland 4 8414 89 67 53 53 42 42 40 53 1 188/060 1454

Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0045 1 Cleveland 4 8633 28 20 19 19 16 15 14 19 0 060 1454

Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0060 1 Cleveland 4 8242 40 39 39 37 35 35 34 37 0 060 1454

Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0060 2 Cleveland 4 8222 40.7 40.6 39.6 37.5 35 34.8 34.4 37.5 0 560 1454

Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0065 1 Newburgh Heights 4 8529 447 408 373 370 342 95 73 370 6 100/188 1454

Franklin 39‐049‐0034 1 Columbus 4 8382 7 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 0 060 1453

Hamilton 39‐061‐0010 2 Cleves 4 8266 21 21 18 18 17 17 16 18 0 100 1455

Hamilton 39‐061‐0040 1 Cincinnati 4 8316 30 13.5 12.7 12.2 12.2 10.6 10.5 12.2 0 592 1455

Jefferson 39‐081‐0017 1 Steubenville 4 8402 78 39 30 27 25 24 22 27 1 100 1453

Jefferson 39‐081‐0018 1 Not in a city 4 8387 77 34 33 31 29 29 26 31 1 060 1373

Jefferson 39‐081‐0020 1 Not in a city 4 8378 23 23 21 20 20 17 13 20 0 060 1373

Lake 39‐085‐0003 1 Eastlake 4 8719 23 14 13 10 10 10 10 10 0 100 1454

Lake 39‐085‐0007 1 Painesville 4 8760 139 97 93 80 78 75 70 80 5 100 1454

Lawrence 39‐087‐0012 1 Ironton 4 8302 10 8 7 7 6 5 5 7 0 060 1455

Lucas 39‐095‐0008 2 Toledo 4 8186 30 27 25 21 19 18 17 21 0 100/060 1453

Mahoning 39‐099‐0013 1 Youngstown 4 8375 19 17 14 13 10 10 10 13 0 061 1454

Meigs 39‐105‐0003 1 Pomeroy 2 4324 46 41 23 22 22 19 19 41 0 060 1453

Morgan 39‐115‐0004 1 Not in a city 4 8366 28 27 17 17 15 15 13 17 0 100 1453

Preble 39‐135‐1001 1 New Paris 4 8212 27.1 26.9 18.4 16.3 14.5 11.6 11.1 16.3 0 560 1455

Scioto 39‐145‐0013 1 Portsmouth 4 8253 28 10 10 6 5 5 5 6 0 060 1455

Scioto 39‐145‐0020 1 Franklin Furnace 4 8637 21.9 21.1 20.4 18.4 16.5 15.5 14.6 18.4 0 060 1299

Scioto 39‐145‐0022 1 Franklin Furnace 4 8651 57.4 28.2 27.1 23.1 19.4 17.1 16 23.1 0 060 1299

Summit 39‐153‐0017 1 Akron 4 8365 10 9 9 8 8 8 7 8 0 100/188 1454

Summit 39‐153‐0025 1 Akron 4 8360 12 11 10 10 10 10 8 10 0 100 1454

Page | 41

E. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Nitrogen dioxide is formed in high temperature combustion processes, when nitrogen in the air

is oxidized to nitric oxide (NO) or nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The major sources of NO2 are high

temperature fuel combustion, motor vehicles, and certain chemical processes. NO2 is also a

significant pollutant because the combination of NO2 and ground level hydrocarbon compounds

causes the production of photochemical oxidants, primarily ozone (O3).

In 2010 the U.S. EPA revised the NAAQS for NO2 by adding a 1‐hour standard which is the three‐

year average of the annual 98th percentile values. The standard is 100 ppb which is not to be

exceeded. The annual NAAQS of 53 ppb was retained.

Sampling Method

Continuous monitoring of NO2 is based on a chemiluminescent reaction between NO and O3.

When these two gases react, ultraviolet light at a specific wavelength is produced. In the monitor,

ambient air is drawn along two paths. In the first path, the air is reacted directly with ozone, and

the light energy produced is proportional to the amount of nitric oxide in the air. In the second

path, the air is reacted with ozone after it passes through a catalytic reduction surface. The

reduction surface converts NO2 to NO and the light energy produced is a measure of the total

oxides of nitrogen in the air sample. The electronic difference of these two signals yields the

concentration of NO2. All concentrations for NO2 are reported in parts per billion (ppb).

Table 11 summarizes key data statistics in 2016 for the seven NO2 sites in Ohio.

Cincinnati's NO2 Near Road Site

Page | 42

Table 11. NO2 Summary Statistics

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (parts per billion)

County Site ID POC City Complete Quarters Obs

% Complete

1st Max 1‐hour

2nd Max 1‐hour

98th Percentile Mean

Belmont 39‐013‐0006 1 Shadyside 4 8393 96 68 64 44 6.52

Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0060 1 Cleveland 4 8016 91 63 59 50 11.07

Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0073 1 Warrensville Heights 4 8448 96 55 53 38 9.06

Franklin 39‐049‐0037 1 Columbus 4 8321 95 45 44 40 9.24

Franklin 39‐049‐0038 1 Columbus 4 8362 95 54 48 42 11.89

Hamilton 39‐061‐0040 1 Cincinnati 4 8585 98 49 47 41 9.42

Hamilton 39‐061‐0048 1 Cincinnati 4 8406 96 69 64 56 21.06

Page | 43

F. Carbon Monoxide (CO) Carbon monoxide is a colorless and odorless gas and the most abundant and widely distributed

NAAQS pollutant found in the lower atmosphere. It is produced by the incomplete combustion

of carbon containing fuels, primarily in the internal combustion engine.

The NAAQS for CO are a 1‐hour limit of 35 ppm, which is not to be exceeded more than once per

year. The 9 ppm, 8‐hour limit is not to be exceeded more than once per year. These standards

were retained in 2011.

Sampling Method Carbon monoxide is monitored continuously by

analyzers that operate on the infrared absorption

principle. Air is drawn into a sample chamber and a

beam of infrared light is passed through it. CO absorbs

infrared radiation, and any decrease in the intensity of

the beam is due to the presence of CO molecules. This

decrease is directly related to the concentration of CO

in the air. A special detector measures the difference

in the radiation between this beam and a duplicate

beam passing through a reference chamber with no

CO present. This difference in intensity is electronically

translated into a reading of the CO, measured in parts

per million (ppm).

Table 12 summarizes key data statistics in 2016 for the 14 CO sites in Ohio.

Akron's center city CO site

Page | 44

Table 12. CO Summary Statistics

Carbon monoxide (parts per million)

County Site ID POC City Obs 1st Max 1‐hour

2nd Max 1‐hour

Obs >1‐hr NAAQS

1st Max 8‐hr

2nd Max 8‐hr

Obs >8‐hr NAAQS

Belmont 39‐013‐0006 1 Shadyside 8713 0.8 0.8 0 0.7 0.6 0

Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0051 1 Cleveland 8469 6 5.8 0 4.2 3.9 0

Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0060 1 Cleveland 8215 4.41 2.091 0 1.4 1 0

Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0073 1 Warrensville Heights 8204 0.694 0.69 0 0.5 0.5 0

Franklin 39‐049‐0005 1 Columbus 8653 3.1 2.5 0 2 1.8 0

Franklin 39‐049‐0038 1 Columbus 8670 1.9 1.8 0 1.1 1 0

Hamilton 39‐061‐0040 1 Cincinnati 7932 1.524 1.491 0 1.3 1.2 0

Hamilton 39‐061‐0048 1 Cincinnati 8550 1.767 1.735 0 1.4 1.3 0

Lake 39‐085‐0006 1 Mentor 8727 2.4 2.2 0 1.6 1.5 0

Montgomery 39‐113‐0034 1 Dayton 8724 1.4 1.2 0 0.9 0.9 0

Preble 39‐135‐1001 1 New Paris 8239 0.678 0.552 0 0.3 0.3 0

Stark 39‐151‐0020 1 Canton 8694 1.8 1.8 0 1.5 1.4 0

Summit 39‐153‐0020 1 Akron 8525 1.6 1.3 0 1.1 1.1 0

Summit 39‐153‐0025 1 Akron 8367 1.4 1.4 0 1.1 1.1 0

Page | 45

G. Ozone (O3) Ozone differs from other pollutants in that it is not directly emitted into the atmosphere from

sources. Rather, it is created photochemically in the lower atmosphere by the reaction of volatile

organic compounds and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the presence of sunlight. For this reason, it is

referred to as a secondary pollutant. Ozone is the predominant oxidant component of

photochemical smog.

In urban areas, nitrogen oxides are emitted primarily from combustion sources such as the

internal combustion engine, electric power generation units, and gas and oil‐fired boilers. Volatile

organic compounds, important in sustaining the reactions, are emitted in the exhausts of

gasoline, diesel and jet engines, through the evaporation of gasoline and solvents such as dry‐

cleaning fluids, from industrial and non‐industrial surface coating operations such as paint

booths, from open burning, and other combustion sources.

The ozone NAAQS has been revised frequently. Prior to 1997, the 1‐hour standard was 0.12 ppm,

with a violation occurring at more than three exceedances. In 1997, the standard was supplanted

with an 8‐hour average of 0.08 ppm where a violation occurred when the annual 4th highest daily

maximum 8‐hour concentration averaged over three years exceeded the standard. In 2006, the

1‐hour standard was revoked. Then, in 2008 the 8‐hour standard was lowered to 0.075 ppm (75

ppb). In 2015 the standard was revised to 0.070 ppm, where a violation occurs when the annual

4th highest daily maximum 8‐hour average concentration averaged over three years exceeds the

standard.

Sampling Method

Ozone is monitored continuously during the ozone

season, April 1 through October 31. Beginning in

2017, the ozone season will begin March 1 and

extend thru October 31.

An ozone analyzer operates using ultraviolet

absorption. The air sample is drawn into the

analyzer and irradiated with an ultraviolet light of

253.7 nanometers wavelength. The amount of light

absorbed is related to the amount of ozone

present.

Table 13 through Table 18 on the following pages summarize key data statistics in 2016 for the

52 O3 sites in Ohio. All concentrations for ozone are reported in parts per million (ppm).

Middletown Ozone Site

Page | 46

Table 13. O3 1‐Hour Summary Statistics

Ozone 1‐hour (parts per million)

County Site ID POC City

Valid Days

Measured

Number of Days

in Season

1st Max

2nd Max

3rd Max

4th Max

Days Max > NAAQS

Allen 39‐003‐0009 1 Lima 213 214 0.081 0.079 0.074 0.074 0

Ashtabula 39‐007‐1001 1 Conneaut 213 214 0.092 0.083 0.083 0.081 0

Butler 39‐017‐0004 1 Hamilton 207 214 0.094 0.092 0.088 0.087 0

Butler 39‐017‐0018 1 Middletown 212 214 0.089 0.087 0.087 0.086 0

Butler 39‐017‐9991 1 Not in a city 201 214 0.077 0.077 0.076 0.075 0

Clark 39‐023‐0001 1 Springfield 214 214 0.085 0.082 0.08 0.076 0

Clark 39‐023‐0003 1 Enon 206 214 0.084 0.083 0.081 0.08 0

Clermont 39‐025‐0022 1 Batavia 214 214 0.089 0.084 0.083 0.081 0

Clinton 39‐027‐1002 1 Not in a city 211 214 0.081 0.077 0.076 0.076 0

Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0034 1 Cleveland 201 214 0.08 0.078 0.078 0.075 0

Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0060 1 Cleveland 211 214 0.072 0.072 0.068 0.067 0

Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0064 1 Berea 212 214 0.098 0.079 0.078 0.075 0

Cuyahoga 39‐035‐5002 1 Mayfield 211 214 0.078 0.077 0.077 0.076 0

Delaware 39‐041‐0002 1 Delaware 214 214 0.077 0.076 0.075 0.073 0

Fayette 39‐047‐9991 1 Not in a city 211 214 0.075 0.073 0.073 0.073 0

Franklin 39‐049‐0029 1 New Albany 214 214 0.084 0.082 0.081 0.08 0

Franklin 39‐049‐0037 1 Columbus 211 214 0.086 0.081 0.077 0.076 0

Franklin 39‐049‐0081 1 Columbus 214 214 0.088 0.086 0.079 0.079 0

Geauga 39‐055‐0004 1 Not in a city 214 214 0.085 0.084 0.083 0.083 0

Greene 39‐057‐0006 1 Xenia 214 214 0.08 0.078 0.076 0.075 0

Hamilton 39‐061‐0006 1 Blue Ash 213 214 0.09 0.088 0.087 0.086 0

Hamilton 39‐061‐0010 1 Cleves 212 214 0.093 0.091 0.089 0.089 0

Hamilton 39‐061‐0040 1 Cincinnati 212 214 0.088 0.084 0.083 0.082 0

Jefferson 39‐081‐0017 1 Steubenville 214 214 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.069 0

Knox 39‐083‐0002 1 Centerburg 213 214 0.082 0.073 0.072 0.072 0

Lake 39‐085‐0003 1 Eastlake 214 214 0.086 0.084 0.084 0.084 0

Lake 39‐085‐0007 1 Painesville 212 214 0.085 0.085 0.082 0.081 0

Lawrence 39‐087‐0011 1 Not in a city 214 214 0.077 0.075 0.073 0.071 0

Lawrence 39‐087‐0012 1 Ironton 212 214 0.088 0.081 0.08 0.078 0

Licking 39‐089‐0005 1 Heath 214 214 0.077 0.077 0.076 0.076 0

Lorain 39‐093‐0018 1 Sheffield 211 214 0.078 0.078 0.077 0.076 0

Lucas 39‐095‐0024 1 Toledo 185 214 0.092 0.084 0.078 0.077 0

Lucas 39‐095‐0027 1 Waterville 214 214 0.078 0.077 0.074 0.073 0

Lucas 39‐095‐0034 1 Not in a city 169 214 0.077 0.075 0.075 0.075 0

Lucas 39‐095‐0035 1 Not in a city 75 214 0.076 0.075 0.073 0.073 0

Madison 39‐097‐0007 1 Not in a city 214 214 0.081 0.077 0.076 0.074 0

Mahoning 39‐099‐0013 1 Youngstown 206 214 0.073 0.072 0.072 0.067 0

Medina 39‐103‐0004 1 Not in a city 206 214 0.08 0.075 0.072 0.071 0

Miami 39‐109‐0005 1 Casstown 213 214 0.077 0.077 0.076 0.075 0

Page | 47


County Site ID POC City

Valid Days

Measured

Number of Days

in Season

1st Max

2nd Max

3rd Max

4th Max

Days Max > NAAQS

Montgomery 39‐113‐0037 1 Dayton 214 214 0.089 0.083 0.08 0.079 0

Noble 39‐121‐9991 1 Not in a city 201 214 0.077 0.074 0.073 0.072 0

Portage 39‐133‐1001 1 Not in a city 213 214 0.076 0.069 0.067 0.066 0

Preble 39‐135‐1001 1 New Paris 213 214 0.076 0.075 0.075 0.073 0

Stark 39‐151‐0016 1 Canton 212 214 0.08 0.08 0.079 0.077 0

Stark 39‐151‐0022 1 Brewster 211 214 0.078 0.075 0.074 0.074 0

Stark 39‐151‐4005 1 Alliance 209 214 0.081 0.08 0.078 0.078 0

Summit 39‐153‐0020 1 Akron 213 214 0.103 0.085 0.073 0.07 0

Trumbull 39‐155‐0011 1 Not in a city 214 214 0.086 0.081 0.079 0.079 0

Trumbull 39‐155‐0013 1 Not in a city 209 214 0.085 0.082 0.08 0.079 0

Warren 39‐165‐0007 1 Lebanon 209 214 0.087 0.085 0.084 0.084 0

Washington 39‐167‐0004 1 Marietta 214 214 0.072 0.07 0.07 0.07 0

Wood 39‐173‐0003 1 Bowling 214 214 0.079 0.078 0.076 0.072 0

Page | 48

Table 14. O3 8‐Hour Summary Statistics


County Site ID POC City Obs % Obs

Valid Days

Measured

Number of Days in Season

1st Max

2nd Max

3rd Max

4th Max

Days > NAAQS

Allen 39‐003‐0009 1 Lima 3593 99 211 214 0.077 0.074 0.071 0.068 3

Ashtabula 39‐007‐1001 1 Conneaut 3625 99 212 214 0.078 0.078 0.073 0.072 6

Butler 39‐017‐0004 1 Hamilton 3509 95 204 214 0.081 0.081 0.08 0.076 9

Butler 39‐017‐0018 1 Middletown 3612 98 210 214 0.078 0.077 0.077 0.074 7

Butler 39‐017‐9991 1 Not in a city 5865 94 201 214 0.074 0.073 0.072 0.072 6

Clark 39‐023‐0001 1 Springfield 3635 100 213 214 0.076 0.075 0.072 0.071 6

Clark 39‐023‐0003 1 Enon 3510 96 205 214 0.074 0.073 0.07 0.07 2

Clermont 39‐025‐0022 1 Batavia 3623 99 211 214 0.08 0.076 0.073 0.073 5

Clinton 39‐027‐1002 1 Not in a city 3596 98 210 214 0.074 0.072 0.072 0.071 4

Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0034 1 Cleveland 3437 94 201 214 0.074 0.074 0.073 0.07 3

Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0060 1 Cleveland 6144 99 212 214 0.07 0.066 0.063 0.063 0

Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0064 1 Berea 3586 99 211 214 0.074 0.074 0.069 0.068 2

Cuyahoga 39‐035‐5002 1 Mayfield 3622 99 212 214 0.074 0.073 0.072 0.071 4

Delaware 39‐041‐0002 1 Delaware 3615 98 210 214 0.074 0.07 0.068 0.067 1

Fayette 39‐047‐9991 1 Not in a city 6015 99 211 214 0.073 0.069 0.067 0.067 1

Franklin 39‐049‐0029 1 New Albany 3625 99 212 214 0.078 0.076 0.072 0.072 7

Franklin 39‐049‐0037 1 Columbus 3567 97 208 214 0.071 0.07 0.067 0.067 1

Franklin 39‐049‐0081 1 Columbus 3627 100 213 214 0.076 0.075 0.072 0.071 4

Geauga 39‐055‐0004 1 Not in a city 3629 99 212 214 0.082 0.079 0.077 0.077 10

Greene 39‐057‐0006 1 Xenia 3635 100 213 214 0.072 0.07 0.069 0.069 1

Hamilton 39‐061‐0006 1 Blue Ash 3616 99 211 214 0.077 0.077 0.076 0.075 9

Hamilton 39‐061‐0010 1 Cleves 3611 99 211 214 0.082 0.079 0.075 0.073 10

Hamilton 39‐061‐0040 1 Cincinnati 6177 99 212 214 0.08 0.076 0.075 0.073 8

Jefferson 39‐081‐0017 1 Steubenville 3630 100 213 214 0.066 0.064 0.063 0.062 0

Knox 39‐083‐0002 1 Centerburg 3624 99 212 214 0.07 0.067 0.066 0.066 0

Lake 39‐085‐0003 1 Eastlake 3632 100 213 214 0.083 0.08 0.077 0.076 9

Lake 39‐085‐0007 1 Painesville 3619 99 212 214 0.08 0.079 0.078 0.069 3

Lawrence 39‐087‐0011 1 Not in a city 3600 98 210 214 0.075 0.07 0.068 0.065 1

Lawrence 39‐087‐0012 1 Ironton 3571 96 205 214 0.076 0.074 0.071 0.07 3

Licking 39‐089‐0005 1 Heath 3626 99 212 214 0.073 0.072 0.071 0.067 3

Page | 49


County Site ID POC City Obs % Obs

Valid Days

Measured

Number of Days in Season

1st Max

2nd Max

3rd Max

4th Max

Days > NAAQS

Lorain 39‐093‐0018 1 Sheffield 3599 98 209 214 0.075 0.071 0.07 0.07 2

Lucas 39‐095‐0024 1 Toledo 3125 86 183 214 0.074 0.074 0.073 0.07 3

Lucas 39‐095‐0027 1 Waterville 3623 99 212 214 0.073 0.071 0.07 0.065 2

Lucas 39‐095‐0034 1 Not in a city 3274 83 178 214 0.07 0.067 0.066 0.063 0

Lucas 39‐095‐0035 1 Not in a city 1272 35 74 214 0.066 0.062 0.062 0.062 0

Madison 39‐097‐0007 1 Not in a city 3614 99 211 214 0.074 0.072 0.069 0.068 2

Mahoning 39‐099‐0013 1 Youngstown 3509 96 205 214 0.061 0.059 0.059 0.054 0

Medina 39‐103‐0004 1 Not in a city 3503 95 204 214 0.072 0.07 0.068 0.066 1

Miami 39‐109‐0005 1 Casstown 3630 99 212 214 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.069 3

Montgomery 39‐113‐0037 1 Dayton 3635 100 213 214 0.074 0.074 0.073 0.072 6

Noble 39‐121‐9991 1 Not in a city 5810 93 199 214 0.072 0.072 0.069 0.068 2

Portage 39‐133‐1001 1 Not in a city 3622 99 211 214 0.067 0.063 0.06 0.059 0

Preble 39‐135‐1001 1 New Paris 6203 100 213 214 0.072 0.07 0.069 0.069 1

Stark 39‐151‐0016 1 Canton 3581 98 209 214 0.073 0.073 0.072 0.072 4

Stark 39‐151‐0022 1 Brewster 3577 97 208 214 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.067 0

Stark 39‐151‐4005 1 Alliance 3553 97 208 214 0.076 0.074 0.071 0.071 4

Summit 39‐153‐0020 1 Akron 3618 99 212 214 0.074 0.063 0.063 0.061 1

Trumbull 39‐155‐0011 1 Not in a city 3634 100 213 214 0.08 0.076 0.072 0.071 5

Trumbull 39‐155‐0013 1 Not in a city 3548 97 208 214 0.08 0.075 0.07 0.07 2

Warren 39‐165‐0007 1 Lebanon 3567 97 207 214 0.079 0.079 0.076 0.074 9

Washington 39‐167‐0004 1 Marietta 3632 100 213 214 0.067 0.067 0.065 0.064 0

Wood 39‐173‐0003 1 Bowling 3626 100 213 214 0.075 0.073 0.072 0.066 3

Page | 50

Table 15. Three‐year Average of 4th High 8‐Hour O3 Averages

Site ID County City

4th high in Year 3 Year

2014 2015 2016 Average 39‐003‐0009 Allen Lima 0.066 0.064 0.068 0.066

39‐007‐1001 Ashtabula Conneaut 0.069 0.070 0.072 0.070 39‐017‐0004

Butler Hamilton 0.070 0.070 0.076 0.072

39‐017‐0018 Middletown 0.069 0.070 0.074 0.071 39‐023‐0001

Clark Springfield 0.065 0.071 0.071 0.069

39‐023‐0003 0.064 0.069 0.070 0.067 39‐025‐0022 Clermont 0.068 0.070 0.073 0.070 39‐027‐1002 Clinton 0.070 0.070 0.071 0.070 39‐035‐0034

Cuyahoga

Cleveland 0.071 0.067 0.07 0.069 39‐035‐0060 Cleveland 0.066 0.063 0.063 0.064

39‐035‐0064 Berea 0.059 0.066 0.068 0.064 39‐035‐5002 Mayfield 0.061 0.072 0.071 0.068 39‐041‐0002 Delaware 0.066 0.068 0.067 0.067 39‐049‐0029

Franklin New Albany 0.070 0.071 0.072 0.071

39‐049‐0037 Columbus 0.069 0.064 0.067 0.066

39‐049‐0081 Columbus 0.068 0.063 0.071 0.067 39‐055‐0004 Geauga 0.065 0.073 0.077 0.071 39‐057‐0006 Greene Xenia 0.066 0.071 0.069 0.068 39‐061‐0006

Hamilton 0.070 0.072 0.075 0.072

39‐061‐0010 0.073 0.070 0.073 0.072

39‐061‐0040 Cincinnati 0.069 0.071 0.073 0.071 39‐081‐0017 Jefferson Steubenville 0.067 0.066 0.062 0.065 39‐083‐0002 Knox 0.066 0.071 0.066 0.067 39‐085‐0003

Lake Eastlake 0.075 0.074 0.076 0.075

39‐085‐0007 Painesville 0.062 0.070 0.069 0.067

39‐087‐0011 Lawrence

0.064 0.065 0.065 0.064 39‐087‐0012 Ironton 0.062 0.069 0.070 0.067 39‐089‐0005 Licking Heath 0.066 0.068 0.067 0.067 39‐093‐0018 Lorain Lorain 0.067 0.062 0.07 0.066 39‐095‐0024

Lucas

Toledo 0.070 0.063 0.070 0.067

39‐095‐0027 Waterville 0.064 0.063 0.065 0.064 39‐095‐0034 Toledo 0.065 0.064 0.063 0.064 39‐095‐0035 Toledo 0.062 0.062 39‐097‐0007 Madison 0.069 0.069 0.068 0.068

39‐099‐0013 Mahoning Youngstown 0.066 0.069 0.054 0.063 39‐103‐0004 Medina 0.064 0.063 0.066 0.064 39‐109‐0005 Miami 0.066 0.068 0.069 0.067 39‐113‐0037 Montgomery Dayton 0.069 0.070 0.072 0.070

39‐133‐1001 Portage 0.061 0.064 0.059 0.061 39‐135‐1001 Preble 0.065 0.067 0.069 0.067 39‐151‐0016

Stark Canton 0.065 0.072 0.072 0.069

39‐151‐0022 Brewster 0.059 0.068 0.067 0.064 39‐151‐4005 Alliance 0.061 0.067 0.071 0.066

39‐153‐0020 Summit Akron 0.058 0.065 0.061 0.061 39‐155‐0009

Trumbull 0.065 0.065

39‐155‐0011 0.065 0.070 0.071 0.068 39‐155‐0013 Kinsman 0.066 0.07 0.068 39‐165‐0007 Warren Lebanon 0.071 0.071 0.074 0.072

39‐167‐0004 Washington Marietta 0.063 0.068 0.064 0.065 39‐173‐0003 Wood Bowling Green 0.063 0.062 0.066 0.063 = insufficient data for valid statistical average

Page | 51

Table 16. Count of Ozone Exceedances and Date Occurred (1999‐2016)

Year 1‐hr date Exceedances/Sites 8‐hour date Exceedances/Sites

1999 30 May 14/50 8 April 1121/50

2000 9 June 1/48 29 April 326/48

2001 14 June 2/50 8 April 738/50

2002 20 June 22/50 23 May 1436/50

2003 23‐June 22/50 15 April 458/50

2004 None 0/50 8 April 178/50

2005 8 June 5/49 10 April 688/49

2006 None 0/49 27 May 236/49

2007 None 0/49 22 April 541/49

2008 None 0/49 17 April 171/49

2009 None 0/49 20 May 31/49

2010 None 0/49 2 April 163/49

2011 None 0/49 4 June 215/49

2012 None 0/48 15 May 329/48

2013 None 0/48 15 May 14/48

2014 None 0/48 21 April 11/48

2015 None 0/48 6 May 16/48

2016 None 0/48 17 April 168/48

Note: The 8‐hour exceedance value used is 0.076 ppm.

Table 17. Last Ozone Exceedance Dates 1‐Hr Standard >120 ppb (1991‐2016)

Year Date Sites Max value

(ppb)

1991 29 August 1 125

1992 9 July 1 218

1993 27 August 1 137

1994 25 August 1 153

1995 26 August 1 125

1996 4 August 1 131

1997 1 August 1 125

1998 14 September 2 139

1999 30 July 1 130

2000 9 June 1 126

2001 6 August 1 125

2002 7 September 1 127

2003 25 June 4 136

2004 None 0 107

2005 2 August 1 161

2006 None 0 112

2007 None 0 112

2008 None 0 112

2009 None 0 101

2010 None 0 113

2011 None 0 112

2012 None 0 119

2013 None 0 98

2014 None 0 91

2015 None 0 92

2016 None 0 103

Page | 52

Table 18. Last Ozone Exceedance Dates 8‐Hr Standard >75 ppb (1991‐2016)

Year Date Sites Max Value

(ppb)

1991 9 October 1 78



1994 7 October 1 77

1995 13 October 1 78

1996 16 October 1 76

1997 8 October 11 83

1998 17 October 3 77

1999 30 October 5 80



2002 13 September 10 87



2005 4 October 1 81

2006 26 August 4 80

2007 8 October 3 80


2009 27 June 1 76

2010 10 October 3 80


2012 25 August 4 82


2014 12 July 1 77

2015 29 July 1 80


Page | 53

H. Lead (Pb) Airborne lead (Pb) was historically caused by vehicles using leaded fuels. Now the primary

sources of airborne lead include lead smelting facilities, lead‐acid storage battery manufacturing

plants and other manufacturing operations.

In the period from 1978 to 1991, lead concentrations

at traffic‐oriented sites dropped by over 90%,

reflecting the removal of lead from gasoline. In 1999,

the U.S. EPA eliminated the requirement for traffic‐

oriented sites and shifted focus to monitoring at

industrial sources. Ohio EPA discontinued

monitoring at traffic oriented sites in 1999.

In November of 2008, U.S. EPA changed the NAAQS for lead from 1.5 µg/m3 as a calendar quarter

average to a lower standard of 0.15 µg/m3 as a rolling three‐month average. This revised standard

is designed to provide increased protection to the public, particularly children. The newest lead

standard requires monitoring at lead sources that report emissions of greater than 0.5 tons per

year. In 2016, lead monitoring is required at NCore sites in Core‐Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs)

of 500,000 or more persons. There are three sites in Ohio that meet this criteria: Cincinnati,

Cleveland and Dayton.

Sampling Method

Lead concentrations in ambient air are determined by the U.S EPA reference method. Lead

samples are collected as total suspended particulate matter (TSP) on glass fiber filters according

to 40 CFR Part 50, Appendix B, Reference method for the Determination of Suspended Particulate

Matter in the Atmosphere. These filters are then analyzed by the manual Equivalent method:

EQL‐0710‐192, “Heated Nitric Acid Hot Block Digestion and ICP/MS analysis for Lead (Pb) on TSP

High‐volume filters”. In this method, one ¾”x 8” portion or strip, of the TSP filter is dissolved in a

solution of nitric acid, heated on a hot block, on which the solution is reduced to final volume for

analysis. The extracted solution is then analyzed by inductively coupled plasma‐mass

spectrometry, (ICP/MS) to determine the amount of lead collected on the original filter. Sites that

are being used to meet monitoring network requirements have individual sampling events (days)

analyzed.

Concentrations are reported in micrograms per cubic meter of air (µg/m3). Table 19 summarizes

key data statistics in 2016 for the 17 Lead sites in Ohio.

East Liverpool Lead Site

Page | 54

Table 19. Lead Summary Statistics

County Site ID City Max 3‐Month

Average Month of

Max Valid

Months

Columbiana 39‐029‐0019 East Liverpool .02 November 11

Columbiana 39‐029‐0020 East Liverpool .01 January 12

Columbiana 39‐029‐0022 East Liverpool .01 January 1

Columbiana 39‐029‐0023 East Liverpool .01 May 11

Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0038 Cleveland .01 January 12


Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0049 Cleveland .02 July 12


Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0061 Cleveland .03 May 12

Cuyahoga 39‐035‐0072 Warrensville Heights .01 January 7

Franklin 39‐049‐0039 Columbus .01 January 12

Fulton 39‐051‐0001 Delta .12 December 12

Logan 39‐091‐0006 Bellefontaine 0 January 11

Marion 39‐101‐0003 Marion .02 January 12

Marion 39‐101‐0004 Marion .01 January 12

Montgomery 39‐113‐7001 Moraine 0 January 12

Washington 39‐167‐0008 Marietta 0 January 12

Page | 55

V. AIR TOXICS MONITORING 2016

A. Introduction Ohio EPA operates a network of air toxics monitors as part of a state‐wide Air Toxics Monitoring

Program (ATMP). This sampling network is modeled after programs and methods recommended

by U.S. EPA. The emphasis has been on urban toxics monitoring for volatile organic compounds

and heavy metals. Following this introduction, there are brief sections describing sampling and

analytical procedures for the pollutants monitored.

The principle focus of the ATMP is urban monitoring – looking for risk areas where people live. In

support of this effort, air toxics monitoring has concentrated on the following groups of

compounds:

volatile organic compounds (VOC) examples: benzene, chloroform, styrene, toluene

heavy metals examples: beryllium, manganese

Intermittent air sampling has been conducted at semi‐permanent monitoring sites (where

monitoring extends beyond a six‐month period) for VOCs and heavy metals. Table 20 provides a

list of the volatile organic compounds measured by the VOC analysis method. The list of

measured metals is included in the metals description section.

Page | 56

Semi‐permanent monitoring projects have been conducted in the following areas of Ohio for VOC

and/or metals for urban areas or source‐related monitoring:

City VOC Metals

Cleveland Urban Urban

Columbus Urban Urban

Marietta Source

Delta Source

East Liverpool Source

Steubenville Urban

Marion Urban

Bellefontaine Urban

Elmore Urban

Throughout 2016, Ohio EPA has worked to expand sampling at semi‐permanent sites with an

emphasis on smaller urban areas. Future sampling projects will involve additional sampling

locations or reallocation of current resources to other locations. Expanded air toxics sampling will

involve adding other parameters to existing sites and expanding the use of short term sampling.

Past sampling efforts have included:

Cross Media pollution monitoring Urban air toxics Great Lakes deposition monitoring Source monitoring Post‐remediation Monitoring Complaint investigation Emergency Episode Monitoring Emissions verification

During 2016, DAPC was involved in several minor monitoring projects throughout the state. Data

from the more extensive projects were included along with the routine sampling in this report.

The sampling and analytical methods for VOCs and heavy metals are described below.

B. Volatile Organic Compound Sampling and Analysis Sampling Method

A major component of the Air Toxics Monitoring Program is ambient sampling for volatile organic

compounds (VOCs) which are compounds that are generally found in the vapor state. Most VOC

samples were collected using a whole air sampling system that pumps ambient air into a

stainless‐steel canister, which allows an air sample to be maintained virtually unchanged until it

is analyzed. Samples can also be collected using only the vacuum of the canister to draw in an air

sample. These vacuum‐filled “grab” samples usually take only a few minutes to collect and are

useful for collecting transient odors or potentially high concentration samples. Ohio EPA is now

capable of collecting specific samples for 1‐, 3‐, 8‐, and 24‐hours using this grab sampling method.

Page | 57

Samples at the semi‐permanent sampling sites are collected consistent with the national air

toxics monitoring schedule of once every 12th day or even once every 6th day over a 24‐hour

sampling period. Specific procedures for this type of sampling can be found in U.S. EPA’s

Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compound in Ambient Air in

the section TO‐15.

Analysis

The volatile tendency of VOCs allows them to be vaporized when heated, if not already in a

gaseous state, and injected into an analytical device called a gas chromatograph (GC). As a sample

passes through a GC column, various compounds separate out of the sample mixture. As the

individual compounds exit the column, a detector records a response. That response is illustrated

on a chromatogram as a peak, the area of which indicates the concentration of the compound.

Compound identification is accomplished by comparing peak retention times with those from a

chromatogram of a known mixture of compounds. Retention time is the time it takes for a

particular compound to reach the detector. As long as analytical conditions remain the same, a

compound from one analysis to the next will have the same retention time. The GC is combined

with a special detector called a mass spectrometer (MS). The combination, GC/MS, analyzes a

sample by separating it into its individual components which form a fingerprint by which a

compound can be identified.

Almost all of canister samples collected by DAPC were analyzed by the Ohio EPA Division of

Environmental Services (DES). Analytical procedures performed by the laboratory targeted a list

of over 80 VOCs for identification and quantitation. For most of the target compounds, DES has

a Reportable Limit (RL) of 0.1 ppbv, although some compounds have RL equal or greater than 0.2

ppbv, depending on the sample concentration. In this report the minimum concentration

detected, which can be lower than the RL for some parameters, is reported. This is to illustrate

all compounds detected.

Additional compounds can be detected and tentatively identified during the analysis of VOC

samples. However, due to uncertainty involved with identification of these additional, non‐target

compounds, they are not included in this report.

Tables on the following pages summarize data from routine canister samples collected during

2016, beginning with Table 20, which is the target compound list. The table that follows (Table

21) summarizes state‐wide results for 24‐hour samples of each target compound; 262 samples

were collected at eight permanent and semi‐permanent VOC monitoring sites. Table 22 identifies

the site location and references the respective tables in this report summarizing each site’s

results. Target compounds not detected state‐wide, indicated by “ND” in Table 21, have been

removed from the site‐specific summary tables.

Page | 58

Table 20. DES VOC Target Compound List For TO‐15 Analysis

CAS # Compound Name CAS # Compound Name CAS # Compound Name

1 000067‐64‐1 Acetone 31 000106-46-7 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 61 000109‐66‐0 n‐Pentane

2 000075‐05‐8 Acetonitrile 32 000075-71-8 Dichlorodifluoromethane 62 000103‐65‐1 n‐Propylbenzene

3 000107‐02‐8 Acrolein 33 000075-34-3 1,1-Dichloroethane 63 000115‐07‐1 Propylene

4 000107‐13‐1 Acrylonitrile 34 000107-06-2 1,2-Dichloroethane 64 000100‐42‐5 Styrene

5 000071‐43‐2 Benzene 35 000075-35-4 1,1-Dichloroethene 65 000079‐34‐5 1,1,2,2‐Tetrachloroethane

6 000100‐44‐7 Benzyl chloride 36 000156-59-2 cis-1,2-Dichloroethene 66 000127‐18‐4 Tetrachloroethylene

7 000075‐27‐4 Bromodichloromethane 37 000156-60-5 trans-1,2-Dichloroethene 67 000109‐99‐9 Tetrahydrofuran

8 000075‐25‐2 Bromoform 38 000078-87-5 1,2-Dichloropropane 68 000108‐88‐3 Toluene

9 000074‐83‐9 Bromomethane 39 010061-01-5 cis-1,3-Dichloropropene 69 000076‐13‐1 1,1,2‐Trichloro‐1,2,2‐

10 000106‐99‐0 1,3‐Butadiene 40 010061-02-6 trans-1,3-Dichloropropene 70 000120-82-1 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene

11 000106‐97‐8 n‐Butane 41 000123-91-1 1,4-Dioxane 71 000071-55-6 1,1,1-Trichloroethane

12 000078‐93‐3 2‐Butanone 42 000064-17-5 Ethanol 72 000079-00-5 1,1,2-Trichloroethane

13 000075‐15‐0 Carbon disulfide 43 000141‐78‐6 Ethyl acetate 73 000079-01-6 Trichloroethene 14 000056‐23‐5 Carbon tetrachloride 44 000100‐41‐4 Ethylbenzene 74 000075-69-4 Trichlorofluoromethane 15 000108‐90‐7 Chlorobenzene 45 000622‐96‐8 4‐Ethyltoluene 75 000095-63-6 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 16 000075‐45‐6 Chlorodifluoromethane 46 000142‐82‐5 n‐Heptane 76 000108-67-8 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 17 000075‐00‐3 Chloroethane 47 000087‐68‐3 Hexachlorobutadiene 77 000540-84-1 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 18 000067‐66‐3 Chloroform 48 000110‐54‐3 Hexane 78 001120-21-4 n-Undecane 19 000074‐87‐3 Chloromethane 49 000591‐78‐6 2‐Hexanone 79 000108-05-4 Vinyl acetate 20 000107‐05‐1 3‐Chloropropene 50 000067‐63‐0 Isopropyl alcohol 80 000593-60-2 Vinyl bromide 21 000095‐49‐8 o‐Chlorotoluene 51 000080‐62‐6 Methyl methacrylate 81 000075-01-4 Vinyl chloride 22 000098‐82‐8 Cumene 52 000108‐10‐1 4‐Methyl‐2‐pentanone 82 000095-47-6 o-Xylene 23 000110‐82‐7 Cyclohexane 53 000075‐65‐0 2‐Methyl‐2‐propanol 83 000108-38-3 Total m&p-xylenes 24 000124‐18‐5 Decane 54 001634‐04‐4 Methyl‐butyl ether

25 000124‐48‐1 Dibromochloromethane 55 000075‐09‐2 Methylene chloride

26 000106‐93‐4 1,2‐Dibromoethane 56 000098‐83‐9 a‐Methylstyrene

27 000074‐95‐3 Dibromomethane 57 000091‐20‐3 Naphthalene

28 000076-14-2 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane 58 000111‐84‐2 n‐Nonane

29 000095-50-1 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 59 000111‐65‐9 n‐Octane

30 000541-73-1 1,3-Dichlorobenzene 60 000074‐98‐6 Propane

Page | 59

Table 21. VOC Summary of Statewide Canister Data

Concentration (ppbv)

Compound Reporting

Limit Minimum Average Maximum Frequency Detected

Acetone 2.0 1.05 4.07 25.90 256

Acetonitrile 0.1 0.06 0.16 0.57 128

Acrolein 0.5 0.04 0.32 1.35 241

Acrylonitrile 0.1 0.01 0.02 0.05 30

Benzene 0.1 0.05 0.36 8.22 262

Benzyl chloride 0.2 0.01 0.04 0.18 13

Bromodichloromethane 0.1 ND ND ND 0

Bromoform 0.1 0.01 0.06 0.20 4

Bromomethane 0.1 0.01 0.01 0.01 62

1,3‐Butadiene 0.1 0.01 0.09 0.29 88

n‐Butane 0.1 0.24 1.51 6.71 262

2‐Butanone 0.5 0.06 0.40 4.30 260

Carbon disulfide 0.5 0.02 0.14 5.46 120

Carbon tetrachloride 0.1 0.05 0.09 0.80 261

Chlorobenzene 0.1 0.01 0.02 0.09 6

Chlorodifluoromethane 0.1 0.19 0.33 1.44 254

Chloroethane 0.1 0.01 0.02 0.13 72

Chloroform 0.1 0.02 0.05 0.72 202

Chloromethane 0.1 0.28 0.58 1.26 262

3‐Chloropropene 0.1 0.02 0.02 0.02 1

o‐Chlorotoluene 0.1 0.29 0.29 0.29 1

Cumene 0.1 0.01 0.04 0.29 31

Cyclohexane 0.1 0.02 0.07 1.25 155

Decane 0.1 0.01 0.06 2.10 161

Dibromochloromethane 0.1 0.06 0.06 0.06 1

1,2‐Dibromoethane 0.1 0.01 0.03 0.04 2

Dibromomethane 0.1 ND ND ND 0

1,2‐Dichloro‐1,1,2,2‐Tetrafluoroethane 0.1 0.01 0.14 0.59 198

1,2‐Dichlorobenzene 0.1 0.02 0.13 0.33 3



Dichlorodifluoromethane 0.1 0.01 0.39 0.84 256

1,1‐Dichloroethane 0.1 0.02 0.24 0.46 2

1,2‐Dichloroethane 0.1 0.01 0.02 0.06 95

1,1‐Dichloroethene 0.1 ND ND ND 0

cis‐1,2‐Dichloroethene 0.1 0.01 0.02 0.02 2

trans‐1,2‐Dichloroethene 0.1 ND ND ND 0

1,2‐Dichloropropane 0.1 ND ND ND 0

cis‐1,3‐Dichloropropene 0.1 ND ND ND 0

trans‐1,3‐Dichloropropene 0.2 ND ND ND 0

1,4‐Dioxane 0.2 ND ND ND 0

Ethanol 1.0 0.13 7.39 236.00 262

Ethyl acetate 0.1 0.01 0.11 0.39 17

Ethylbenzene 0.1 0.01 0.07 0.39 201

Page | 60

Concentration (ppbv)

Compound Reporting

Limit Minimum Average Maximum Frequency Detected

4‐Ethyltoluene 0.1 0.01 0.03 0.27 142

n‐Heptane 0.1 0.02 0.10 0.58 186

Hexachlorobutadiene 0.1 0.03 0.39 1.49 6

Hexane 0.1 0.05 0.26 2.54 239

2‐Hexanone 0.1 0.02 0.06 0.30 121

Isopropyl alcohol 0.5 0.04 6.42 128.00 248

Methyl methacrylate 0.1 0.02 0.05 0.11 10

4‐Methyl‐2‐pentanone 0.1 0.02 0.06 0.24 71

2‐Methyl‐2‐propanol 0.5 0.03 0.09 1.46 205

Methyl‐butyl ether 0.1 ND ND ND 0

Methylene chloride 0.1 0.02 0.12 1.41 167

a‐Methylstyrene 0.2 0.01 0.03 0.15 38

Naphthalene 0.2 0.01 0.30 5.19 178

n‐Nonane 0.1 0.01 0.04 0.35 167

n‐Octane 0.1 0.01 0.14 9.80 156

Propane 0.2 0.68 2.91 12.50 253

n‐Pentane 0.1 0.09 0.62 5.78 255

n‐Propylbenzene 0.1 0.01 0.03 0.27 41

Propylene 0.2 0.03 0.83 3.12 261

Styrene 0.1 0.01 0.04 0.29 83

1,1,2,2‐Tetrachloroethane 0.1 0.01 0.03 0.28 17

Tetrachloroethylene 0.1 0.01 0.07 0.83 81

Tetrahydrofuran 0.2 0.04 0.15 0.57 65

Toluene 0.1 0.05 0.39 2.20 261

1,1,2‐Trichloro‐1,2,2‐Trifluoroethane 0.1 0.05 0.07 0.11 262

1,2,4‐Trichlorobenzene 0.5 0.01 0.05 0.83 30

1,1,1‐Trichloroethane 0.1 0.02 0.13 0.36 3

1,1,2‐Trichloroethane 0.1 ND ND ND 0

Trichloroethene 0.1 0.01 0.03 0.10 43

Trichlorofluoromethane 0.1 0.16 0.23 0.55 262

1,2,4‐Trimethylbenzene 0.1 0.02 0.09 0.39 190

1,3,5‐Trimethylbenzene 0.1 0.01 0.03 0.33 139

2,2,4‐Trimethylpentane 0.2 0.02 0.09 0.92 224

n‐Undecane 0.1 0.03 0.08 1.22 89

Vinyl acetate 0.2 0.05 0.29 2.27 218

Vinyl bromide 0.1 ND ND ND 0

Vinyl chloride 0.1 ND ND ND 0

o‐Xylene 0.1 0.01 0.07 0.43 232

Total m&p‐xylenes 0.2 0.02 0.10 0.61 176

Page | 61

Table 22. VOC Sampling Site Identification

AQS # City County Address Table (page #)

39‐049‐0034 Columbus Franklin ‐ 1 Korbel Ave. Table 23 (62)

39‐049‐0039 Columbus Franklin ‐ 2 580 E. Woodrow Ave. Table 24 (64)

39‐049‐0038 Columbus Franklin ‐ 3 7560 Smoky Row Rd. Table 25 (66)

39‐035‐0038 Cleveland Cuyahoga ‐ 1 2547 St. Tikhon Ave. Table 26 (68)

39‐035‐1002 Cleveland Cuyahoga ‐ 2 16900 Holland Rd. Table 27 (70)

39‐081‐0017 Steubenville Jefferson 618 Logan St. Table 28 (72)

AQS not assigned Chillicothe Ross Water Plant 501 Back Rd. Table 29 (74)

AQS not assigned Carrollton Carroll 5269 Cobbler Rd. Table 30 (76)

Canister inventory used for VOC sampling

Page | 62

Table 23. VOC Site‐specific Summary: Franklin County ‐ 1 (39‐049‐0034)

Compound list

Concentration (ppbv) Frequency Detected Minimum Average Maximum

Acetone 1.4 3.60 10 29

Acetonitrile 0.06 0.14 0.26 12

Acrolein 0.05 0.23 0.56 29

Acrylonitrile 0.01 0.01 0.01 1

Benzene 0.07 0.24 0.68 30

Benzyl chloride 0.06 0.06 0.06 1

Bromoform ND ND ND 0

Bromomethane 0.01 0.01 0.01 9

1,3‐Butadiene 0.04 0.08 0.13 6

n‐Butane 0.31 1.41 5.63 30

2‐Butanone 0.13 0.69 4.3 30

Carbon disulfide 0.02 0.54 5.46 11

Carbon tetrachloride 0.06 0.09 0.12 30

Chlorobenzene 0.01 0.01 0.01 1

Chlorodifluoromethane 0.23 0.37 0.75 29

Chloroethane 0.01 0.01 0.02 5

Chloroform 0.02 0.12 0.72 29

Chloromethane 0.43 0.56 0.74 30

3‐Chloropropene ND ND ND 0

o‐Chlorotoluene ND ND ND 0

Cumene 0.02 0.03 0.05 9

Cyclohexane 0.02 0.06 0.19 19

Decane 0.01 0.14 2.1 18

Dibromochloromethane ND ND ND 0

1,2‐Dibromoethane ND ND ND 0

1,2‐Dichloro‐1,1,2,2‐Tetrafluoroethane 0.01 0.15 0.57 23

1,2‐Dichlorobenzene ND ND ND 0

1,3‐Dichlorobenzene 0.01 0.02 0.02 3


Dichlorodifluoromethane 0.02 0.38 0.76 30

1,1‐Dichloroethane ND ND ND 0

1,2‐Dichloroethane 0.01 0.02 0.02 12

cis‐1,2‐Dichloroethene ND ND ND 0

Ethanol 0.18 4.94 18.7 30

Ethyl acetate 0.08 0.08 0.08 1

Ethylbenzene 0.01 0.10 0.35 24

4‐Ethyltoluene 0.01 0.04 0.11 16

n‐Heptane 0.04 0.11 0.58 21

Page | 63

Compound list

Concentration (ppbv) Frequency Detected Minimum Average Maximum

Hexachlorobutadiene 0.09 0.09 0.09 1

Hexane 0.05 0.25 0.75 28

2‐Hexanone 0.02 0.06 0.22 14

Isopropyl alcohol 0.11 0.94 9.46 26

Methyl methacrylate 0.03 0.06 0.11 6

4‐Methyl‐2‐pentanone 0.02 0.04 0.06 8

2‐Methyl‐2‐propanol 0.04 0.09 0.2 25

Methylene chloride 0.06 0.13 0.39 21

a‐Methylstyrene 0.01 0.02 0.02 5

Naphthalene 0.03 0.07 0.19 21

n‐Nonane 0.02 0.05 0.11 18

n‐Octane 0.02 0.66 9.8 17

Propane 0.76 2.84 8.88 29

n‐Pentane 0.1 0.58 1.65 30

n‐Propylbenzene 0.01 0.03 0.06 8

Propylene 0.17 0.76 2.15 30

Styrene 0.01 0.04 0.12 9

1,1,2,2‐Tetrachloroethane 0.01 0.01 0.01 2

Tetrachloroethylene 0.02 0.05 0.14 15

Tetrahydrofuran 0.05 0.13 0.33 8

Toluene 0.08 0.49 1.93 30

1,1,2‐Trichloro‐1,2,2‐Trifluoroethane 0.05 0.07 0.1 30

1,2,4‐Trichlorobenzene 0.01 0.01 0.01 4

1,1,1‐Trichloroethane ND ND ND 0

Trichloroethene 0.01 0.02 0.03 4

Trichlorofluoromethane 0.19 0.24 0.4 30

1,2,4‐Trimethylbenzene 0.03 0.09 0.24 22


2,2,4‐Trimethylpentane 0.03 0.10 0.32 24

n‐Undecane 0.03 0.07 0.2 8

Vinyl acetate 0.07 0.20 0.42 24

o‐Xylene 0.01 0.10 0.36 27

Total m&p‐xylenes 0.04 0.16 0.51 18

ND = not detected at this site in 2016

Page | 64


Compound list

Concentration ppbv Frequency Detected Minimum Average Maximum

Acetone 1.05 3.62 6.83 38


Acrolein 0.06 0.20 0.42 32


Benzene 0.08 0.22 0.62 38


Bromoform 0.01 0.01 0.01 1


1,3‐Butadiene 0.01 0.07 0.14 12

n‐Butane 0.25 1.38 5.7 38

2‐Butanone 0.08 0.36 1.12 38






Chloroform 0.02 0.04 0.15 36




Cumene 0.02 0.03 0.06 9

Cyclohexane 0.02 0.09 0.27 24

Decane 0.01 0.04 0.16 24









1,2‐Dichloroethane 0.01 0.02 0.03 21

cis‐1,2‐Dichloroethene 0.01 0.02 0.02 2

Ethanol 0.15 4.30 19.7 38



4‐Ethyltoluene 0.01 0.03 0.09 27

n‐Heptane 0.02 0.13 0.4 28

Page | 65

Compound list


Hexachlorobutadiene ND ND ND 0

Hexane 0.05 0.55 2.54 36

2‐Hexanone 0.03 0.04 0.08 14


Methyl methacrylate 0.02 0.04 0.06 4


2‐Methyl‐2‐propanol 0.05 0.09 0.21 28



Naphthalene 0.04 0.07 0.12 12

n‐Nonane 0.01 0.04 0.15 25

n‐Octane 0.01 0.08 0.27 27

Propane 0.68 2.30 6.4 37

n‐Pentane 0.1 0.94 4.02 35


Propylene 0.14 0.80 2.44 38

Styrene 0.01 0.03 0.07 13




Toluene 0.06 0.56 2.2 38









n‐Undecane 0.03 0.06 0.13 13

Vinyl acetate 0.06 0.52 2.27 28

o‐Xylene 0.01 0.09 0.43 37



Page | 66


Compound list


Acetone 1.32 3.85 7.5 15


Acrolein 0.08 0.36 1.32 15

Acrylonitrile ND ND ND 0

Benzene 0.14 0.33 0.99 15



Bromomethane ND ND ND 0

1,3‐Butadiene 0.04 0.14 0.29 11

n‐Butane 0.67 1.71 6.36 15

2‐Butanone 0.12 0.42 0.96 15



Chlorobenzene ND ND ND 0



Chloroform 0.02 0.04 0.06 7




Cumene 0.02 0.04 0.06 4

Cyclohexane 0.02 0.17 1.25 10

Decane 0.01 0.05 0.22 8








1,1‐Dichloroethane 0.46 0.46 0.46 1



Ethanol 1.74 6.91 14.2 15



4‐Ethyltoluene 0.02 0.04 0.19 10

n‐Heptane 0.05 0.12 0.35 12

Page | 67

Compound list



Hexane 0.07 0.22 0.81 14

2‐Hexanone 0.02 0.07 0.17 10


Methyl methacrylate ND ND ND 0


2‐Methyl‐2‐propanol 0.04 0.09 0.17 10



Naphthalene 0.03 0.10 0.26 13

n‐Nonane 0.02 0.04 0.1 11

n‐Octane 0.02 0.10 0.38 9

Propane 1.16 3.23 10 15

n‐Pentane 0.18 0.53 2.29 15


Propylene 0.32 0.89 3.12 15

Styrene 0.03 0.04 0.05 3

1,1,2,2‐Tetrachloroethane ND ND ND 0



Toluene 0.1 0.43 2.16 15


1,2,4‐Trichlorobenzene ND ND ND 0

1,1,1‐Trichloroethane 0.36 0.36 0.36 1






n‐Undecane 0.03 0.29 1.22 5

Vinyl acetate 0.06 0.35 1.32 12

o‐Xylene 0.03 0.09 0.36 15



Page | 68

Table 26. VOC Site‐specific Summary: Cuyahoga County ‐ 1 (39‐035‐0038)

Compound list


Acetone 1.37 4.36 11.5 31


Acrolein 0.11 0.28 0.59 29


Benzene 0.08 0.20 0.38 31


Bromoform 0.03 0.03 0.03 1


1,3‐Butadiene 0.03 0.05 0.07 5

n‐Butane 0.31 2.12 6.71 31

2‐Butanone 0.16 0.46 1.18 31






Chloroform 0.02 0.03 0.09 24


3‐Chloropropene 0.02 0.02 0.02 1


Cumene 0.04 0.04 0.04 1

Cyclohexane 0.03 0.06 0.27 20

Decane 0.02 0.06 0.13 24









1,2‐Dichloroethane 0.01 0.02 0.02 12


Ethanol 0.29 4.10 19.3 31



4‐Ethyltoluene 0.01 0.03 0.08 20

n‐Heptane 0.04 0.08 0.17 24

Page | 69

Compound list



Hexane 0.05 0.22 0.53 27

2‐Hexanone 0.02 0.04 0.1 19




2‐Methyl‐2‐propanol 0.05 0.10 0.4 26



Naphthalene 0.01 0.09 0.26 14

n‐Nonane 0.02 0.05 0.13 23

n‐Octane 0.02 0.04 0.1 17

Propane 0.76 2.44 4.61 28

n‐Pentane 0.09 0.72 2.33 31


Propylene 0.19 0.70 1.47 31

Styrene 0.01 0.01 0.02 6




Toluene 0.06 0.32 0.86 31









n‐Undecane 0.04 0.08 0.11 15

Vinyl acetate 0.06 0.24 0.55 31

o‐Xylene 0.01 0.06 0.21 29



Page | 70

Table 27. VOC Site‐specific Summary: Cuyahoga County ‐ 2 (39‐035‐1002)

Compound list


Acetone 1.42 3.62 7.51 31


Acrolein 0.11 0.33 0.68 31


Benzene 0.07 0.21 0.6 32


Bromoform 0.2 0.20 0.2 1


1,3‐Butadiene 0.03 0.04 0.07 5

n‐Butane 0.28 1.29 5.71 32

2‐Butanone 0.15 0.40 0.97 32






Chloroform 0.02 0.03 0.06 24



o‐Chlorotoluene 0.29 0.29 0.29 1

Cumene 0.29 0.29 0.29 1

Cyclohexane 0.02 0.05 0.2 18

Decane 0.01 0.04 0.17 15

Dibromochloromethane 0.06 0.06 0.06 1

1,2‐Dibromoethane 0.04 0.04 0.04 1







1,2‐Dichloroethane 0.01 0.02 0.06 15


Ethanol 0.22 3.84 11.3 32



4‐Ethyltoluene 0.01 0.04 0.27 16

n‐Heptane 0.03 0.08 0.24 21

Page | 71

Compound list



Hexane 0.05 0.18 0.63 32

2‐Hexanone 0.03 0.05 0.09 13




2‐Methyl‐2‐propanol 0.05 0.08 0.17 27



Naphthalene 0.02 0.07 0.14 18

n‐Nonane 0.02 0.06 0.35 16

n‐Octane 0.02 0.06 0.26 15

Propane 0.85 2.70 9.04 30

n‐Pentane 0.12 0.64 5.78 31


Propylene 0.03 0.67 2.02 32

Styrene 0.01 0.03 0.1 7




Toluene 0.06 0.29 1.34 31









n‐Undecane 0.03 0.06 0.16 10

Vinyl acetate 0.05 0.23 0.54 30

o‐Xylene 0.02 0.06 0.19 24



Page | 72

Table 28. VOC Site‐specific Summary: Jefferson County (39‐081‐0017)

Compound list


Acetone 1.63 4.71 13.2 56


Acrolein 0.1 0.43 0.75 58


Benzene 0.16 0.85 8.22 59




1,3‐Butadiene 0.02 0.11 0.18 44

n‐Butane 0.55 1.89 5.97 59

2‐Butanone 0.12 0.30 0.52 57






Chloroform 0.02 0.03 0.07 50




Cumene 0.01 0.01 0.02 5

Cyclohexane 0.02 0.05 0.23 45

Decane 0.01 0.03 0.12 40









1,2‐Dichloroethane 0.01 0.01 0.02 20


Ethanol 0.58 8.83 25.5 59



4‐Ethyltoluene 0.01 0.03 0.1 45

n‐Heptane 0.03 0.11 0.5 54

Page | 73

Compound list



Hexane 0.08 0.27 1.39 53

2‐Hexanone 0.03 0.06 0.3 21

Isopropyl alcohol 1.17 24.76 128 59



2‐Methyl‐2‐propanol 0.03 0.11 1.46 42



Naphthalene 0.16 0.74 5.19 57

n‐Nonane 0.01 0.03 0.08 43

n‐Octane 0.01 0.07 0.34 46

Propane 1.43 3.87 12.5 57

n‐Pentane 0.19 0.68 3.11 59


Propylene 0.12 1.20 3.08 59

Styrene 0.01 0.05 0.29 42




Toluene 0.13 0.51 1.86 59









n‐Undecane 0.03 0.06 0.37 20

Vinyl acetate 0.07 0.25 0.54 53

o‐Xylene 0.03 0.09 0.3 59



Page | 74

Table 29. VOC Site‐specific Summary: Ross County (AQS not assigned)

Compound list


Acetone 1.11 4.36 25.9 27


Acrolein 0.05 0.31 1.35 18


Benzene 0.05 0.17 0.32 27



Bromomethane ND ND ND 0

1,3‐Butadiene 0.02 0.03 0.04 2

n‐Butane 0.24 0.94 2.54 27

2‐Butanone 0.06 0.34 2.38 27






Chloroform 0.02 0.03 0.04 14




Cumene 0.02 0.03 0.04 2

Cyclohexane 0.02 0.04 0.06 7

Decane 0.01 0.03 0.07 13











Ethanol 2.16 24.60 236 27



4‐Ethyltoluene 0.01 0.02 0.04 6

n‐Heptane 0.05 0.07 0.09 10

Page | 75

Compound list


Hexachlorobutadiene ND ND ND 0

Hexane 0.05 0.13 0.26 22

2‐Hexanone 0.03 0.06 0.1 9




2‐Methyl‐2‐propanol 0.04 0.08 0.18 21



Naphthalene 0.04 0.10 0.2 18

n‐Nonane 0.02 0.03 0.04 12

n‐Octane 0.04 0.05 0.07 8

Propane 0.69 2.21 6.38 27

n‐Pentane 0.1 0.33 0.82 25

n‐Propylbenzene ND ND ND 0

Propylene 0.16 0.54 1.29 27

Styrene ND ND ND 0




Toluene 0.06 0.20 0.61 27




Trichloroethene ND ND ND 0





n‐Undecane 0.04 0.09 0.25 8

Vinyl acetate 0.06 0.35 1.86 16

o‐Xylene 0.02 0.04 0.09 21



Page | 76

Table 30. VOC Site‐specific Summary: Carroll County (AQS not assigned)

Compound list


Acetone 1.18 3.93 14.5 29


Acrolein 0.04 0.30 1.26 29


Benzene 0.06 0.18 0.47 30

Benzyl chloride ND ND ND 0

Bromoform 0.01 0.01 0.01 1


1,3‐Butadiene 0.03 0.05 0.06 3

n‐Butane 0.28 1.07 2.83 30

2‐Butanone 0.07 0.39 1.49 30






Chloroform 0.02 0.03 0.08 18




Cumene ND ND ND 0

Cyclohexane 0.02 0.03 0.05 12

Decane 0.01 0.11 1.5 19


1,2‐Dibromoethane 0.01 0.01 0.01 1







1,2‐Dichloroethane 0.01 0.02 0.02 12


Ethanol 0.13 2.88 14.3 30



4‐Ethyltoluene 0.01 0.02 0.02 2

n‐Heptane 0.03 0.05 0.09 16

Page | 77

Compound list



Hexane 0.05 0.14 0.43 27

2‐Hexanone 0.02 0.07 0.19 21




2‐Methyl‐2‐propanol 0.03 0.07 0.17 26



Naphthalene 0.03 0.10 0.47 25

n‐Nonane 0.01 0.02 0.03 19

n‐Octane 0.02 0.17 2.1 17

Propane 0.95 3.03 10.5 30

n‐Pentane 0.11 0.32 0.81 29


Propylene 0.28 0.74 1.73 29

Styrene 0.01 0.02 0.02 3




Toluene 0.05 0.16 0.41 30









n‐Undecane 0.03 0.06 0.1 10

Vinyl acetate 0.05 0.24 0.78 24

o‐Xylene 0.01 0.03 0.05 20



Page | 78

C. Heavy Metals Sampling and Analysis Sampling Method

Ambient air toxic monitoring by Ohio EPA DAPC for heavy metals other than lead was initiated in

1989. Since that time, all of DAPC’s air filter samples have been analyzed by the Ohio EPA Division

of Environmental Services (DES). A summary of results can be found in tables on the following

pages. Sampling for heavy metals is conducted using a high volume total suspended particulate

(TSP) sampler with a glass fiber filter. Sampling is conducted by 24‐hour samples collected once

every six days. The operating procedures for lead can be found in the Code of Federal

Regulations, 40 CFR, Part 50, Appendix G. These basic procedures are also used for other metals.

Analysis

For this report, filters collected at each site were analyzed as a monthly composite. Typically,

there are 5 sampling days in which a filter is collected. One strip is cut from the individual filter

and combined with strips from all the filters collected that month and analyzed as one sample

for the month. These composite samples are acid extracted with the resulting solution analyzed

by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP/MS) similar to the method used for the

determination of Lead from TSP filters. The method measures element‐emitted light by optical

spectrometry.

D. Heavy Metals Parameters Lead was the first NAAQS criteria pollutant for a metal in ambient air. Over the years, DAPC added

other metals to the analysis program. As lead was phased out of gasoline other metals have risen

to greater concern. With establishment of a new NAAQS for lead, 0.15 µg/m³, from the previous

standard of 1.5 µg/m³ and the requirement to monitor near specific sources, lead has been re‐

established as a pollutant of concern. Since 2010, DAPC has had all TSP sampler filters collected

analyzed for lead.

For this section, data presented is from the monthly composite samples collected and analyzed

for eight metals:

Arsenic Cadmium Chromium Beryllium Lead1

Nickel Zinc Manganese

1Lead is the only parameter being monitored in the ATMP that has a National Ambient Air Quality Standard. See Section IV, page 54.

Page | 79

From each sample, most parameters are analyzed using a very sensitive ICP/MS analytical system.

The following parameters, typically detected in higher concentrations, are still analyzed with the

ICP method only:

Iron Potassium Zinc Manganese

Particulate mercury that can be detected from a glass or quartz fiber filter has been added to the

parameter list for few samples from sites in communities with specific concerns about potential

mercury sources. Mercury analysis for each sample is performed separately from the other

metals. Total mercury is determined using a cold vapor method developed by DES.

Table 31 on the following page identifies the site location and references the respective tables

that follow summarizing each site’s results.

Page | 80

Table 31. Metals Sampling Site Identification

AQS # City County Address Table (page #)

39‐029‐0019 E. Liverpool ‐ 1 Columbiana 1250 St. George St. Table 32 (81)

39‐029‐0020 E. Liverpool ‐ 2 Columbiana 2220 Michigan Ave. Table 33 (81)

39‐029‐0023 E. Liverpool ‐ 3 Columbiana 500 Maryland Ave. Table 34 (81)

39‐035‐0038 Cleveland ‐ 1 Cuyahoga 2547 Tikhon Ave. Table 35 (82)

39‐035‐0042 Cleveland ‐ 2 Cuyahoga 3136 Lorain Ave. Table 36 (82)

39‐035‐0049 Cleveland ‐ 3 Cuyahoga 4150 East 56th St. Table 37 (82)

39‐035‐0060 Cleveland ‐ 4 Cuyahoga 2650 East 14th Ave. Table 38 (83)

39‐035‐0061 Cleveland ‐ 5 Cuyahoga West 3rd St. Table 39 (83)

39‐035‐0072 Cleveland ‐ 6 Cuyahoga 26565 Miles Rd. Table 40 (83)

39‐049‐0039 Columbus Franklin 580 E. Woodrow Ave. Table 41 (84)

39‐051‐0001 Delta Fulton 200 Van Buren St. Table 42 (84)

39‐101‐0003 Marion ‐ 1 Marion Hawthorne Ave. Table 43 (84)

39‐101‐0004 Marion ‐ 2 Marion 640 Bellefontaine Table 44 (85)

39‐123‐0012 Elmore Ottawa 14244 W. St. Rt. 105 Table 45 (85)

39‐091‐0006 Bellefontaine Logan 320 Richard Ave. Table 46 (85)

39‐167‐0008 Marietta Washington Lancaster Rd. Table 47 (86)

AQS not assigned Marion ‐ 3 Marion 363 West Fairgrounds Table 48 (86)

39‐113‐7001 Moraine Montgomery 2728 Viking Ln. Table 49 (86)

Page | 81

Table 32. Heavy Metals: E. Liverpool ‐ 1 (39‐029‐0019)

Monthly composite (ng/m3)

arsenic beryllium Cadmium chromium lead nickel manganese zinc mercury

January 1.61 0.06 0.529 3.3 6.61 1.44 130 41 0.08

February 1.15 <0.1 0.406 3.24 3.23 1.33 93 28 0.038

March 0.68 <0.045 0.142 1.07 13.7 0.66 5.1 42 0.023

April 2.13 0.051 0.319 2.46 10.3 1.35 97 37 0.025

May 4.97 0.058 0.771 3.39 6.62 1.57 89 63 0.019

June 7.06 0.07 0.252 2 5.81 1.18 66 25 0.018

July 2.37 0.071 0.371 2.85 9 1.38 75 30 0.025

August 2.69 <0.056 0.235 1.65 4.98 0.91 58 24 0.039

September 1.92 0.067 0.762 2.28 9.25 1.17 100 39 0.044

October 3.75 <0.043 0.486 1.19 4.74 0.83 28 23 0.059

November 2.01 <0.073 0.43 1.75 41.3 0.87 66 31 0.032

December 0.96 <0.042 0.176 0.99 3.4 0.63 30 24 0.034

Table 33. Heavy Metals: E. Liverpool ‐ 2 (39‐029‐0020)


arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead nickel manganese zinc mercury

January 2.74 <0.045 0.531 29.6 6.42 4.83 1900 48 0.072

February 2.1 <0.074 0.553 10.7 3.41 3.49 790 29 0.044

March 1.76 <0.051 0.493 11.3 4.15 2.99 470 32 0.033

April 2.35 <0.059 0.356 7.34 5.31 3.26 1200 40 0.022

May 3.59 <0.061 0.447 12.4 5.08 6.96 1300 48 0.025

June 2.93 <0.062 0.253 6.8 4.71 1.66 300 32 0.018

July 1.78 <0.060 0.514 13.7 5.64 4.41 230 26 0.025

August 1.55 <0.060 0.209 3.48 3.09 4.42 540 24 0.024

September 1.26 <0.057 0.642 5.03 3.63 2.36 440 27 0.024

October 1.84 <0.058 0.477 1.71 9.19 1.27 230 21 0.024

November 1.66 <0.054 0.487 3.31 9.86 1.81 540 34 0.048

December 0.73 <0.057 0.301 1.39 2.97 0.87 190 25 0.023

Table 34. Heavy metals: E. Liverpool ‐ 3 (39‐029‐0023)



January 1.85 <0.042 0.479 2.89 22.7 1.17 120 40 0.081

February 1.21 <0.065 0.44 2.45 3.16 1.03 76 24 0.025

March 1.98 <0.045 0.652 2.36 3.86 0.82 62 22 0.021

April 1.94 <0.054 0.27 2.36 5.68 1.25 73 39 0.024

May 3 <0.056 0.524 2.91 5.6 1.51 69 33 0.019

June 1.85 <0.057 0.193 1.6 4.81 1.01 36 23 0.016

July 2.3 <0.058 0.891 2.22 21.4 1.33 53 33 0.011

August 2.07 <0.059 0.252 1.5 4.6 1.15 59 24 0.021

September 1.53 <0.058 0.686 2.09 5.69 1.05 66 33 0.023

October 2.75 <0.057 0.422 1.12 4.1 0.77 21 17 0.0077

November 2.15 <0.058 0.335 1.85 6.84 0.78 44 28 0.029

December 0.79 <0.059 0.239 0.95 3.2 0.73 24 29 0.022

Page | 82

Table 35. Heavy Metals: Cleveland ‐ 1 (39‐035‐0038)


arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead nickel manganese zinc

January 1.16 <0.044 0.433 9.03 8.57 2.47 150 120

February <0.6 <0.066 0.29 3.97 4.39 4.79 47 48

March 0.9 <0.043 0.212 4.35 6.54 1.48 79 59

April 1.79 0.067 0.457 11.1 13.8 2.38 200 150

May 1.92 <0.051 0.222 3.73 9.79 1.8 52 63

June 0.73 <0.051 0.153 2.43 7.3 1.54 30 40

July 2.12 <0.051 0.317 4.65 8.91 2.39 91 85

August 1.41 <0.051 0.315 6.6 9.43 3.06 64 77

September 1.09 <0.051 0.303 6.5 13.3 5.63 88 130

October 1.28 <0.052 0.214 2.66 6.88 1.82 36 60

November 1.13 0.116 0.229 3.37 10.2 1.87 43 51

December 0.67 <0.053 0.336 3.32 7.01 1.82 60 63




January 0.98 <0.046 0.242 2.8 6.86 2.21 19 55

February 0.77 <0.068 0.237 2.55 7.42 3.15 21 39

March 0.93 <0.045 0.339 2.12 10.4 1.41 24 40

April 2.14 <0.07 0.329 4.44 12.7 2.97 73 90

May 2.46 <0.055 0.303 2.71 13.2 2.2 26 53

June 0.85 <0.069 0.137 2.02 8.02 1.54 23 40

July 2.59 <0.055 0.258 2.82 7.68 1.66 27 50

August 1.26 <0.055 0.122 2.1 7.87 1.81 15 36

September 2 <0.055 0.242 4.55 11.8 4.1 43 100

October 1.3 <0.056 0.153 1.58 5.14 1.38 11 27

November 1.16 <0.056 0.211 1.69 9.83 1.47 18 42

December <0.57 <0.057 0.148 1.31 5.54 1.41 9.8 31




January 1.08 <0.047 1.08 5.7 7.15 36.7 140 170

February 1.07 <0.071 1.73 6.99 5.98 88.6 190 200

March 1.82 <0.046 0.792 4.95 6.98 33.3 160 97

April 1.61 <0.069 0.379 3.78 9.44 13.1 71 150

May 2.3 0.098 0.711 8.02 13.3 8.74 190 140

June 1.21 0.082 0.678 7.71 14 19.4 220 120

July 3.15 0.055 0.856 7.45 13.3 24.2 160 180

August 1.74 <0.055 1.03 6.13 10.9 35 120 140

September 2.1 <0.055 1.07 6.49 12.4 58.4 110 180

October 1.91 <0.055 0.324 2.71 5.52 14.7 52 80

November 1.6 <0.070 1.91 8.01 10.2 112 230 150

December 0.95 <0.071 1.68 13.6 8.54 98.2 300 120

Page | 83




January 1.15 0.109 0.634 10.3 9.21 4.39 230 120

February <0.70 <0.070 0.278 8.3 5.49 5.81 98 71

March 0.88 <0.046 0.169 1.99 13.6 3.17 82 88

April 1.99 0.1 0.585 13 14.2 3.3 360 180

May 2.07 0.091 0.525 6.74 11.1 3.93 110 230

June 0.8 <0.054 0.164 2.63 8.02 1.65 77 83

July 0.54 <0.054 0.152 0.72 21.9 <0.54 4.8 130

August 1.18 0.098 0.578 9.92 13.9 5.51 200 120

September

Shutdown October

November

December




January 1.1 0.061 0.511 14.5 11.8 3.83 230 120

February <0.7 <0.070 0.369 9.59 6.12 5.84 130 66

March 1.18 0.06 0.426 17.6 16.1 2.01 270 99

April 2.4 0.1 0.511 12.9 48.1 2.86 260 110

May 2.3 0.073 0.304 6.92 19 2.27 140 78

June 1.17 0.056 0.369 7.69 21.5 2.07 150 87

July 2.35 <0.054 0.505 10 15.9 4.46 220 100

August 1.41 <0.066 0.302 7.29 16.7 5.66 130 67

September 1.58 0.091 0.597 12.7 19.9 6.75 230 130

October 1.64 <0.052 0.49 5.25 12.5 3.81 84 41

November 1.28 <0.053 0.425 8.37 13 2.46 150 63

December <0.67 <0.067 0.747 7.66 9.23 1.87 120 99




January 0.94 <0.046 0.263 1.88 12.8 5.88 14 47

February <0.69 <0.069 0.179 2.72 7.54 3.32 14 41

March 1.15 0.063 0.43 17.1 15.7 2 14 47

April 1.31 <0.054 0.155 1.71 5.83 1.25 44 26

May 0.95 <0.054 0.169 1.77 6.88 2.9 21 38

June 0.63 <0.054 0.241 1.9 6.3 2.24 31 38

July 1.44 <0.067 0.236 2.5 18.5 3.02 36 47

August <2.74 <0.274 0.719 <2.74 5.58 4.84 20 <27.0

September

Shutdown October

November

December

Page | 84

Table 41. Heavy Metals: Columbus (39‐049‐0039)



January 1.01 <0.049 0.23 1.66 5.54 1.06 15 87

February 0.76 <0.074 0.287 1.66 4.98 1.13 13 56

March 1.29 <0.049 0.214 1.77 5.34 1.42 13 51

April 2.38 <0.059 0.221 1.67 7.09 0.79 24 64

May 1.88 <0.058 0.196 1.59 6.09 1.42 13 49

June 1.02 <0.059 0.087 1.33 3.5 0.99 10 31

July 2.36 <0.060 0.186 1.45 4.75 1.18 11 64

August 2.02 <0.060 0.14 1.44 4.26 1.06 12 42

September 1.74 <0.060 0.157 1.73 4.8 1.48 18 47

October 1.62 <0.060 0.174 1.38 4.73 0.95 13 48

November 1.66 <0.060 0.27 1.62 14.4 1.53 20 90

December <0.60 <0.060 0.125 1 3.06 1.59 7.7 54

Table 42. Heavy Metals: Delta (39‐051‐0001)



January 0.74 <0.042 0.259 1.53 52.7 0.69 17 240

February <0.61 <0.061 0.122 1.35 26.7 0.93 12 84

March 0.63 <0.043 0.122 1 13.9 0.63 4.6 39

April 1.9 <0.053 0.291 1.35 140 0.97 12 320

May 1.23 <0.052 0.24 1.49 48.7 1.48 15 190

June 1.59 <0.053 0.265 1.2 44 1.03 14 150

July 1.36 <0.052 0.213 1.51 65.7 1.12 12 190

August 0.86 <0.068 0.294 1.26 50.5 0.92 9.8 270

September 1.13 <0.055 0.238 1.59 136 0.94 22 410

October 0.94 <0.054 3.52 0.97 59.7 0.71 6.7 300

November 0.93 <0.052 0.548 1.1 41.5 0.88 11 190

December 0.67 <0.052 3.04 1.38 224 1.15 20 1700

Table 43. Heavy Metals: Marion ‐ 1 (39‐101‐0003)



January 2.32 <0.037 0.455 7.22 18.2 4.74 110 120 0.051

February 1.51 <0.058 0.522 8.63 14.4 4.71 130 100 0.04

March 1.24 <0.039 0.336 5.32 13.1 2.48 74 66 0.022

April 1.68 <0.045 0.493 9.85 33.3 3.62 150 150 0.057

May 2.08 <0.043 0.327 8.58 17 2.94 130 117 0.031

June 1.63 <0.050 0.471 8.5 15.7 4.2 160 180 0.041

July 2.18 <0.048 0.735 12.6 29.9 4.28 230 200 0.078

August 1.24 <0.059 0.35 6.8 13.7 3.33 99 110 0.045

September 1.94 <0.047 0.398 9.02 15 3.19 160 120 0.052

October 1.05 <0.047 0.282 7.28 9.91 2.24 94 64 0.028

November 1.7 <0.045 0.385 8.33 18.8 4.36 150 120 0.038

December 2.39 <0.049 0.246 5.01 10.8 5 120 78 0.035

Page | 85

Table 44. Heavy Metals: Marion ‐ 2 (39‐101‐0004)



January 0.96 <0.040 0.219 2.84 9.56 1.32 40 64 0.068

February <0.62 <0.062 0.144 2.41 4.31 1.05 22 58 0.015

March 1.14 <0.041 0.222 2.92 18.5 1.22 33 42 0.092

April 2.33 <0.052 0.339 6.92 12.8 1.47 96 120 0.029

May 2.73 <0.053 0.195 3.27 5.83 1.3 27 120 0.021

June 1.11 <0.050 0.15 2.01 5.72 1.04 22 83 0.024

July 1.64 <0.050 0.205 3.27 6.02 1.43 35 52 0.02

August 1.38 <0.050 0.147 3.23 5.83 1.52 35 49 0.036

September 2.26 <0.053 0.14 2.65 4.38 1.09 26 59 0.025

October 1.07 <0.054 0.18 2.87 6.53 1.31 40 59 0.031

November 0.97 <0.052 0.211 3.23 7.27 1.42 42 51 0.018

December 0.65 <0.053 0.105 1.17 3.06 0.65 13 28 0.019

Table 45. Heavy Metals: Elmore (39‐123‐0012)



January 0.29 0.045 0.046 0.28 1.41 0.31 1.8 9.3

February 0.21 0.042 0.034 0.21 0.89 0.22 1.4 5.7

March 0.33 0.049 0.043 0.24 1.18 0.31 1.6 6.8

April 0.42 0.022 0.047 0.25 1.38 0.38 2.5 7.8

May 0.54 0.051 0.05 0.27 1.4 0.33 3.3 8.9

June 0.36 0.035 0.036 0.27 1.39 0.44 4.2 7

July 0.41 0.051 0.04 0.27 1.17 0.27 2.5 6.6

August 0.24 0.117 0.03 0.24 1.56 0.28 1.3 6.5

September 0.57 0.151 0.056 0.27 2.03 0.23 2.6 7.8

October 0.47 0.036 0.048 0.26 1.2 0.24 2.7 7.6

November 0.63 0.049 0.082 0.26 2.08 0.21 2.9 8.5

December 0.27 0.039 0.062 0.38 1.43 0.19 2.1 11

Table 46. Heavy Metals: Bellefontaine (39‐091‐0006)



January 0.53 <0.036 0.139 0.82 1.99 0.43 4.1 17

February 1.1 <0.053 0.174 0.92 2.22 0.72 2.9 16

March 0.75 <0.056 0.57 1.07 4.12 1.15 4.4 38

April 0.96 <0.043 0.156 1.07 2.82 0.88 6.4 24

May 1.12 <0.045 0.137 1.01 2.55 0.69 4.3 18

June 1.07 <0.048 0.248 1.09 2.04 0.64 6.4 18

July 1.09 <0.046 0.128 1.13 3.12 0.92 3.5 17

August 0.81 <0.047 0.115 1.23 1.83 0.66 3.4 18

September 0.66 <0.044 0.094 1.06 1.93 0.69 5 15

October 0.76 <0.042 0.097 1.14 2.02 0.76 4.9 14

November 1.11 <0.042 0.155 0.77 2.54 <0.42 4.6 12

December 0.5 <0.044 0.151 2.62 1.8 0.92 3.3 16

Page | 86

Table 47. Heavy Metals: Marietta (39‐167‐0008)



January 0.77 <0.037 0.248 0.68 2.49 0.41 140 23 0.013

February <0.56 <0.056 0.322 0.8 1.8 <0.56 190 19 0.013

March 0.63 <0.037 0.388 0.97 3.02 0.62 160 33 0.0055

April 1.77 <0.055 0.386 0.91 3.89 0.84 79 38 0.011

May 1.3 <0.045 0.657 0.82 2.68 0.59 130 23 0.013

June 1.42 <0.046 0.291 0.87 2.45 0.53 66 17 0.011

July 1.46 <0.048 0.246 0.88 3.48 0.6 250 33 0.017

August 0.5 <0.046 0.1 0.75 1.31 0.46 73 11 0.013

September 0.71 <0.046 0.14 0.7 2.38 0.5 80 17 0.017

October 0.87 <0.047 0.179 0.67 2.78 0.48 68 23 0.0079

November 0.98 <0.047 0.372 0.7 3.49 0.57 280 22 0.0097

December <0.55 <0.055 0.167 <0.55 1.99 <0.55 89 17 0.011

Table 48. Heavy Metals: Marion ‐ 3 (AQS not assigned)


arsenic berylliu cadmium chromium lead nickel iron manganese zinc

January <2.37 <0.237 0.347 3.022 6.773 <2.37 430.0 18.5 460.0

February <2.59 <0.259 <0.609 <9.323 17.653 <2.88 770.0 28.7 1760.

March <3.666 <0.259 <0.3312 4.108 11.622 <2.59 412.0 18.4 1114.

April <4.284 <0.2524 0.592 4.144 39.076 <2.974 846.0 31.6 6238.

May <3.006 <0.248 <0.2966 4.626 13.338 <2.48 682.0 25.0 1268.

June <2.232 <0.2232 <0.227 2.952 8.538 <2.232 418.0 17.4 566.6

July 2.942 <0.2346 0.314 3.540 11.874 <2.346 642.0 27.6 1120.

August <2.234 <0.2234 <0.2466 3.410 9.522 <2.234 484.0 23.2 867.6

September <2.268 <0.2268 <0.2794 4.606 9.382 <2.268 520.0 21.0 1080.

October <2.26 <0.226 <0.2342 2.502 4.618 <2.26 280.0 16.2 324.8

November <2.396 <0.2334 0.348 3.484 11.740 <2.334 494.0 22.2 1043.

December <2.47 <0.247 0.433 6.534 32.918 <3.274 1116.0 82.0 1410.

Table 49. Heavy Metals: Morain (39‐113‐7001)



January 0.620 <0.047 0.205 1.620 4.500 0.800 11.000 50.00

February <0.7 <0.07 0.173 1.840 2.730 1.120 9.100 47.00

March 0.800 <0.047 0.159 1.540 2.920 0.750 7.200 35.00

April 1.980 <0.056 0.224 1.830 4.740 1.190 17.000 51.00

May 1.640 <0.056 0.123 2.040 3.490 1.130 12.000 39.00

June 1.180 <0.056 0.107 1.480 2.650 0.860 8.800 40.00

July 1.650 <0.056 0.135 1.600 3.260 0.810 9.600 36.00

August 1.160 <0.056 0.116 1.880 3.910 0.980 8.300 30.00

September 1.180 <0.056 0.142 2.050 4.880 1.100 16.000 57.00

October 1.370 <0.056 0.124 1.860 3.040 0.900 19.000 33.00

November 1.880 <0.056 0.197 1.350 4.920 0.960 15.000 35.00

December 0.930 <0.056 0.210 1.010 2.440 0.760 9.700 28.00

Page | 87

VI. AIR QUALITY INDEX (AQI) There has been a daily reporting of ambient air quality in Ohio's major metropolitan areas in

some form since 1971. A national Pollution Standards Index (PSI) was established in 1977 to

report air quality. This index was adopted by Ohio EPA's District Offices and the local air agencies

(LAA's) to inform the public of daily air quality.

The AQI is a uniform "scaling" of five pollutants: particulate (PM10 and PM2.5), SO2, O3, NO2, and

CO. The concentration level of each of these is calculated every day to determine the AQI. The

pollutant with the highest AQI is reported to the media. A summary of AQI index values per

pollutant is found in Table 50 on the next page.

When the AQI exceeds, or is expected to exceed, 100 in a major city, the agency concerned issues

a "health advisory". When pollution levels exceed an AQI of 200 and are projected to persist, an

"air pollution episode" exists and the Governor declares an "alert". This initiates mandatory

cutbacks of emissions from specified facilities to alleviate the situation. If the AQI were to surpass

300, 400 or 500, progressively greater cutbacks would be implemented to reduce pollutants to

an acceptable level.

The AQI trend shows that Ohio's air quality has improved significantly. Although alerts were

commonplace in the early 1970's, none have happened in over twenty years, and the number of

health advisories has been greatly reduced.

Page | 88

Table 50. Comparison of AQI Values

Index Value

PM10

(µg/m3)

PM2.5 (µg/m3)

CO (ppm)

SO2

(ppm)

Ozone (ppm)1

NO2

(ppm)

Color Category 24‐hr 24‐hr 8‐hr 24‐hr 8‐hr 1‐hr 1‐hr

0‐50 0‐54 0.0‐12.0 0.0‐4.4 0‐0.035 0.000‐0.054 0‐0.053 Green Good

51‐100 55‐154 12.1‐35.4 4.5‐9.4 0.036‐0.075 0.055‐0.070 0.054‐0.100 Yellow Moderate

101‐150 155‐254 35.5‐55.4 9.5‐12.4 0.076‐0.185 0.071‐0.085 0.125‐0.164 0.101‐0.360 Orange Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups

151‐200 255‐354 55.5‐150.4 12.5‐15.4 0.186‐0.304 0.086‐0.105 0.165‐0.204 0.361‐0.64 Red Unhealthy

201‐300 355‐424 150.5‐250.4 15.5‐30.4 0.305‐0.604 0.106‐0.200 0.205‐0.404 0.65‐1.24 Purple Very Unhealthy

3012+ 425+ 250.5 + 30.5+ 0.605+ (2) 0.405+ 1.25+ Maroon Hazardous 1 Areas are generally required to report the AQI based on 8‐hour ozone values. The maximum of the 8‐hour or 1‐hour is used. 2 8‐hour ozone values do not define AQI values >301. AQI values of 301 or higher then become calculated with 1‐hour ozone concentrations.

Page | 89

Air Quality Index Chart

AQI values for selected counties for 2016 are compiled in Table 51 below. Daily AQI values that

are calculated and reported for cities in these counties may differ from those in the table. The

daily AQI is based on a limited number of monitors, particularly PM10 and PM2.5. This table uses

data from all FRM in the county. From those data the highest AQI value is chosen for each day.

The table gives a general representation of relative air quality in these counties.

Table 51. AQI Summary by County

County Highest AQI

Value

Days in category1

Good Moderate Unhealthy for

Sensitive Groups Unhealthy

Butler 136 259 96 11 0

Clark 119 270 90 6 0

Clermont 133 242 119 5 0

Cuyahoga 200 207 148 6 5

Franklin 126 274 83 9 0

Geauga 140 156 49 10 0

Hamilton 140 199 155 12 0

Jefferson 105 194 168 4 0

Lake 143 275 78 13 0

Lawrence 119 288 75 3 0

Lucas 112 288 74 4 0

Montgomery 112 276 84 6 0

Scioto 129 355 10 1 0

Stark 119 267 93 6 0

Summit 112 260 105 1 0

Trumbull 133 300 61 5 0

Warren 129 238 113 9 0

Wood 115 171 41 3 0 1 There were no reading in the “very unhealthy” or “hazardous” categories.

Page | 90

VII. 2016 MONITORING SITES

Ohio's Regional Transport NCore Site

The following pages provide details on the 2016 monitoring network, including sites where VOC air toxics air monitoring is conducted. Parameters monitored at these sites are labeled as follows: Pb Lead PM10 Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 10 µm (PM10) PM25 Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 µm (PM2.5) PM25c PM2.5 Continuous PMsp PM2.5 Speciation PMc Coarse particulate matter, i.e., PM10 ‐ PM2.5 = PMcoarse TSP Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) O3 Ozone SO Sulfur Dioxide CO Carbon Monoxide NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide VOC Volatile Organic Compounds

The first column of the table provides AQS codes, which have the following format: XX state code (the state code for Ohio is 39) XXX county code (odd numbers, alphabetical) XXXX site code

Page | 91

Table 52. Monitoring Network for 2016

AQS No. County Site Location Parameter(s)

A

39‐001‐0001 Adams 210 N. Wilson SO2, PM25c

39‐003‐0009 Allen 2850 Bible Rd. SO2, O3, PM25c, PM25

39‐007‐1001 Ashtabula Conneaut O3, SO2

39‐009‐0003 Athens Gifford State Forest PM25

B

39‐013‐0006 Belmont E. Ball St. CO, SO2, NO2, PM10, PM25

39‐017‐0003 Butler Bonita & St. John PM10, PM25

39‐017‐0004 Butler Schuler & Bender O3

39‐017‐0015 Butler 3901 Jefferson PM10, Pb, TSP

39‐017‐0016 Butler 400 Niles Rd. PM25

39‐017‐0018 Butler 1701 Runway Dr. O3

39‐017‐0019 Butler 1300 Oxford State Rd. SO2, PM25, PM25c, PM10, VOC

39‐017‐0020 Butler 3350 Yankee Rd. SO2, PM25, PM25c, PM10, VOC

39‐017‐0021 Butler 1491 Made Industrial Dr. SO2

39‐017‐0022 Butler 3214 Yankee Rd. PM25

39‐017‐9991 Butler Miami University O3

C

39‐023‐0001 Clark 5171 Urbana Rd. O3

39‐023‐0003 Clark 5400 Spangler Rd. O3, SO2

39‐023‐0005 Clark 350 N. Fountain Ave. PM25, PM25c

39‐025‐0022 Clermont 2400 Clermont Center Dr. O3, PM25c

39‐027‐1002 Clinton 62 Laurel Dr., JVS Career Center. O3

39‐029‐0019 Columbiana 1250 George St. Pb, SO2

39‐029‐0020 Columbiana 2220 Michigan Ave. PM10, Pb, TSP

39‐029‐0022 Columbiana 500 Maryland Ave. PM10, Pb

39‐029‐0023 Columbiana 500 Maryland Ave. PM10, Pb

39‐035‐0034 Cuyahoga 891 E. 152 St. O3, PM25

39‐035‐0038 Cuyahoga 2547 St. Tikhon Ave. Pb, SO2, PM10, PM25, PMsp, TSP, VOC

39‐035‐0042 Cuyahoga 3136 Lorain Pb, TSP

39‐035‐0045 Cuyahoga 45950 Broadway Ave. SO2, PM10, PM25

39‐035‐0049 Cuyahoga E. 56th St. Pb, TSP

39‐035‐0051 Cuyahoga E. 9th & St. Clair CO

39‐035‐0060 Cuyahoga E. 14th & Orange O3, NO2, SO2, PM10, PMsp, PM25, CO, TSP, Pb, PMc

39‐035‐0061 Cuyahoga West 3rd St. Pb, TSP

39‐035‐0064 Cuyahoga Berea O3

39‐035‐0065 Cuyahoga 4600 Harvard Ave. SO2, PM10, PM25

39‐035‐0072 Cuyahoga 26565 Miles Rd. Pb, TSP

39‐035‐0073 Cuyahoga 25609 Emery Rd. CO, NO2

39‐035‐1002 Cuyahoga 16900 Holland Rd. PM10, PM25

Page | 92


39‐035‐5002 Cuyahoga 6116 Wilson Mills Rd. O3

D

39‐041‐0002 Delaware 359 Main St. O3

F

39‐047‐9991 Fayette Deer Creek O3

39‐049‐0005 Franklin Morse & Karl Rds. CO

39‐049‐0024 Franklin Ohio State Fairgrounds PM10, PM25

39‐049‐0029 Franklin 7600 Fodor Rd., New Albany O3, PM25c

39‐049‐0034 Franklin Korbel Ave. PM25c, SO2, VOC

39‐049‐0037 Franklin 1777 E. Broad St. O3, NO2

39‐049‐0038 Franklin 7560 Smokey Row Rd. CO, NO2, VOC

39‐049‐0039 Franklin 580 E Woodrow Ave. PM25, Pb, VOC

39‐049‐0081 Franklin 5750 Maple Canyon Dr. O3, PM25

39‐051‐0001 Fulton 200 Van Buren St. Pb

G

39‐055‐0004 Geauga 13000 Auburn Rd. O3

39‐057‐0005 Greene 100 Dayton St. PM10, PM25, PM25c

39‐057‐0006 Greene 541 Ledbetter Rd. O3

H

39‐061‐0006 Hamilton 11590 Grooms Rd. O3, PM25, PM25c

39‐061‐0010 Hamilton 6950 Ripple Rd. O3, SO2, PM25, PM25c

39‐061‐0014 Hamilton 18 E. Seymour PM10, PM25, VOC

39‐061‐0040 Hamilton 250 Wm. Howard Taft Rd. O3, NO2, PM10, PM25, PM25c,PMc CO, SO2, PMsp

39‐061‐0042 Hamilton 2101 W. Eighth St. PM25

39‐061‐0047 Hamilton 7529 Grace, Ave., Addyston VOC

39‐061‐0048 Hamilton 3428 Colerain Ave. CO, NO2

39‐061‐5001 Hamilton 101 Cooper Ave. PM10

J

39‐081‐0001 Jefferson 1004 3rd St., Brilliant PM10

39‐081‐0017 Jefferson 618 Logan O3, SO2, PM10, PM25, PMsp, VOC

39‐081‐0018 Jefferson 3487 County Rd. 19 SO2

39‐081‐0020 Jefferson 1469 3rd St. SO2

39‐081‐0021 Jefferson 110 Steuben St. PM25

K

39‐083‐0002 Knox Water Plant, SR 314 O3

L

39‐085‐0003 Lake Jefferson Elementary School O3, SO2

39‐085‐0006 Lake 8443 Mentor Ave. CO

39‐085‐0007 Lake 177 Main SO2, O3, PM25, PM25c

39‐085‐1001 Lake 325 Vine St. PM10

39‐087‐0011 Lawrence SR 775 & SR 141 O3

Page | 93


39‐087‐0012 Lawrence 450 Commerce Dr. O3, SO2, PM25c, PM10, PM25

39‐089‐0005 Licking 300 Licking View Dr., Heath O3

39‐091‐0006 Logan 320 Richard Ave. Pb

39‐093‐0018 Lorain 4706 Detroit Rd. O3

39‐093‐3002 Lorain 2180 Lake Breeze PM10, PM25, PM25c, PMsp

39‐095‐0008 Lucas 600 Collins Park SO2

39‐095‐0024 Lucas 348 S. Erie St. O3, PM25, PM25c

39‐095‐0026 Lucas 4208 Airport Highway PM25

39‐095‐0027 Lucas 200 S. Byrne Rd., Waterville O3

39‐095‐0028 Lucas 600 Collins Park PM25

39‐095‐0034 Lucas 306 Yondota O3

39‐095‐0035 Lucas 10739 Corduroy Rd., Curtice O3

M

39‐097‐0007 Madison 9940 SR 38 SW O3

39‐099‐0005 Mahoning Fire Station 7 PM10, PM25

39‐099‐0006 Mahoning Fire Station 5 PM10

39‐099‐0013 Mahoning 345 Oakhill Ave. O3, SO2

39‐099‐0014 Mahoning Oakhill PM25, PM25c

39‐101‐0003 Marion Hawthorne Ave. Pb

39‐101‐0004 Marion 640 Bellefontaine Ave. Pb

39‐103‐0004 Medina Ballash Rd. O3, PM25, PM25c

39‐105‐0003 Meigs 117 Memorial Dr. SO2

39‐109‐0005 Miami 3825 N. SR 589 O3

39‐113‐0034 Montgomery 117 South Main St. CO

39‐113‐0037 Montgomery 1401 Harshman Rd. O3

39‐113‐0038 Montgomery 444 W. Third St. PM25, PM25c, PMsp

39‐113‐7001 Montgomery 2728 Viking Lane PM10, Pb

39‐115‐0004 Morgan SR 83 SO2

N

39‐121‐9991 Noble Quaker City O3

P

39‐133‐0002 Portage 531 Washington Ave. PM25

39‐133‐1001 Portage 1570 Ravenna Rd. O3

39‐135‐1001 Preble National Trails School O3, PM25, PM25c, CO, SO2, PMc, PMsp

S

39‐145‐0013 Scioto 4862 Gallia St., SO2, PM10, PM25

39‐145‐0019 Scioto 605 Washington St. PM10

39‐145‐0020 Scioto 2840 Back Rd. SO2, PM10

39‐145‐0021 Scioto 2446 Gallia Pike PM10

39‐145‐0022 Scioto 1740 Gallia Pike SO2, PM10

39‐151‐0016 Stark Malone College O3

Page | 94


39‐151‐0017 Stark 1330 Dueber Ave. PM25, PMsp

39‐151‐0020 Stark 420 Market Ave. CO, PM25, PM25c

39‐151‐0022 Stark 45 S. Wabash O3

39‐151‐4005 Stark 1175 W. Vine St., Alliance O3

39‐153‐0017 Summit 80 Brittain Rd. SO2, PM25, PM25c

39‐153‐0020 Summit 800 Patterson Ave. O3, CO

39‐153‐0023 Summit 660 W. Exchange St. PM25, PM25spa

39‐153‐0025 Summit 199 S. Broadway CO, SO2

T

39‐155‐0006 Trumbull 2323 Main Ave. PM10

39‐155‐0011 Trumbull Vienna O3

39‐155‐0013 Trumbull 6380 SR 87, Kinsman O3

39‐155‐0014 Trumbull 540 Laird Ave. SE Warren PM10, PM25, PM25c

W

39‐165‐0007 Warren 416 Southeast St. O3, PM25c

39‐167‐0004 Washington 2000 Fourth St., Marietta O3

39‐167‐0008 Washington Washington Career Center Pb

39‐173‐0003 Wood 347Dunbridge Rd. O3

ohio air quality 2016 finaldraft · state of ohio air quality calendar year 2016 prepared by...

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