Oh nooo ERT 149 again2 hours is too long

Does soil nutrition sufficient for plants ?

Green Revolution

CHOPKNS

CO2 ==== O2

H2O

CO2 ==== O2

Mineral

Mineral

N, org N

Mineral

C y c l e

Problem? : Distribution

GREEN REVOLUTION

• Adoption of new, improved varieties of grains

• Application of better agricultural techniques– Irrigation– Mechanization– Use of fertilizer– Use of pesticides

A complex of improvements which greatly increased agricultural production

•Greatest effect felt in LDCs•Agricultural output outpaced

population growth

Benefits of Green Revolution

During the Green Revolution high yield varieties – (good respond to fertilizers)

208% for wheat 109% for rice 157% for maize,

Developing countries in southeast Asia and India were the countries to show the impact of the Green Revolution

78% for potatoes, 36% for cassava.

YIELD INCREMENT Between 1960 and 2000

Favored farmers who could afford seeds,

inputs, machines, irrigation

Indebted farmers lost land, moved to cities

New “monocrops” resistance to pesticides PESTICIDE PRBLM

Environmental contamination, algal bloom FERTILIZER PRBLM

Negative effects of green revolution

How can I compete?

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Algal Bloom Overdependency on fert & pesticide

40 percent of conventionally applied fertilizer goes unutilized

Loss of nutrients due to volatilization and leaching

Negative environmental impacts Negative economical impacts

So,, how to reduce these problems???

Negative impact of Green Revolution

Managing the Problem

• Fertilizer :–Slow release fertilizer–Biofertilizer : N Fixation & Mycorrhyzae–Natural farming

• Pesticide:–Biopesticide–Natural Pesticide–Tissue culture

BIO approach

SLOW RELEASED FERTILIZER

Slow Release Fertilizer (SRF)

• SRF : Fertilizer coated with suitable material so that it can be release slowly in contact with water (moisture).

• Examples : – Urea & zeolite– NPK in alginate

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• Biofertilizer : Fertilizer which consist mainly microbes.

• Example:• Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria (NFB)• Mycorrhyzae

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BioFertilizerNext Strategy

NFB

• NFB : Bacteria which are able to convert Nitrogen from the air into ammonia form

. Vid nitrogen final ok & nitrogen cycle interactive

Many conspicuous fungi such as the fly agaric (upper left) form ectomycorrhiza (uppe right) with tree rootlets. Arbuscular mycorrhiza (lower left) is very common in plants,including crop species such as wheat (left. right).

Plant roots alone may be incapable of taking up phosphate ions that are demineralized in soils with a basic pH. The mycelium of the mycorrhizal fungus can access these phosphorus sources, and make themavailable to the plants they colonize

Plant provides the fungus with relatively constant and direct access to carbohydrates, such as glucose and sucrose.

Mycorrhizae

Pesticide

• Biopesticide (Trichoderma,, B.Thuringiensis• EM• Natural Pesticide :tobacco leave

• Preventive strategies :l Tissue culturel GMO

• Trichoderma : Antagonistic.. kill other fungi

• Bt : produce toxin inside the larva stomach(ecb and bt video)

Action : parasitism, inducing host-plant resistance, and competition

Plant tissue culture

Plant tissue culture is a technique used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition

vid plant tissue micropropagation

Murashige and Skoog’smedium (MS)

ConstituentsStock Solution I(Macronutrients; 20x)NH 4 NO 3KNO 3CaCl 2 .2H 2 OMgSO 4 .7H 2 OKH 2 PO 4

MIcro nutrientsKIH 3 BO 3MnSO 4 .4H 2 OZnSO 4 .7H 2 ONa 2 MoO 4 .2H 2 OCuSO 4 .5H 2 OCoCl 2 .6H 2 O

KIH 3 BO 3MnSO 4 .4H 2 OZnSO 4 .7H 2 ONa 2 MoO 4 .2H 2 OCuSO 4 .5H 2 OCoCl 2 .6H 2 O

Cercis yunnanensis in tissue culture

GMO, Transgenic, GMC

• GMO : any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques

• Transgenic plants have genes inserted into them that are derived from another species. The inserted genes can come from species within the same kingdom (plant to plant) or between kingdoms (for example, bacteria to plant)

• Genetically modified crops (GMCs, GM crops, or biotech crops) are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering techniques

transgenic plant.swf

Corn

Resistance to glyphosate or glufosinate herbicides. Insect resistance via producing Bt proteins, some previously used as pesticides in organic crop production. Added enzyme, alpha amylase, that converts starch into sugar to facilitate ethanol production

Cotton (cottonseed oil) Kills susceptible insect pests

Potato (food)

NewLeaf: Bt resistance against Colorado beetle and resistance against Potato virus Y (removed from market in 2001[97])"Innate" potatoes from Simplot that form less acrylamide when fried and bruise less[

Rice Golden Rice: genetically modified to contain beta-carotene (a source of vitamin A)

soyabeanResistance to glyphosate (see Roundup Ready soybean) or glufosinate herbicides; make less saturated fats;[134] Kills susceptible insect pests