often known as a sub-continent surrounded by three bodies of water: arabian sea = west indian ocean...
TRANSCRIPT
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•Often known as a Sub-continent
•Surrounded by three bodies of water:
•Arabian Sea = west
•Indian Ocean =south
•Bay of Bengal = east
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Mountains and Plateaus:
Himalayas: created by the colliding of two continents; 1,000 square miles; contains the highest mountain in the World = Mount Everest at 29,028 ft.
Other Northern ranges: Himalayas meet the Karakoram Mts. Meet Hindu Kush….creating a barrier between Indian sub-continent and Asia
Nepal and Bhutan remained isolated to this recent century.
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Vindhya Mts: lie across the center of the Indian subcontinent, create by collision; separated the people of Northern and Southern India.
The Ghats and Deccan Plateau: rugged hills and eroded mountains; Plateau between the Eastern and Western Ghats and is arid.
Other plateaus: Chota Nagpur covered with forest of bamboo and teak; stony tablelands boarder the northwestern; Karnataka Plateau where wild elephants live
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I. Major River Systems:
A. High in Himalayas sources for: Indus, Brahmaputra, Ganges
B.Indus flows in Pakistan
C. Brahmaputra and Ganges flow east to Bay of Bengal
D. Carry fertile soil from the mountains
E. Floods bring rich soil, silt, or alluvial soil
Indo-Gangetic Plain: worlds largest continuous alluvial plain
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Natural Resource
Soil and Water
-Rich soil from the Indo-Gangetic Plain;Rivers provide drinking water and transportation
-Dams being built to harness hydroelectric power; Pakistan has one of the Worlds largest hydroelectric plants
- Bhutan and India
Fish thrive in this region (own consumption and exports)
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Energy Resources:
Few significant oil reserves
some in: northwestern coast and in Pakistan; Natural gas fields are found in southern Pakistan; Uranium deposits in India; Bangladesh has few energy resources
Minerals
Scattered throughout the region; Iron-ore: India; 9/10 of the worlds mica: needed to manufacture electrical equipment; Sri Lanka: largest producers of graphite
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Timber:
rain forest produce sal and teak
sandalwood: sweet smelling wood
forest cover much of Bhutan
Nepal’s forest: severely over cut
To protect Sri Lanka's forest exporting of timber has been banned since 1977
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Section 1: Population Patterns I. Human Characteristics: Richest and most complex mixes of people in the world 6 major religions; 100’s of languages: numerous social groupings
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India:
1. Religion
- Hindu; Muslim Buddhist; Sikh; Jain; Christian
2. From central Asia and Europe
3. Roots over 8,000 years
Jati: social groups that define one’s occupation and social standing
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Pakistan and Bangladesh:
9 out of 10 people are Muslims
Pakistan 5 major ethnic groups
Bangladesh all are Bengali
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Sri Lanka:
Divided into 2 major ethnic groups
Sinhalese and the Tamils
Live on different parts of the island; speak different languages; practice religions
Sinhalese: Buddhist; Tamils: Hindu
Sinhalese dominate the government
Tamil tigers
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Bhutan and Nepal:
most from Mongolia
Nepal: one of the worlds most complex ethnic make-ups
Nepalese (Sherpas) famous world-wide first conquest of Mount Everest
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Population Density and Distribution
756 people per square mile
7 times the World average
double in less than 40 years
Regional Variation
Varies from one region to another
Climate, vegetation, terrain have an impact
Fertile farmland vs. glacier-dotted mountains
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Densely Populated Areas:
Found on the Indo-Gangetic Plain;
Live where rice is grown
Sri Lanka: Tea and rubber are grown; most people live in rural areas
Bangladesh: most densely populated (2,320 ppsm)
-Despite good framing: there is not enough food for the people in Bangladesh
-Population will double in the next 29 years
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Less Densely Populated Regions: India’s Deccan Plateau less populated than IGP
Thar desert very sparse
Western part of PakistanSouthern most portions of Bhutan and Nepal
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Urbanization:
Rapid Urban Growth
migrating for better jobs and higher wages
cities are becoming over crowded
strain on public facilities like schools and hospitals
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The Region’s largest Cities
Calcutta India’s largest city (located on the Ganges river)
Slums vs. the bustling port, thriving iron and steel industries, efficient subway system, modern buildings
Bombay India’s main western port
Delhi, India’s 3rd largest city
New Delhi capital of India
Cites of Bangladesh are as the rest of the country
Dhaka has more ppsm than any other city in the world
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Section 2: History and Government
Early History:
1st civilizations Indus Valley (2500 years ago)
developed a writing system, strong central government, rich overseas trade
Environmental changes led to decline of this civilization
Stranded cities Hittite Script
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Aryans: left little behind
Vedas: four books tell about the Aryan religious beliefs
Society divided into 3 classes:
- nobles
- priest
- ordinary people
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Caste System: developed in which people could not change their social status
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Hinduism:
Grew out of Aryan culture
Way of life and set of beliefs
Must live according to their Dharma (moral duty)
Karma: all good actions are rewarded and bad deeds punished
Reincarnated: reborn
Recognizes many gods and goddesses
Different forms of one being
Different paths towards the same goal
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Buddhism:
Will discuss at a future date.
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Invasions and Empires
Maurya: lasted 320 b.c.e. and 180 b.c.e.
Asoka (or Maurya) impressed with Buddhism and helped spread Buddhism
Gupta Dynasty (320 b.c.e. to 550 b.c.e.)
India advanced cultures in the world
arts; science; technology
numerals
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700’s missionaries, merchants, adventurers enter countries
Muslim armies conquered northern India (1100’s) ruled for several centuries
Europeans arrived in the 1500’s
1600’s British entered:
East India Company
By 1700’s it occupied the entire region
-Reorganized education
-Introduced English language
-Developed a civil service
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Modern South Asia
Independence::
Mohandas k. Gandhi (British trained leader)
Non-violent methods to persuade the British to leave
Encouraged Indians not to buy British goods
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1947: divided into two independent states (Pakistan and nation of India)
East and West Pakistan
Ceylon was granted independence in 1972 (Sri Lanka)
Bhutan and Nepal had always remained independent from the British
Today’s Government:
Tensions arose between the Hindus and Muslims
East Pakistan declares independence in 1971
Democracies and Monarchies
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Section 3: Cultures and Lifestyles
Languages:
- 14 major languages
- 1000 other languages and dialects
- English commonly spoken in business
- Hindu is the official language of India
A. Indo-Aryan Languages:
1. Pakistan, Bangladesh and Northern India
2. Hindu, Urdu, and Bengali
3. Nepali and Sinhalese
B. Other languages:
1. 1/5 in Southern India and Sri Lanka speak Dravidian Languages
2. Nepal and Bhutan: close ties to central Asia
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Religions:
Major Religions: Hinduism; Islam; Buddhism
1. Pakistan and Bangladesh are Muslim
2. Buddhism influence has declined in this region
3. Hinduism has absorbed many Buddhist teachings
4. Jainism:
-founded by Mahavira (Hindu teacher)
-every living thing has a soul
5. Sikhism:
-combination of Hindu and Muslim beliefs
-live in northwestern India
6.Christianity
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Influence of Religion
1. Powerful influence on daily life
2. Prayer flags flap in the wind, sending out sacred messages called mantras
3. In India sadhus (Hindu teachers) can be found every where
- wear yellow robes
- carry a bowl and blanket
- live on gifts from those who want to improve their karma
4. Consider cows to be sacred
5. Women in Pakistan dress modestly in accordance with Islamic law
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The Arts:
Architecture
Taj Mahal is in India
built in 1600’s for a beloved wife
made of white marble
has towers and domes in the Islamic style
Mosques in Pakistan and Bangladesh
Golden Temple
Dzongs ( Buddhist monasteries)
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Music and Dance:
Classic Indian dance are based on Hindu mythology
Bharta Natyam: danced in the South
women dressed in gorgeously bright silk saris
gold bracelets
hand gestures
rapid whirling and
stamping feet
Kathakali dances from the west
Music is divided into
Hindustani: practiced in the north
Karnatak: practiced in the south
Melody is raga and the rhythm is called the tala