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NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
Offshore Wind Energy Research
at
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Walt Musial
Principal Engineer
Manager Offshore Wind
National Wind Technology Center
OSW Innovation and Commercialization Symposium
July 11, 2014
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National Renewable Energy Laboratory
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DOE’s National Wind Technology Center (NWTC)
Primary wind technology center inside the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
Established in1977
Approx. 150 staff on-site
Annual Budget approx. $40M
Partnerships with industry
Wind and Marine Hydrokinetic Technology
Modern utility-scale turbines
Pioneers in wind component testing
Blade Testing
Dynamometer drivetrain testing
Controls research turbines (CART)
Leadership in international standards
Leading the development of design and analysis codes
Offshore Wind Power 3 National Renewable Energy Laboratory
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National Wind Technology Center Megawatt Scale Wind Turbines
Siemens 2.3 MW
DOE 1.5 MW GE • Model: GE 1.5-SLE • Tower Height: 80 m, Rotor Diameter: 77 m • DOE owned; to be used for research and education • Turbine commissioned Sept 2009
Siemens 2.3 MW • Model: SWT-2.3-101 • Tower Height: 80 m, Rotor Diameter: 101 m • Siemens owned and operated • Multi-year cost-shared R&D CRADA; aerodynamics and rotor performance • Turbine commissioned October 2009
Alstom 3 MW • Model: ECO 100 • Tower Height: 90 m, Rotor Diameter: 100 m • Alstom owned and operated • Multi-year Funds-In Agreement; testing, R&D • Turbine commissioned April 2011 - New Blades (106m Dia.) Feb. 2013
Gamesa 2 MW • Model G97 • Tower Height: 90 m, Rotor Diameter: 97 m • Gamesa owned and operated • Multi-year Funds-in Agreement; testing, R&D • Turbine commissioned November 2011 – Replaced Feb. 2013
Alstom 3 MW
Gamesa 2 MW
DOE 1.5 MW
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New 5.8 MW Dynamometer Upgrade
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NWTC Controllable Grid Interface (CGI) Facility
o CGI interconnected to 2.5MW and 5MW dynos
o Command voltage profiles to emulate real power-line faults
o 7MVA continuous with 28 MVA short circuit capacity
Dyno Motor 6MW (8000 HP)
Dyno Non-Torque
Loading NTL
Dyno Variable Frequency Drive VFD Test Article
Power Converter
Dyno Gearbox 75:1, 3-stage Test Article
Drivetrain
Test Article Transformer
CGI Housing
5 MW Dyno
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Blade Testing Facilities
New Large Blade Test Facility:
• Boston, MA with Massachusetts
Technology Collaborative
• Static and Fatigue tests: blades up
to 90 m
• NREL has developed and patented advanced blade
testing
• NREL supports R&D blade testing for DOE and
industry
• Supporting development of new blade test facilities
worldwide
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Massachusetts Blade Testing Facility
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The Technology has changed significantly in 30 years
BLADE SHAPE…
2014: 53 m blade from SWT 2,3-108
1980: 5 m blade from Bonus 27 kW scaled to same size
Courtesy Kenneth Thomsen, Siemens
30 Years of Development Scaled to the same size: Lighter, Stronger, Longer, Quieter, Thinner, and Higher Energy Yield….
Average offshore wind turbine capacities, rotor diameters, and
hub heights are expected to continue to increase
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0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.2 2.8 3.1 3.9 3.5 4.2 3.9 4.5 5.1 -
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1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Dis
tan
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Weighted Average Capacity Weighted Average Rotor Diameter Weighted Average Hub Height
Graphic Source: NREL
Large Offshore Turbine Technology (5-10 MW)
Motivation
• Offshore economics favor larger machines
• O&M costs, electric distribution costs, specific energy production, installation cost, foundations costs all improve with turbine size
Challenges
• Large turbine enabling technology is needed
• Vessels and infrastructure are limited
Solutions
• Innovative deployment systems
• Ultra-long blades/rotors
• Down wind rotors
• Direct drive-generators (possible HTSC)
• Weight optimized wind turbines
• Special purpose vessels
Offshore Wind Power 11 National Renewable Energy Laboratory
XEMC Darwind
Offshore MET/Ocean Validation Tools
Challenges
• High cost of MET masts
• Marine boundary layer (wind shear, stability, and turbulence) is not well characterized
• Resource assessments rely on sparse measurements for validation
• External design conditions are poorly understood
Solutions:
• Remote sensing systems (LIDAR, SODAR)
• R&D to measure metocean conditions at sea
• Improved weather models
• Integration of multiple source data to validate resource models (e.g. satellites, met towers, etc)
• Improved forecasting
Floating wind LIDAR; The Natural Power Sea
ZephIR (from http://blog.lidarnews.com)
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Wind Turbine Arrays Cause Wakes that Influence Energy and Operational Life
Turbine spacing is critical
13 Horns Rev Offshore Wind Plant
7D Spacing
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High Definition Wind Plant Modeling -SOWFA
Simulator for Offshore Wind Farm Applications (SOWFA)
• Allows Wind Plant System Design
• Understanding of Fatigue Loading
• Deep Array Effects
• Optimized Wind Plant Control
Turbine Farm Array Mesoscale
Tools:
Scale:
WRF OpenFOAM FAST
SOWFA
Graphic Source: NREL
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• Feed-forward control uses a LIDAR sensor to measure wind characteristics ahead of the turbine
• Feed-forward control loop improves controller performance by providing advanced warning of incoming gusts and turbulence
• Feed-forward controllers are being investigated for wind plant power control
• Field test implementations are now in progress
LIDAR/Feed-Forward Control
TURBINE FEEDBACK
CONTROLLER S
FEEDFORWARD CONTROLLER
S
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Courtesy Dr. Lucy Pao, CU
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Photo Source: Vattenfall
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DOI and DOE Collaborate on Offshore Wind Strategy
DOE and DOI jointly announce A National Offshore Wind Strategy and over $200M in
Funding Opportunities in February 2011
Maryland’s proposed Wind Energy Area Lease Zones
Delineation Objectives:
1. Approximate balance in energy production potential between two development zones
2. Minimize wake loss potential between zones when developed
3. Maximize developable area in each zone considering buffers
Graphic Source: MEA
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Technology Challenges for United States
Freshwater Ice Ice
Deep Water
Tropical Storms
Deep Water
International standards are being updated to address U.S. issues.
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Graphic Source: NREL
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Offshore Wind Technology is Depth Dependent
Offshore Wind Power 20 National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Graphic Source: NREL
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There are three main classes of floating substructures
Spar Semisubmersible TLP
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Offshore Wind Collaboration Opportunities
• Department of Energy is funding offshore demonstration projects with up to $168M
• The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) sponsors ongoing research through their Technology Assessment and Research (TA&R) program.
• Ongoing Industry partnerships
• International collaboration – (e.g. IEA)
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23 Offshore Wind Power 23 National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Photo Credit: NREL