offshore pipelines_tcm4-384058

DNV serving the energy industry

Go strong.

dnv energy Main oFFices:

Offshore pipelines

DNV provides world-class expertise in technology, opera-tions, management and risk. We combine our know-how into a professional service concept designed to safely improve the performance of your business. So you can go strong on all dimensions.

| CONTENTS |

SERVICES OVERVIEWu The importance of a complete picture 6

ENTERPRISE RISK MANAGEMENT – ERMu is pipeline the optimal transport solution? 8

SHE RISK MANAGEMENT u Making pipeline the safe option 9

FLOW ASSURANCE, DESIGN, FOUNDATIONS AND MATERIALSu Pushing the design envelope safely 10

VERIFICATION u The assurance of full independence 12

PIPELINES IN OPERATION u Safely extending the lifespan 14

WORLD-CLASS CODES AND STANDARDS u Taking the industry forward 16

| THIS IS DNV | DNV is a global provider of services for managing risk. Established in 1864, DNV is an independent foundation with the purpose of safeguarding life, property and the environment. DNV comprises 300 offices in 100 countries, with 9,000 employees. DNV has four business areas, DNV Energy, DNV Maritime, DNV industry and DNV iT Global Services. Our vision is global impact for a safe and sustain-able future.

| oFFshore pipelines |

DNV SERVICES TO THE ENERGY INDUSTRY

u Enterprise Risk Managementu SHE Risk Managementu Technology Qualificationu Verificationu Offshore Classificationu Asset Risk Managementu Trainingu IT Risk Managementu Certification

TARGET SEGMENTS

Through these services our teams of highly qualified professionals deliver cutting-edge solutions to customers across the industry:u Deep and ultra-deepwater field developmentu Floating offshore installationsu Fixed offshore installationsu Offshore and onshore pipelinesu Natural Gas/LNGu Refining and petrochemicalsu Wind energyu Power generation and transmissionu Carbon capture and storageu Arctic operations and technology

Addressing

Tomorrow’s oil and gas reserves will be located in ever deeper waters, in harsh environments, far from existing infrastructure. Since the early seventies, DNV has supplied the industry with a full range of services and capabilities related to the development, operation and maintenance of pipeline systems. Pushing into the new energy frontier poses greater challenges for pipeline systems and DNV is committed to support the industry continuously as a pipeline technology leader.

As conduits for oil and gas, pipelines form the backbone of most national and international energy infrastructures. Pipeline systems represent significant financial investment and constitute a key element of the industrial and public value chain. Therefore, operators must withstand scrutiny from a number of constituencies, while securing an acceptable return on investment. Ensuring that each pipeline is designed, fabricated and operated in a safe, reliable and cost-effective manner involves a multitude of professional disciplines.

| OFFSHORE PiPEliNES |

Addressing pipelines end to end

| DNV ENERGy | Services Overview | ERM | SHE Risk Management | Flow Assurance, Design, Foundations

and Materials | Verification | Pipelines in Operation | World-Class Codes and Standards

PROjECT PHASES:

DNV ENERGy DEliVERiES:

Feasibility & concept selection

strategy design

THE BUSiNESS liFE CyClE

DNV – assisting companies in the energy industry along the entire life cycle to safeguard and improve business performance

oFFshore classiFication

veriFication

bUsiness case assessMent

integrated Field developMent sUpport

project dUe diligence

project risk ManageMent

she risk ManageMent

reliability assessMent

technology qUaliFication

design sUpport


constrUction installation & coMMissioning

operation & liFe extension

decoMMissioning

oFFshore classiFication

technology qUaliFication

operations excellence

Maintenance ManageMent

qUality sUrveillance and inspection

Material and corrosion testing

troUbleshooting



Industry and governments make significant investments in pipeline systems. They rely on a broad range of expertise to ensure that each pipeline operates in a safe, reliable and cost-effective way. Since the early 1970s, DNV has played a leading role in the development of pipeline technology. We were deeply involved in the SUPERB Joint Industry Project, that introduced limit state-based design and modern design principles, revolutionising pipeline design. Today DNV offers unique multidisciplinary competences to customers all over the world – from the very early phases through to operations and life extension.

addressing the entire liFe cycle

DNV can assist you in selecting the right transport solution, evaluating aspects rang-ing from availability and tariffs associated with existing infrastructure, to cost, revenue and risks related to a new solution.

Materials need to be stretched to their limit in order to safely install and operate pipe-lines in extreme water depths and other challenging conditions. We work on the latest design methodologies. We assure quality and integrity during installation so that you can break barriers confidently.

Once in operation, there is a fine balancing act between withstanding scrutiny and maxi-mising safety, while securing an acceptable return on investment. DNV recommends that you start planning the operational phase early in the project. Don’t wait until it is too late.

a coMplete sUite oF services

From well to shore, from concept to opera-tion, from internal flow to external threat – DNV offers the full range of pipeline-related services:

u Transport solutionu Concept & feasibility studiesu Environmental studies and impact

assessmentu Safety and risk analysisu Structural design assistanceu Material selectionu Geotechnical engineeringu Flow assuranceu Verification and certificationu Fabrication and installation surveillanceu Marine warrantyu In-service inspectionu Condition and integrity risk assessmentsu Lifetime extension and re-qualification

of existing pipelinesu Database managementu Laboratory facilities for both small scale

and full scale testingu Failure investigations and analyses

The importance of a complete pictureDesigning, constructing, installing and operating pipeline systems are complex challenges. DNV offers the whole gamut of pipeline-related services. We can help you safeguard and improve your operations through a deeper and more complete understanding of risks and opportunities in pipeline projects.

SERViCES OVERViEW

The Williams Companies of the U.S. decided to embark on the challenging Alpine project in the Gulf of Mexico. The scope includes construction of a deepwater pipeline start-ing at a new spar platform in Garden Banks block 668 at a water depth of 3,150 ft (960 metres) and ending at an existing platform in Galveston Block A244.

DNV was engaged to support Williams from the design phase to installation and commis-sioning. The detailed scope included verification of detailed steel catenary riser and pipeline design, assessment of prime contractors’ quality system, QA of pipe mills and coating

plant, welder and AUT system qualification, and survey of offshore pipe lay and com-missioning.

CASE:

AlPiNEdeepwater pipeline with 40 years design liFe

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dnv services comprise the full life cycle of pipeline systems.

“The Alpine project was successful, in part, due to DNV’s technical expertise, effective-ness working in a team environment with multiple contractors, and recognition of our particular needs,” says Charles Nichols, Williams project manager. Nichols concluded that DNV was professional and responsive to their needs as a deepwater pipeline ope-rator in the Gulf of Mexico.


critical issUe: Challenging riser and pipeline design.

solUtion: Deep multidisciplinary competences. Systematic assessment of suppliers and contractors.

deliverables: Design verification. Quality system assessment. QA of pipe mills and coating plant, qualification welder and AUT. Survey of pipe lay and commissioning.

valUe to cUstoMer: Successful installation on schedule.

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state-oF-the-art soFtware tools and solUtions

DNV applies state-of-the-art software solu-tions as an integrated part of our services. Some of the key tools are listed below:

u EasyRisk is used to assess business risk related to different field development scenarios.

u OLGA is a programme developed for analysis of multiphase flow issues in pipe systems.

u FATFREE is a programme for failure analy-ses of free spans exposed to ocean current and wave loading in compliance with the DNV RP-F105 Free Spanning Pipelines.

u STABLELINE is a programme used to calculate stability of offshore pipelines according to DNV-RP-F109 On-Bottom Stability Design of Submarine Pipelines.

u ABAQUS is used for non-linear structural design analysis including pipe-soil interaction as well as advanced materials engineering.

u Pipeline Engineering Tool (PET) addresses all key design formulas in DNV OS-F101 Submarine Pipeline Systems.

u ORBIT Pipeline Management System is a web-based tool covering both Onshore and Offshore pipeline integrity management.

the FUtUre

The international pipeline industry is not static. There is need for continuous developments and enhancements in order to guide and support the industry in relatively uncharted territories such as the arctic, ultra-deep waters, and projects with challenging fluid composition and long tie-back solutions.

Our vision is to make a global impact for a safe and sustainable future. By developing new methodologies, understanding the new risk agenda and working hard to manage risk and improve safety and environmental perform-ance – we take steps in the right direction.

A length of 1,200 kilometres makes langeled the world’s longest submarine gas pipeline. The pipeline starts at the Nyhamna export terminal in western Norway, goes via the Sleipner riser platform in the North Sea, and lands in Easington on the English east coast.

langeled has a capacity of 20 billion cubic metres of gas to be transported annually from the Norwegian continental shelf. This will cover 20 per cent of the gas consumption in the UK.

DNV has supported StatoilHydro with diffe-rent SHE studies for the concept phase and planning of the langeled pipeline. Examples of studies include:

u Concept risk assessment analysing 3rd party societal risk, personnel risk and pipeline damage caused by external impact

u Risk comparison of alternative locations of future tie-ins

u Risk assessment of marine operations

PAGE 8 | DNV ENERGy | Services Overview | ERM | SHE Risk Management | Flow Assurance, Design, Foundations


CASE:

lANGElEDa Million tons oF steel saFely sUpplying the Uk with norwegian gas

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Is pipeline the optimal transport solution?

The selection of a transport solution depends on a host of factors. DNV helps you find the optimal alternative, based on the particular needs of your project.

ENTERPRiSE RiSK MANAGEMENT – ERM

Early phase field development involves business case assessments of possible development con-cepts. A major part of a development concept is the transport solution, where alternatives range from sea transportation using shuttle tankers to novel subsea-to-land solutions. The selection of a transport solution depends on several factors, from availability and tariffs associated with existing infrastructure, to cost, revenue and risks related to a new solution. To find the best solution, you need to challenge and assess both technical and economical aspects of the full field development solution.

oUr approach

DNV applies an integrated approach to ensure that both technical and economical issues are properly accounted for when assessing the attractiveness of the various development and export alternatives. The field development is described as a value where the oil and gas from sub-surface to final export is modelled, so that both physical flows (oil, gas, condensate, NGL, etc.) and resulting cash flows are calculated.

From this model, technical and economical performance of the field development alterna-tive can be assessed; in particular the various export alternatives.

The integrated model includes the various risks and uncertainties that impact the field develop-ment, such as:

u Uncertainties in in-place volumes and recovery factors

u Availability and risks related to technical performance

u Frequency of component failures, duration of repairs, and waiting time and cost of repair resources

u Uncertainty in CAPEX, OPEX, tariffs, etc.u Uncertainty in product pricesu Uncertainty in timing of first oil/first gas

Through the integrated model, the depend-encies between the technical, economical and the risks are managed. To support the selec-tion of export alternative, full probability dis-tributions for economic indicators such as

Net Present Value (NPV), Break-even oil price, etc. can be found.

key beneFits

The DNV approach does not replace detailed analyses, but provides a means of aggregating data from different disciplines into a more complete basis for decision making.

Since the integrated model allows all relevant uncertainties and their dependencies to be included, the total risk can be described more completely. Furthermore, the major risk drivers and their underlying causes and knock-on effects can be analysed.

dnv can assist in identifying the best transport solution.


critical issUe: long pipeline with large areas of free spans, trawling activity and steep landfall.

solUtion: Applying sophisticated risk assessment techniques.

key deliveries: Documentation of pipeline risk, including third party risk and pipeline damage.

valUe For client: Decision support on risk reducing measures and pipeline routing optimisation.

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A new risk agenda is emerging, bringing with it new demands on your business and how it is managed. Stakeholders expect clear management of safety, health and the environment. Mere compliance with legal requirements for SHE performance is no longer sufficient for forward-thinking organi-sations. We can help you safely and responsibly improve your business performance.

DNV applies risk-based methods and advanced software tools to ensure that hazards are identified and understood throughout the life cycle of projects and operations.

We adopt our approach to the relevant project challenges, applying the full range of DNV capabilities and experience.

increase saFety

Our services will ensure that you make the appropriate strategic and operational deci-sions related to health and safety issues:

u Risk Assessmentsu Consequence assessmentsu External impact assessmentsu Design Accidental Load and protection

studiesu Management Systems and performance

standardsu Emergency planning, response and

investigation

environMental challenges

We provide many inter-related services in the area of environmental risk management including:

u Environmental impact and risk assessmentu Dispersion and fate modellingu Impact and risk management planningu Spill preparedness and response analysis

and planningu Biodiversity management – Environmental monitoring – Visual mapping of sensitive areas – Environmental ROV surveysu Corporate Social Responsibility

expertise and coMMitMent

We combine technical expertise and advanced risk methodologies with management consult-ing skills to offer a new and different type of consulting service.

By understanding the new risk agenda and working hard to improve safety and environ-mental performance, we are committed to our vision of making a global impact for a safe and sustainable future.

Making pipeline the safe option

We work with our clients to develop, implement, maintain and continuously improve best practices in SHE Risk Management of offshore pipelines.

SHE RiSK MANAGEMENT

dnv applies a risk-based approach to she

risk Management.



With a highly experienced and well trained global network of personnel, DNV is well placed to meet the requirements of a global pipeline market. We offer tailored solutions throughout the life cycle of pipeline systems with focus on adding value and safeguarding life, property and the environment.

Flow assUrance

DNV provides in-depth understanding of multi-phase flow characteristics in pipeline systems at both normal and incidental oper-ating conditions. This knowledge represents a valuable input to the optimisation of the design and operation of pipelines. And con-tributes to cost-effective solutions, and robust and effective pipeline performance.

We address the following key areas either as part of an integrated approach or as stand-alone services:

u Thermo-hydraulic analysis (pressure and temperature drop)

u Capacity/line sizingu Slug/terrain sluggingu Hydrate and wax predictionu Chemical injectionu Insulation optimisation/designu Start-up and shut downsu Cool downu Blow downu Water hammer/pressure surge analysisu Leak analysis

Understanding and analysing multiphase flows is a complicated task. DNV utilises the state-of-the-art transient multiphase pro-gramme OLGA to analyse issues related to production and transportation of multiphase flows from the reservoir to the separator. We participate in all phases of a project, from feasibility studies to the operational phase.

OLGA is developed for analysis of multiphase flow issues in pipe systems, and may be used

for both steady state and transient analysis. The programme solves the governing equa-tion for mass, momentum and energy for the various phases, based on flashing and condensation of the gas and liquid phases.

strUctUral design

A key element of DNV’s services is that inde-pendent detailed engineering analysis forms part of third party verification activities. We use a range of state-of-the-art software pack-ages to perform relevant technical analysis:

u Global and local bucklingu Pipe reelingu Pipe snakingu Upheaval bucklingu Expansion curveu Tie-in spool pieceu J-tube pull-inu Fatigue analyses for free spans and VIVu On bottom stabilityu Pipeline installation, dynamic and staticu Structural Design

Pushing the design envelope safely

Extreme free spans, global buckling of HPHT pipelines, ice scour induced loads and enhanced utilisation of materials in corrosive environments – DNV can help you break these and other barriers with confidence.

FlOW ASSURANCE, DESiGN, FOUNDATiONS AND MATERiAlS

High Pressure and High Temperature (HP/HT) pipelines will expand due to thermal and internal pressure. The integrity of such a pipeline can be assured either by restraining it and keeping it in place, or by releasing the compressive force by allowing it to buckle in a controlled manner. The choice is influenced by a number of complex parameters and depends on the operator’s and the designer’s experience and preference. Buried pipelines are normally designed not to buckle and, hence, to sustain the loads in the original configuration.

The new recommended practice DNV-RP-F110 Buckling of Pipelines is the result of the HOTPiPE joint industry Project (jiP) performed by Snamprogetti, Statoil and DNV and sponsored by Statoil, Agip, Shell, BP and Hydro. The new recommended practice complements DNV-OS-F101 and gives specific requirements for global buckling scenarios of HP/HT pipelines.

CASE:

iNTERNATiONAl R&Dhigh pressUre and high teMperatUre pipelines

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experienced and well-trained personnel ensure cutting edge solutions.


solid FoUndations

Geotechnical design is associated with a variety of challenges where a broad under-standing of both structural responses and soil characteristics is required. In DNV, soilpipe interaction issues are identified and solved by integrating the geotechnical services in the design or verification process. Our services involve application of DNV standards, other recognised standards, national requirements and client specifications. The services are offered for a broad scale of both onshore and offshore pipelines, including:

u Geophysical surveys to identify potential hazards

u Seismic hazard studiesu Soil investigations u Slope stability analysesu Flow analyses of failed soil

(‘debris flow’, turbidity flow)u Optimum pipeline route selectionu Soil properties and soil resistance

u Heat isolation for coveru Anchor or ice ridge hazards and

impact loading

the right Materials

Ensuring that the right material is selected, specified, delivered and installed is a key aspect of every successful pipeline project. DNV owns and operates material laboratories in Norway, Singapore and the USA. We draw on a wealth of experience from failure investigations, corrosion studies, testing and R&D projects to help the customer select the optimal material. We also help ensure that the materials are properly joined through our deep understanding of welding and non-destructive testing. DNV has pub-lished a number of codes and standards to ensure that the international pipeline industry has easy access to best practices.

u Assessment of ultimate pipe capacity u Fracture mechanics and fatigue assessment u Verification of material specifications

and manufacturing documentationu Mechanical testingu Metallurgical investigationsu Corrosion testingu Qualification of new materialsu Quality surveillanceu Troubleshootingu Remaining life assessmentu Failure investigation

critical issUe: Develop reservoirs with high pressure and high temperature characteristics.

solUtion: The new DNV RP-F110 with state-of-the-art methods.

key deliverables: The DNV RP-F110 includes design methods for:u Exposed pipelines on even/uneven seabed u Buried/covered pipelines with potential global

buckling in the vertical plane

valUe to the indUstry: Optimum pipeline design.

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our design support is based on advanced testing and technical analysis.



Authorities now tend to move from prescrip-tive regimes to functional requirements in a goal-setting regime, where safety shall be demonstrated based on risk approaches. Hence, there will probably be a stronger future demand for measurable objectives to be presented by the owners regarding safety to life, property and the environment.

Verification and certification have histori-cally been carried out with varying scope and depth of involvement. The depth of involvement, or level of verification, has not always been very transparent. In order to ensure a transparent approach, DNV was the first organisation that introduced a risk-based approach.

a risk-based approach

DNV aims through Risk-Based Verification, to instil confidence in our customers and other stakeholders. Through independent and competent scrutiny, the intent is to con-firm that the asset is designed, constructed and/or operated so that:

u It is fit for its intended purposeu Its level of integrity is as high as reason-

ably practicableu The associated risk to health, life, property

and environment is as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP)

The DNV OSS-301 Certification and Verifi-cation of Submarine Pipeline Systems, which describes DNV’s certification and verifica-tion services for pipeline systems, was pub-lished in October 2000. It is the first, and still only, publicly available detailed descrip-tion of third-party involvement for pipeline systems. The document gives detailed scope of work for certification and verifications for

three different levels, low, medium and high. This will allow the owner to select the degree of certification or verification in compliance with the overall risk objective for the project.

iMportance oF early involveMent

Risk-Based Verification services should seek to reduce any uncertainty in the field or pipeline development as early as possible. If any weaknesses are revealed, the services should allow for effective management of necessary changes. DNV’s verification expe-rience reinforces the important message of early involvement and the need for in-depth knowledge of the activities required to obtain optimal resource allocation for the verification process. A proactive approach is required, placing particular emphasis on roles and responsibilities.

The assurance of full independence

DNV’s transparent and fully independent approach to verification, certification, quality surveillance and marine operations will help reduce and manage risk, thereby ensuring a successful project.

VERiFiCATiON

Block KG-DWN-98/3 in the Krishna Godavari Basin, Bay of Bengal off the east coast of india is the first deepwater development in india. The gas field covers an area of 7,500 km2, located 40 kilometres and 60 kilometres south east of Kakinada with water depths of between 400 and 2,700 metres. Phase 1 of the project com-prises subsea production systems, flowlines, pipelines, a shallow water control and riser plat-form and an onshore process plant. it is devel-oped by Reliance industries ltd., india’s largest private sector enterprise, with businesses in the energy and materials value chain.

DNV has supported Reliance industries ltd. from the Front End Engineering Design (FEED) through to detailed design verification, manu-facture control and independent construction and installation inspection. The work is based on DNV-OSS-300 Risk Based Verification and utilises resources from DNV’s worldwide office network.

in addition to verification work, DNV is also supporting Reliance industries ltd. by analys-ing reliability, availability and maintainability of the overall system.

CASE:

KG D-6india’s First deepwater project

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to ensure confidence, dnv applies a risk-based approach to verfication.


qUality sUrveillance and inspection

The level of verification activity is differenti-ated according to the inherent risk (i.e. consequence) to the pipeline system. During the fabrication and installation phase we support our customers by providing:

u Quality surveillance during pipe manu-facturing and coating

u Inspection services and construction supervision through pipeline installation and commissioning

Depending on risk level low, medium or high, DNV’s attendance varies from an audit based approach to full 24/7 site team attendance.

Marine operations

The financial and technical consequences which may be incurred as a result of an accident or occurrence during offshore marine operations can be devastating. This fact alone emphasises the importance of a well-defined marine verification scope, a recognised technical reference, competence and experience, and quality within the marine verification service.

DNV stands up to these requirements through our integrity and independence, our close relation to in-house specialist disciplines, and through more than thirty years experience as warranty surveyor and marine verifier. We base our work on DNV Rules for Planning and Execution of Marine Operation.

global reach

The opportunities of the global energy market belong to those who approach them with a comprehensive understanding of risk. Equally important is the ability to implement solutions and uniform standards across geographies. That’s why DNV’s global presence is so highly valued by our customers in the energy sector. No matter where you conduct your business, DNV is close at hand and prepared to help. Our international organisation comprises a network of more than 300 offices spanning Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia and the Americas.

critical issUe: Managing risk in an international deepwater project with vendors and engineering consultants spread around the globe.

solUtion: Multidisciplinary competencies and state-of-the-art methods and tools. DNV’s world-wide network.

key deliverables: FEED verification. Design verification. RAM- analysis manufacture control. independent construction and installation inspection.

valUe delivered: Focus on critical design, fabrication and installation aspects.

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tiMeconceptUal phase coMMissioning

inc

re

ase

cost oF change

ability to inFlUence

early involvement= higher chance to implement changes with lower financial impact

early phase involveMent

dnv is close at hand and prepared to help all over the world.

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DNV provides a variety of services address-ing issues related to pipelines in operation. These services focus on reducing pipeline operating costs, while still maintaining an acceptable reliability and safety level. DNV experts team up with the pipeline operators to establish the most cost-effi-cient solutions for each pipeline system.

Most of our services for pipelines in opera-tion are requested during the pipeline operational phase. However, DNV also pro-vides operations-related services at an early design phase, ensuring that sound pipeline operational integrity has been built into the pipeline system during initial planning, design and construction. We build our services in the operational phase on the competence gained when participating in a number of joint industry development projects and developing DNV’s unique pipeline codes and standards. Services for Pipelines in Operation cover:

u Integrity Management involving all activities required for control and documentation of pipeline system integrity during its operational life. DNV also offers assistance for roll-out and/or implementation of the integrity management programme within an operator’s organisation.

u Condition Assessment for pipeline systems and components. This includes assessment of metal loss defects, dents and cracks (i.e. defect assessment) as well as assessment of freespan and global buckling (i.e. struc-tural integrity of HP/HT pipelines).

u Inspection and Maintenance Planning uses the results from the condition assess-ment to prioritise inspection and mainte-nance activities based on risk of failure balanced against cost of prevention work.

u Pipeline Operability Review allows the pipeline operator to identify and assess all important areas of potential operational improvement (with regard to both man-agement and technical solutions) against a set of ‘Best Practices’ based on DNV’s experience from major projects and inter-national operators.

u Re-qualification as required for lifetime extension, change of use of the pipelines systems, or modifications and repairs due to damage.

u Data management support by collecting and organising data needed for long term integrity management and daily opera-tion, covering pipeline data, surveys and inspection results, assessments etc.

Safely extending the lifespan As pipelines are put into operation and approach maturity in their design life, a different set of considerations and capabilities are required. At this stage, the value of planning the operational phase early in the project also becomes evident.

PiPEliNES iN OPERATiON

A four-tonne anchor hooked and damaged the DONG-operated oil pipeline, which runs from the Gorm Field to Filsø on the Danish west coast. The pipeline transports all oil from the Danish offshore sector to shore. The potential development of future fatigue failure initiated a repair of the pipeline. The damaged section was in water depths of 52 metres, and the pipeline was buried 1.5 metres below the seabed. The cost of closing the pipeline for the repair would have been significant, so the company wanted the pipeline to be repaired whilst in operation.

DNV provided support to DONG for the over-all repair approach and solutions, the damage assessment, the inspection requirements, the design of the repair clamp, the installation and the pipeline-excavation procedures.

The urgent request was quickly solved by inte-grating all relevant disciplines such as soil, materials, clamp design, marine operations, inspection techniques and the damage assess-ment. DNV also performed third party verifica-tion of the repair work from its offices in Esbjerg, Denmark, and Aberdeen, Scotland.

CASE:

GORM TO FilSø PiPEliNEan iMpossible pipeline repair

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our goal is to combine a high safety level with low operating costs.


u Support for Regulatory Compliance includ-ing interpretation of regulations, consul-tancy during planning and implementation, information management and meetings with regulators.

u Risk assessment supporting the operators in managing SHE and business risk. Methods such as HAZID and QRA can be applied at different levels of detail, and the output risk ranking can be used as basis for decision making approaches like RCM and RBI.

u Availability and reliability evaluations of pipeline networks provide confidence and maximise system uptime.

u Technical support for operators in con-nection with repair, troubleshooting, onsite support and technical advice, interven-tion, decommissioning, training etc.

web-based integrity ManageMent

ORBIT Pipeline is a Pipeline Integrity Manage-ment support software tool developed by DNV in close cooperation with leading oil and gas companies. The tool supports the activities and working process within pipeline integrity control and documentation, and contains modules for:

u Data managementu Condition assessmentu Defect evaluationsu Pipeline and component risk assessmentu Inspection planningu Pro-forma reporting

The new fully web-based ORBIT Pipeline Management System covers both onshore and offshore pipeline integrity management functions and is delivered with an Integrity Management Portal as standard. This portal provides ready access to historical reports, condition of all assets embraced by the sys-tem, overall risk profiles, system alerts and

status of integrity management projects and tasks in a traffic light fashion.

Tailored integration to customer applications, e.g. GIS, SAP and other systems is important to reduce the overall impact on a company when introducing a new pipeline integrity solution. Rather than replacing in-house applications, the pipeline integrity solution represents a strengthening of the company’s overall asset management as it is integrated with already well functioning in-house systems.

The oil and gas industry dedicates large resources to the development of tomorrow’s operations – making use of new technology for more efficient work processes. The ORBIT Pipeline will help you make faster and more qualified decisions, thereby safely extending the lifespan of your pipelines.

critical issUe: A four tonne anchor hooked onto an oil pipeline.

solUtion: A multidisciplinary approach to assess the condition and repair method for the pipeline.

key deliverables: Damage assessment. Repair method. installation support. inspection. Verification.

valUe to the cUstoMer: Pipeline successfully repaired without shutdown, saving several hundred million NOK.

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design analyses and re-design

aUthorities ManageMent cUstoMers pUblic

operations and Monitoring Maintenance inspections repairs eMergency

response

pipeline integrity ManageMent (piM)

dnv’s integrity management services and systems connect key operational activities with assessment and stakeholder requirements.

pipeline integrity ManageMent

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Following increased consumption of oil and natural gas, offshore pipeline construction activity is about to reach historic levels. Recent estimates forecast that close to 70,000 kilometres of offshore pipelines will be con-structed in the period from 2007 to 2011 with Europe as the front runner followed by the South Pacific, Far East and the Gulf of Mexico. Pipelines are effective and a highly reliable means for hydrocarbon transportation over short and medium range distances. They represent large investment costs for a field development or gas export transport system. These investment costs are highly influenced by the applicable codes for design and construction of the pipeline.

selecting the best code

Many national and international pipeline codes in use today worldwide are subject to various safety regimes and operator pre-ferences. What is the criteria for selecting the ‘best design code’? Is it the code giving the minimum wall thickness – or something else? DNV believes the selection criteria are simple and threefold:

u The code shall ensure at least a minimum safety level that is acceptable to society

u Given the above, the best code is the one that gives the minimum life cycle cost

u The code should comply with the overall ISO standards

For an ‘off the shelf’ pipeline design, any of the internationally recognised codes fulfill the first criterion based on historical record. Most of these codes are experience-based using an allowable stress format where all failure modes are covered implicitly in a few simple design formats. They are often simple

to apply and work well when applied within the scope of application, i.e. where there has been extensive past experience used as the basis for the code. For other pipeline designs where there is limited field experi-ence, such as HT/HP, deepwater, uneven seabed, arctic pipelines in ice-infested areas, only a limit-state-based design code with links to fabrication, installation and operation phases can ensure a minimum acceptable safety level.

a FaMily oF best practices

Based on our project experience, research, and joint industry development work, DNV issues a number of pipeline codes. These comprise service specifications, standards and recommended practices, and are highly regarded within the international pipeline community.

The DNV-OSS-301 Service Specification for Certification and Verification of Pipelines presents DNV’s approach for certification

Taking the industry forward

DNV’s first pipeline code was issued in 1976. Since then we have created a series of internationally recognised standards and recommended practices together with the pipeline industry.

WORlD-ClASS CODES AND STANDARDS

Russian energy giant Gazprom together with ENi of italy embarked on a very ambitious project when they decided to install two subsea gas pipelines across the Black Sea – the Blue Stream Project. The pipelines were built to meet the growing demand for more environ-mentally friendly energy in Turkey and have a capacity of 16 billion cubic metres per year.

The project faced challenges such as extreme water depths approaching 2,150 metres, a dif-ficult seabed topography both on the Russian and Turkish side, and high external H2S content. Furthermore, the installation took place in areas with high seismic activity.

DNV supported the project from the conceptual phase in 1995 to the installation completion of the two 24” diameter pipelines in 2002. The DNV-OS-F101 ‘Submarine Pipeline Systems’ was chosen as the governing code and has now been adapted as the corporate standard for all of Gazprom’s offshore pipelines.

CASE:

BlUE STREAMthe world’s deepest trUnkline

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dnv works closely with the industry to advance standards.

and verification of offshore pipelines. The specification presents a comprehensive and detailed risk based method for this service.

The DNV OS-F101 ‘Offshore Standard for Submarine Pipeline Systems’ provides acceptance criteria and design procedures for pipelines. The standard applies modern limit-state-design principles with ‘safety classes’ linked to consequences of failure.

The DNV standard is complemented by sev-eral recommended practices (RPs) which give detailed advice on how to analyse spe-cific technical aspects according to stated criteria:

u DNV RP-C205 Environmental Conditions and Environmental Loads

u DNV RP-F101 Corroded Pipelinesu DNV RP-F102 Pipeline Field Joint Coating

and Field Repair of Linepipe Coatingu DNV RP-F103 Cathodic Protection of

Submarine Pipelines by Galvanic Anodes

u DNV RP-F105 Free Spanning Pipelinesu DNV RP-F106 Factory Applied external

Pipeline Coatings for Corrosion Controlu DNV RP-F107 Risk Assessment of Pipeline

Protectionu DNV RP-F108 Fracture Control for

Pipeline Installation Methods Introducing Cyclic Plastic Strain

u DNV RP-F109 On-bottom Stabilityu DNV RP-F110 Global buckling of pipelinesu DNV RP-F111 Interference Between Trawl

Gear and Pipelinesu DNV-RP-F112 Design of Duplex Stainless

Steel Subsea Equipment Exposed to Cathodic Protection

u DNV RP-F113 Pipeline Subsea Repairu DNV RP-O501 Erosive wear in Piping

systems

Some of the above RPs were originally devel-oped for offshore pipelines, but are also rele-vant for onshore pipelines. See www.dnv.com for an overview of all available codes.

the FUtUre

Codes and standards should reflect current good practice and be open for application to innovation and state-of-the-art technology. Therefore ‘best codes’ do not exist statically or indefinitely. There will always be a need for developments and enhancements in order to guide and support the industry in relatively uncharted territories such as the arctic, ultra-deep waters, and projects with challenging fluid composition and long tie-back solutions.

We are currently working with the industry to develop better criteria for deepwater installations, better understanding of pipe/soil interaction, arctic pipelines and smarter pipeline integrity management.


critical issUe: installation of export pipelines at extreme water depths and demanding seabed conditions.

solUtion: Use of DNV-OS-F101 involving multidisciplinary competencies and state-of-the-art methods and tools.

key deliverables: Total System Certification via design verification, manufacture control and independent construction inspection.

valUe delivered: Completion on time in accordance with strict international standards.

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service speciFications

oFFshore standards

design

recoMMendedpractices

internationallyrecognised codes

constrUction

operation

strUctUre oF dnv oFFshore codes

a clearly set structure accommodates the different dnv codes.

u



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dnv energy Main oFFices:

Concept and design: C

REUN

A im

ages: Front cover DN

V, p2 Nina Rangøy, p6 D

NV,

p7 courtesy of StatoilHydro, D

NV, G

lobal industries ltd., p8 Corbis, p9 courtesy of

StatoilHydro, N

ina Rangøy, p10 DN

V, p11 DN

V, p12 DN

V, p13 DN

V, p14 DN

V, p15 Snam

progetti, p16 DN

V, p17 Saipem. Production: Ressurs

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