office fédéral de l'environnement ofev under our feet, there is life! · 2019-10-21 ·...
TRANSCRIPT
Département fédéral de l'environnement,
des transports, de l'énergie et de la communication DETEC
Office fédéral de l'environnement OFEV
© Brändle, Zimmermann / ChervetAgroscope / LANAT BE; Brändle, Berger, Wernli BGS
Under our feet, there is life!Qualities & Challenges of Soils in the
Alpine space
Under our feet, there is life!
SOIL PROPERTIES
SOIL FUNCTIONS
SOIL USE
LANDSCAPE
© Brändle, Zimmermann / ChervetAgroscope / LANAT BE; Brändle, Berger, Wernli BGS
AGGREGATECLAY HUMUS
COMPLEX
HORIZON SOIL
MOLECULES LANDSCAPE
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
Under our feet, there is life!
Under our feet, there is life!
Over 14 millions people live in the Alpine region* :
~ 2% of European population
About 120 millions tourists visit the Alps each year** :
~ 16% of European population (for comparison only)
Question: who knows…or worse, who cares?
*Demographic changes in the Alps (2015) Alpine Signals Special Edition 5
** wwf.panda.org/knowledge_hub/where_we_work/alps/problems/tourism/
Soil functions:
• Production
• Regulation
• Habitat
• Support
• Archive
• Raw material
Under our feet, there is life!
Soil functions as defined in the Swiss Soil Strategy
Soil functions:
• Production
• Regulation
• Habitat
• Support
• Archive
• Raw material
Under our feet, there is life!
CONCLUSION # 1
Production, regulation, habitat: ecological
functions
Support, archive, raw material: socio-
economic functions
Soil protection is the protection of soil
organisms’ habitat
Challenges for soils in the Alpine space
Soil management fit for the future
> sustainable soil management
Sustainable soil management
KNOWLEDGE
AWARNESS
POLICY
DECISION
IMPLEMENTATION
MONITORING
PA
TH
WA
Y
Sustainable soil management
KNOWLEDGE
AWARNESS
POLICY
DECISION
IMPLEMENTATION
MONITORING
PA
TH
WA
Y
SCIENCE (research programmes)
LOCALLY HELD KNOWLEDGE (Farmers, …)
PROBLEM DEFINITION, SOLUTIONS, AWARENESS
Sustainable soil management
KNOWLEDGE
AWARNESS
POLICY
DECISION
IMPLEMENTATION
MONITORING
PA
TH
WA
Y
SCIENCE (research programmes)
LOCALLY HELD KNOWLEDGE (Farmers, …)
PROBLEM DEFINITION, SOLUTIONS, AWARENESS
GENERAL PUBLIC (gobal initiatives, different medias)
AUTHORITIES (NGOs, citizen initiatives, …)
MANDATE
Sustainable soil management
KNOWLEDGE
AWARNESS
POLICY
DECISION
IMPLEMENTATION
MONITORING
PA
TH
WA
Y
SCIENCE (research programmes)
LOCALLY HELD KNOWLEDGE (Farmers, …)
PROBLEM DEFINITION, SOLUTIONS, AWARENESS
GENERAL PUBLIC (gobal initiatives, different medias)
AUTHORITIES (NGOs, citizen initiatives, …)
MANDATE
NATIONAL (ministries, regional administration)
INTERNATIONAL (UNO conventions, FAO-GSP, …)
POLICIES, LAW PROPOSALS, GUIDELINES
Sustainable soil management
KNOWLEDGE
AWARNESS
POLICY
DECISION
IMPLEMENTATION
MONITORING
PA
TH
WA
Y
SCIENCE (research programmes)
LOCALLY HELD KNOWLEDGE (Farmers, …)
PROBLEM DEFINITION, SOLUTIONS, AWARENESS
GENERAL PUBLIC (gobal initiatives, different medias)
AUTHORITIES (NGOs, citizen initiatives, …)
MANDATE
NATIONAL (ministries, regional administration)
INTERNATIONAL (UNO conventions, FAO-GSP, …)
POLICIES, LAW PROPOSALS, GUIDELINES
PARLAMENTS, GOVERNMENTS
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS
LEGISLATION
Sustainable soil management
KNOWLEDGE
AWARNESS
POLICY
DECISION
IMPLEMENTATION
MONITORING
PA
TH
WA
Y
SCIENCE (research programmes)
LOCALLY HELD KNOWLEDGE (Farmers, …)
PROBLEM DEFINITION, SOLUTIONS, AWARENESS
GENERAL PUBLIC (gobal initiatives, different medias)
AUTHORITIES (NGOs, citizen initiatives, …)
MANDATE
NATIONAL (ministries, regional administration)
INTERNATIONAL (UNO conventions, FAO-GSP, …)
POLICIES, LAW PROPOSALS, GUIDELINES
LEGISLATION
LOCAL (agricultural practices, …)
NATIONAL (spatial planning, …)
MANAGEMENT
PARLAMENTS, GOVERNMENTS
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS
Sustainable soil management
KNOWLEDGE
AWARNESS
POLICY
DECISION
IMPLEMENTATION
MONITORING
PA
TH
WA
Y
SCIENCE (research programmes)
LOCALLY HELD KNOWLEDGE (Farmers, …)
PROBLEM DEFINITION, SOLUTIONS, AWARENESS
GENERAL PUBLIC (gobal initiatives, different medias)
AUTHORITIES (NGOs, citizen initiatives, …)
MANDATE
NATIONAL (ministries, regional administration)
INTERNATIONAL (UNO conventions, FAO-GSP, …)
POLICIES, LAW PROPOSALS, GUIDELINES
LEGISLATION
LOCAL (agricultural practices, …)
NATIONAL (spatial planning, …)
MANAGEMENT
DIRECT (soil monitoring, …)
INDIRECT (global footprint, …)
ASSESSMENT
PARLAMENTS, GOVERNMENTS
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS
CO
MM
UN
ICA
TIO
N !
!Sustainable soil management
KNOWLEDGE
AWARNESS
POLICY
DECISION
IMPLEMENTATION
MONITORING
SCIENCE (research programmes)
LOCALLY HELD KNOWLEDGE (Farmers, …)
PROBLEM DEFINITION, SOLUTIONS, AWARENESS
GENERAL PUBLIC (gobal initiatives, different medias)
AUTHORITIES (NGOs, citizen initiatives, …)
MANDATE
NATIONAL (ministries, regional administration)
INTERNATIONAL (UNO conventions, FAO-GSP, …)
POLICIES, LAW PROPOSALS, GUIDELINES
LEGISLATION
LOCAL (agricultural practices, …)
NATIONAL (spatial planning, …)
MANAGEMENT
DIRECT (soil monitoring, …)
INDIRECT (global footprint, …)
ASSESSMENT
PARLAMENTS, GOVERNMENTS
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS
Clay leachingCAM
BIS
OL
Cation exchange capacity
oxydo-r
eductio
nPODZOLISATION
ALLUVIAL
DEPOSITS
pH
min
eralizati
on
Solo
netz
Water soluble
fraction
Sulphur-oxidising bacteria
PLATY STRUCTURE
BULK DENSITY
C:N ratio
watt
erlo
ggin
g
azotobacter
MYCO
RR
HIZ
A
petr
ocalc
ic
hori
zon
Soil Organic Matter
SO
IL S
CIE
NC
E
Soil communication
SOIL SCIENCE
COMMUNITY
ARCHIVE
HABITAT
PRODUCTION
RAW MATERIAL
REGULATION
SUPPORT
SOIL SCIENCE
COMMUNITY
TR
AN
SL
AT
ION
Soil communication
SOIL FUNCTIONS
Soil functions as defined in the Swiss Soil Strategy
CONCLUSION # 2
Soil protection depends not only on science
Soil protection depends on the whole society
> POLITICAL SUPPORT
> FINANCIAL INCENTIVES
> SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE
Communication science – society
Milestones of Soil Protection at the International Level
1972 Stockholm Conference (Declaration on the Human
Environment)
[…] the natural ressources of the earth, including […] land […],
must be safeguarded […] for the benefit of present and future
generations […]”
Land vs Soil…
Ginzky H., Heuser I.L., Qin T., Ruppel O.C., Wegerdt P. (ed). 2017. International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy 2016. Springer
Soil : local, national, international resource
Milestones of Soil Protection at the International Level
1992 Rio Conference
UNFCCC (Climate Change Convention) Article 3.3 “[…] cover all relevant sources, sinks and reservoirs
of greenhouse gases”
UNCBD (Convention on Biological Diversity) The CBD text does not contain specific provisions with regard
to the protection and sustainable use of soils.
UNCCD (Convention to Combat Desertification) Only legally binding convention including specifically soils.
Geographical scope limited to drylands (about 40% of the
terrestrial surface)
Ginzky H., Heuser I.L., Qin T., Ruppel O.C., Wegerdt P. (ed). 2017. International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy 2016. Springer
Soil : local, national, international resource
Milestones of Soil Protection at the International Level
2012 Rio+20 Conference (The Future We Want) “We recognize the economic and social significance of good
land management, including soil […] (and) the need for urgent
action to reverse land degradation […]. […] we will strive to
achieve a land-degradation neutral world […].
Ginzky H., Heuser I.L., Qin T., Ruppel O.C., Wegerdt P. (ed). 2017. International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy 2016. Springer
Soil : local, national, international resource
Milestones of Soil Protection at the International Level
2015 Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development (17
Sustainable Development Goals)
Target 15.3 By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and
soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and
strive to achieve a land-degradation-neutral world.
Soil : local, national, international resource
Milestones of Soil Protection at the International Level
2015 Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development (17
Sustainable Development Goals)
Target 13.2 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-
related hazards and natural disasters in all countries .
Soil : local, national, international resource
Milestones of Soil Protection at the International Level
1991 Alpine Convention (and its Soil Protection Protocol)
Only legally binding regional instrument that focuses
specifically on soil protection and sustainable use of soils.
Ginzky H., Heuser I.L., Qin T., Ruppel O.C., Wegerdt P. (ed). 2017. International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy 2016. Springer
Soil : local, national, international resource
CONCLUSION # 3
Soil is a national resource, soil functions and
ecosystem services are transboundary
International soil protection is weak…but…
The Soil Protocol : a unique legally binding
instrument focusing on soils
«Soft» laws : stimulus for the improvement
of global and national laws
Soil Partnerships
| GSP Global Soil Partnership
50 countries
21 countries
47 countries22 countries
11 countries
24 countries
24 countries
2 countries
Improve governance of the soil resources (agriculturally productive soils
for a food secure world, support essential ecosystem services)
Address five pillars of action to be implemented in collaboration with its
regional soil partnerships
PILLAR 1
soil management
PILLAR 2
awareness raising
PILLAR 3
research
PILLAR 4
information and data
PILLAR 5
harmonization
Encourage investment, technical cooperation,
policy, education, awareness and extension in
soil
Promote targeted soil research and
development focusing on identified gaps,
priorities and synergies with related productive,
environmental and social development actions
Promote sustainable management of soil
resources for soil protection, conservation and
sustainable productivity
Enhance the quantity and quality of soil data and
information: data collection (generation),
analysis, validation, reporting, monitoring and
integration with other disciplines
Harmonization of methods, measurements and
indicator for the sustainable management and
protection of soil resources
Soil Partnerships
| GSP Global Soil Partnership
Soil Partnerships
| ESP European Soil Partnership
50 countries
21 countries
47 countries22 countries
11 countries
24 countries
24 countries
2 countries
Soil Partnerships
| ESP European Regional Soil Partnership
Main forces
Knowledge
Practices
Experience
Main challenges
Specific threats (urbanization, …)
Awareness raising
Collaboration, networks
Soil Partnerships
| ESP European Regional Soil Partnership
COLLABORATION
COMMUNICATION
COOPERATION
• Shared messages• Among ESP members
• Towards decision-makers,
stakeholders
• Shared visions• Set priorities
• Shared tools• e.g. Implementation plan
Identification of case studies with successfully implemented SSM at
European level
Awareness raising activities (European Soil Atlas, summer schools, …)
Soil Partnerships
| AlpSP Alpine Soil Partnership
50 countries
21 countries
47 countries22 countries
11 countries
24 countries
24 countries
2 countries
Promote SSM practices relevant and applicable to the Alps
Organization adapted to local/regional decision makers
Soil protection practiced/communicated in national languages
CONCLUSION # 4
Global/European Soil Partnerships (voluntary)
> effective support and powerfull incentive
Implementation of sustainable soil
management > at local level, with local
solutions
The Alpine Soil Partnership is an answer
to the Alpine specific challenges
Soil protection on construction sites – Swiss example
Arable surface (23%)
Pasture (12%)
Forest (31%)
Lake, river (4%)
Built area (7.5%)
Unproductive surface (22%)
Federal Statistical Office, 2014 (rounded figures)
Soil protection on construction sites – Swiss example
> Urban surfaces (+ 23% between 1985 and 2009)
> Essentially at the expense of agricultural soils
Land use change
1985-2009
Federal Statistical Office, 2015
Soil protection on construction sites – Swiss example
> constructions on arable land (Plateau 15% urbanization)
Competition between building activities and agriculture
Remaining agricultural surfaces in 2001 if urbanization is
continuing at the same pace (1,3 m2 per seconde)
Soil protection on construction sites – Swiss example
Soil protection on construction sites – Swiss example
Ordinance relating to Impacts on the Soil (1998)
Art. 7 Treatment of excavated soils
1 A person who manipulates or excavates the soil shall do so in
such a way that it can eventually be used again as soil.
Commentary on the ordinance of 1 July 1998 relating to impacts on the soil (OIS) 2001 > FOEN website
Ordinance on the Avoidance and the Disposal of Waste
(2016)
Art. 18 Removed topsoil and subsoil1 Removed topsoil and subsoil must be recovered in full if possible
[…]
Soil protection on construction sites – Swiss example
> Avoid soil compaction
soil properties (texture, structure, …)
soil moisture
machinery
Soil protection on construction sites – Swiss example
> Avoid soil pollution
chemical pollution (transfer or on site)
biological pollution (weeds, invasive
plants)
Soil protection on construction sites – Swiss example
> Preserve soil quality
soil horizons
recultivation
reuse of excavated soil offsite
Soil protection on construction sites – Swiss example
EXPERTS SPECPSOIL PROTECTION EXPERT FOR
CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
> multidisciplinary training course
> certification system
> quality assurance
> exchange of best practices
> SPECP « community »
Soil protection on
construction sites
Evaluation and utilisation of
excavated soils
CONCLUSION # 5
Cooperation : key to the success
Legal bases (EIA, soil ordinance, waste ordinance)
Policy support (guidelines, financial support)
Collaboration between all stakeholders (soil science
society, federal and cantonal administration, experts
SPSC, construction people, farmers, etc.)
Positive experiences (prevention costs < repair costs)
Soil protection on construction sites in Alpine context
> Climate conditions (short vegetation and work period)
> Topography and accessibility (machinery)
> Soil heterogeneity
> Natural hazards, harsh working conditions
> Fragile ecosystems Nina von Albertini (Umwelt Boden Bau)
Soil protection on construction sites in Alpine context
Nina von Albertini (Umwelt Boden Bau)Excavation: soil + vegetation («sods»)
Soil protection on construction sites in Alpine context
Nina von Albertini (Umwelt Boden Bau)
Reference surface 3 years after recultivation
Chemical pollution (anti-corrosion coating)
Zinc
> Guide value: 150 mg/kg
> Trigger value: 300 mg/kg
> Clean-up value: 2000 mg/kg
Soil protection on construction sites in Alpine context
LAST CONCLUSION
Sustainable soil management depends on
evolving knowledge
Soil protection depends on public awareness
> SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
> LOCALLY HELD KNOWLEDGE
> INTEGRATED KNOWLEDGE
> SHARED KNOWLEDGE
Soil litteracy !
Under our feet, there is a hidden landscape
Swiss Soil Strategy
SOIL USELAND USES
SOIL PROPERTIESCHEMICAL, PHYSICAL
AND BIOLOGICAL
STATE
SOIL FUNCTIONSPOTENTIAL TO
PROVIDE ECOSYSTEM
SERVICES
SOIL USE AFFECTS
SOIL PROPERTIES
SITE SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS
ECOSYSTEM
SERVICESSOCIAL & ECONOMIC
VALUES
> Uneven urbanization (climate, topography): ≈15% on the Plateau region
5 biogeographical regions
Built area (%)
Jura mountain Plateau region
the Prealps
the Alps
the South Alps
Soil protection on construction sites – Swiss example
Arable surface (23%)
Pasture (12%)
Forest (31%)
Lake, river (4%)
Built area (7.5%)
Unproductive surface (22%)
Federal Statistical Office, 2014 (rounded figures)