ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DEVISION

MULTIPLEXINGAND OPTICAL COMMUNICATION

GUIDED BY :SUMAN SWAMI[Lecturer of ECE Dept.]

PREPARED BY :SUMAN SIDH[10EEBEC083]

ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING:

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), essentially identical to coded OFDM (COFDM) and discrete multi-tone modulation (DMT), is a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) scheme utilized as a digital multi-carrier modulation method. A large number of closely-spaced orthogonal sub-carriers are used to carry data. The data is divided into several parallel data streams or channels, one for each sub-carrier. Each sub-carrier is modulated with a conventional modulation scheme (such as quadrature amplitude modulation or phase-shift keying) at a low symbol rate, maintaining total data rates similar to conventional single-carrier modulation schemes in the same bandwidth.

ORTHOGONALITY :In terms of real functions, the integral of the product of any two different functions is zero. Sx(t)=Ax(t)cos(Wx)

Sy(t)=Ay(t)cos(Wy)

F(t)=Sx(t)*Sy(t)= 0

OFDM SYSTEM MODEL :

OFDM Transmitter

OFDM Receiver

OFDM Principles :

1. The concept of multicarrier (parallel) transmission

In a mobile radio environment, the signal is carried by a large number of paths with different strength and delays. Such multipath dispersion of the signal is commonly referred as„ channel-induced ISI”and yields the same kind of ISI distortion caused by an electronic filter

2. Necessity of PAPR:

These large peaks cause saturation in power amplifiers, leading to intermodulationproducts among the subcarriers and disturbing out of band energy. Therefore, it is desirable to reduce the PAPR. · To reduce the PAPR, several techniques have been proposed such as clipping, coding , peak windowing, Tone Reservation and Tone Injection. But, most of these methods are unable to achieve simultaneously a large reduction in PAPR with low complexity, with low coding overhead, without performance degradation and without transmitter receiver symbol handshake.

•There are some obstacles in using OFDM in transmission system in contrast to its advantages. A major obstacle is that the OFDM signal exhibits a very high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR).

3.Orthogonality

7. Implementation using the FFT algorithm

8. Guard interval for elimination of inter symbol interference

5. Simplified equalization

4.Channel coding and interleaving

6. Adaptive transmission

9. OFDM extended with multiple access

OFDM FOR OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS :

Despite the many advantages of OFDM, and its widespreaduse in wireless communications, OFDM has only recently beenapplied to optical communications. This is partly because of therecent demand for increased data rates across dispersive opticalmedia and partly because developments in digital signal processing(DSP) technology make processing at optical data ratesfeasible. However another important obstacle has been the fundamentaldifferences between conventional OFDM systems andconventional optical systems.

A. Optical OFDM Using Intensity Modulation

B. Optical OFDM Using Linear Field Modulation

C. MIMO-OFDM for Optical Communications

Types of OPTICAL COMMUNICATION Using OFDM

APPLICATION OF OFDM SYSTEMCable:•ADSL and VDSL broadband access via POTS copper wiring.•DVB-C2, an enhanced version of the DVB-C digital cable TV standard.•Power line communication (PLC).•ITU-T G.hn, a standard which provides high-speed local area networking over

existing home wiring (p•Multimedia over Coax Alliance (MoCA) home networking.

Wireless:•The wireless LAN (WLAN) radio interfaces IEEE 802.11a, g, n and HIPERLAN/2.•The terrestrial digital TV systems DVB-T and ISDB-T.•The terrestrial mobile TV systems DVB-H, T-DMB, ISDB-T and Media FLO forward

link.•The wireless personal area network (PAN) ultra-wideband (UWB) IEEE 802.15.3aThe OFDM based multiple access technology OFDMA is also used in several 4G

and pre-4G cellular networks and mobile broadband standards:•The mobility mode of the wireless MAN/broadband wireless access (BWA)

standard IEEE 802.16e (or Mobile-WiMAX).•The mobile broadband wireless access (MBWA) standard IEEE 802.20.

Advantages:•Can easily adapt to severe channel conditions without complex time-domain equalization.•Robust against narrow-band co-channel interference.•Robust against intersymbol interference (ISI) and fading caused by multipath propagation.•High spectral efficiency as compared to conventional modulation schemes, spread spectrum, etc.•Efficient implementation using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).•Low sensitivity to time synchronization errors.•Tuned sub-channel receiver filters are not required (unlike conventional FDM).•Facilitates single frequency networks (SFNs); i.e., transmitter macrodiversity.

Disadvantages:

•Sensitive to Doppler shift.•Sensitive to frequency synchronization problems.•High peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR), requiring linear transmitter circuitry, which suffers from poor power efficiency.•Loss of efficiency caused by cyclic prefix/guard interval.

THANK YOU