. . . . |

-* .

FIFTH ANNUA[.,OF THE

VOLIJN4L"

GLH {GARRY

Ruins of the old Lirne Kiln on Highway 43, Third Kenyon

1965-6b

I .N D E X

Off icers and Dl-reetors o 1966, . o .

Financial Statenent . I o . . . . ' .

The Yearrs Act iv i t ies . . . r . .

0he Diary of Donald Kippen . . . . o

An Old. Document - The Glengamlan . .

Glengamyt s Highland. Games- Hugh P. Mac}IiLlan , . . '

The Seott ish Clan Systen- Rev. H. Russel l Ferguson

Highlights of CountY HistorY . . . .

[he Bread.albane Baptist Church- Centerurial Booklet 1816

Scots Along the Arct ic Circ le-R. J. Fraser . . . . . -

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GIENGARRY HISTORICAI SOCIEIY

oFFT0ERS AITD DIRECTORS** t966-67

Past Presid.ent:

Presid ent :

Vice-Presid.ent :

Secretary:

l lreasurer:

Press Secretary:

DIRECIORS:

Chaf l Ot f, cn'lrrr r.cnh,:

Kenyon:

LohieL:

Alexandr ia:

lancaster:

Maxvi l le:

Mr. Ian MacMartinMart intown,Ont.

Mr. John D. Maclreod.Box 22Dunveganr Ont.

Mr" John Mclarenlancaster, Ont.

I ' , I rs. Ceci l MacRaeR. R. #lMaxui l le, Ont.

Mr. l i [. A, MacKj-nnon76 Main St. NnItl"exand-ria, Ont.

Mrs. Clarence MacMil lanR. R. #1Alexand.riao Ont.

l\f iss L. Dunlop,! ' . : ' l 1; -" ' tc

L?vtrr1"J. , Qnt.

Rev, H. Ro FergusonDunvegan, Ont.

l/ lr. Cecll IVIacRaeR. R. #rMaxvi l le, Ont.

ir,4r. Clarence Macit, i i lLanT)p41rL. !L. lTL

A lexand-r ia, Ont.Mr, Douglas UIacl,l i l- lanR, R. #1Glen Sand-f ie ld. , Ont.

Mr. lorne Haf lAlexanclri-a, Ont.Mr, Reuben Rossl ,ancaster, Ont.i i f ir. R, .{" Stewartl,{arrri r- l. e r 0n b .

Mr. Duncan GrantWil l . i am stown, Ont,

Mr, Keith Franklinll1J( . f i . vFI

Maxr,rille , Ont,,

Mrs. V, Crowleylh

J1r l to #rGlen Sandf ie ld.Ont.

Mr. J. T. Sni thAleranrlr-i. e ,, O::1.Mr. W. H. WrightSouth L,ancasterlVlrs. i I / . C. ScottMa:nr i l leo Ont.

a

nirectors-at- large:

conruI[[E3s:Histor ical Research:

Histor ian:

Museum Curator:

Dr. Sinoa tr'raserCornwal l , Ont.

Mr. Kelth MaclntoshR. R. #2Monkland., Ont.

Mr. l!. C. McNaughtonDalhousie Stn. , Ont.

Mr. H. P. MacMil lanWil lowd.ale, Ont.

Mr, Harold. MacMillanHawkesbury, Ont.

Mrs. J, P. MacleodR. R. ir:..Dunvegan, Ont.

GI,ENGARRY HISTORICAJ, SOCIETY

Financial Report for L965

ReceLpts

Bank Balancg r . . . . . . . t . . r . c. r . . . . . . . . . . o. . . ' .$Petty Cash .r . . . . . . . . o ' . . . o. . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . .Membership Fees . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . .Merival€ W. I . . . . . . . . . . . r .o. .o. .c.o. . . . . . . t

Farm tr toru.m, Dunvegao . . r r . . . . . . . . . . o t o ' . r . r r .I f ivate Donat ions . r . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . .

E)(FENDfTURES

Seaway Val ley [ rave]- Counci l . . o. ' . r . . . . " . . . .$Provincial Secretar1r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t .Ngws fuint i -ng Co. . . . . . . . . . . . t a. r . . . . . o . r . . .Nelson Montgon€rXr Caretakgr . . . . . . . . ' . . . t . .Dan MacIrgod., }abour . . . . . . . r . o. I r . . . . . . . o. . .Guind.on, Flaster ing Barn . . I r r . . r . . . . . . . . r r .Char l ie McDonel l , t ruck & loader rental . . . . .Alphonse Card.inal, gravel

66]-.922.+2

v6.oa5.00

25.78,4.+t

Door Receipts, Fid.d, lerrs Contest . . . . . . . . . . . . 301.0ORev. J, D. McPhal l , Donat ion to contest . r . , 2r .OOMuseun col lect ions, books, etc. . r ,o. . . . r . . . 445.87Old. books . . . . . . . r . . r . . . . . . . t ?. . . . . . . . r . I r . t 1.OOBank Interest . . . . r . r . r r . . . . r . . r . . . . . . o. . . . . . L4.raProvi-ncial Grant . . . . . . r . . t . . . f . o. . . . . r . . ! o. 446.00Townsb. ip Grant . I o. c. . . . ' r . . . . . . c. . . . . . . . . . . - - - l99gQQ

Total . . . f r . . .$2rV2O.94

Menard. Constr $Tavgl . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . c. r . . .Ma:nr i l - le Feed. & Seed.r cement & Li-ne . r . . . . . , .Mrs. J. p. Macf.roed., typing, telephone, etc. .Ian McMart in, ad.vance on postcard.s r . . . . , . . . .Dexter Colour l , td. . r card.s . . r . . . . . ' . .o. . . . . . .I [ . I . MacKinnon, suppl ies . . . . r . r . . . . . . r . . . .Pr izes, Fid.d. lerrs Contest .Jud.ges . . . . . . . . . t . . . . . . . . . .Caretekerr Alexand.er HalL .Stand.ard. Freehold.er, ad.v l t . . . . . . . . . , . . . , . .oVanklggk Hi l l - Review, ad.vrt . . . . . . . . . . . .o. . .Stgd.manls suppl ies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . i . . . . .I rOeWgnf S StOfe . r . r . . . . . oc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' .Stanps . o. . . . . . . . aa. . . . . r . r . . . r . a a r . . . . r . . . .t r t i l j .on Jewel lers . . r r . . . . ' r r . . . . . . . . . r . . r . r rMuseum'; [orkship, d.elegates . . . . . . . . . . r . . r . . .D. B. MacKi l l ican, Insurancg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Deptt l \ rb l ic Record.s & Archives . . . . r , . . . . . .Off i .cers expensgs . . . . . . . .o. . . r . f . . . . . . . . . . .Fees, Curator and. Assistant . . . . r . , . . . . . . . r .C. MacMil lant separator r . . . . .1. . . . . . . . r . . . .Syping r . . o a. r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r r . . . . . . . . .Paper for annual volrrne . i . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Barrk Charges . . . r . r . . . r r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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lir-iC-i-teC. ano found- co:-"c:ct, -bi:is 2it'i:h. C.qY of Ieb::'u'rtr:'J ,"'LQ56,i ie i l B. Macleod., Du.nvegano Cnt.

ij)he ::a:.]<ll*r -jtqrve

TIIE YErri? | S ACTIVIIIES

In 1965 the Glengarry Histor icaL.Society had. another

busy and successful year, The routine nrmber of business

neetings were held., along with a couple of social- qather-

ings. This 'Jva.s the first year that the land.scaping was

eomplete around. the build.ines, and. the museum with its

white 1og r',ralls l-ooked. parti-cularly attractive set in aa

expanse of f ine flreen lawn, vrith the ad.d.it ional gay touch

of the red. geraniums arid- the pink petunia bed.s. The great

iron pot hangs near the ed.p3e of the creek, and the l itt le

wil low tree piantedi soroe years ago has Srown rapid.ly and.

C;raceful ly. I t was pcssibl-e to d. isplay several large

iterns of farrn rnachiner;'outd.oors rrshen a strip of the lot

was gravelled., and. the barn ivas opened- to the public wlth

e f i ne di snl aw of sma' l I e- farmi nc" enrr i nmcnt.i ruu u4uyruJ v i urr . i . : ! !v- ! s! I r ! r r /_a

The first regqular neeti-ng rryas he1d. in the Board- Room

in Al-exand.ria in April. A report was given by Mr, Ian

ir,{chlartin o;r the Frcjected. museun of the fur trade in the

o1d. l, l i l l iarnstovu:r Public School. A l-etter vras sent to Sir

John Johnson, to rrl ion the la.nd. sti l l belongs. A d.iscus-

sj-on was hetd- on the advisabil ity of having hyd.ro installed.

in the museum, I.u lvas felt that although this would- be

an anachronlsm in a build"ing of this &8or that if the

wire vrere brought in unobtrusively und.erground. r arrd- a

couple of outlets concealed inside the building i-t vuould

greatly facil i tate l i4hting and" cleaning the rooms, and.

make the curatorts work much easi-er.

The Yearrs Act i -v i t ies - cont 'd.

Several thousand. flyers, inproved" and upd.ated" maBs, and

postcard.e of the build.ing were ordered. for the coming

season.

0n May 19 a busi-ness meeting was held" in the museum

to arrange for gravelling the yard., and. setting up the

d.isplays insid.e the barn. Great cred.it for the beautiful

lawn and. the interesting machinery exhibit must go to the

caretaker, }l ir. lTelson I\[ontgom€ryr who spend.s bours amang-

ingr setting up, repairing, and. assembling the large va-

riety of i-tems that the barn no\Jrr houses.

Another neeting rnas held in the Board. Room on June

10. Bees were amanged to read-y the museum for its offi-

cial opening, although as in other years the curator had.

been present on week-end.s and" receiving a consid-erable

number of early vlsitors since the twenty-fourth of May.

Mr. and Mrs. J.[. Snith of Alexand.rla had. presented a

gift of petunias to be used. in the land.scaping arormd.

the build.inqs. The highlight of the evening rvas a movie

by Mr. and l\Irs. Mack McRae of lVil l iamstown on their trip

to Great Bri-tain. Mr. &rrd Mrs. Cecil MacRae also showed.

their movies of the Highland. Games in ltulaxville, and. the

official- opening of the museum. Plans were mad-e for the

Societyrs usual booth at the Mannil le Games. At an August

meeting of the offj.cers it was reluctantly decid-ed. to

to drop pIa: :s for a s i reet dance as a fund.rais ing pro;ecty

7lhe Yearts Act iv i t ies contrd.

d.ue to unforeseen d.iff icult ies in securlng officiaL per-

mi-ssi.on for the event.

At the Septerober raeeting a very enlightening talk

was given by the Rev. II. Russel Ferguson of Dunvegan on

the Scottish CLan Systen, which has been reprinted. in the

current annual volume since it contained. a great d.eal of

reference materi.al. The Society was well represented. at

the unvell ing of the inpressive McT.,eod. CIan Cai/tr at

Dalkeith. A booth at ;I iLliarostown Fair was highly suc-

cessful, d.ue to the fine weather and. the very large atten-

d.ance at the fair.

fhe museum c].osed for the season after the Thanks-

givlng Day holiday on the tweLfth of October, Tb.e atten-

d.ance was up again from last year to nearly fifteen hun-

d.red., which vrras gratifying to all the menbers wb.o had

worked. so hard. to make the year a success, [he curator

was pleased" to have visitors from all over the country,

including a large mrmber from Quebec, and. among these a

bus-load. fron Hud.son Heights. Several schools paid offi-

cial visits including Skye, and. Hawkesbury Publicr and

severaL li lomenrs Instltutes toured. the build.ings. Much

appreciated. vrere the complinents many of these people

paid to the curator on pai'ticul-ar e:drj.bits that had im-

pressed. them, s ince a considerable number of these people

were weLl- travelled. and in a position to speak witb au-

thority on their antiques.

8

The Yearf s Act iv i t ies contfd.

And. it is sti1l iuith the qreatest satisfaction that the

curator, i ' lrs. iulcleod., reports that Large numbers of 1ocal

people continue to visit the museui"i, some for the fourth

and. f ifth tine, bringing their friend.s with them. So

long as these people feel r r i t is our museum" our project

wil l thri-ve, for in them is our main support. iu[rs. l{cleod.

also greatl-y appreci.ated. the wil l ingness of noany of the

Ioca.I lad"ies to help her with the chores of cleaning and

painting in the nnuseun, and. they mad.e her work much lighter.

fhe 01d Time Fid.dlersI Contest was held in October

as usuaL and. was an outstand.inq success. More contes-

tants than ever were entered, to the Cellght and enter-

talnment of a capacity crowd.. At a smal1 gatheri.ng of

the members after the Fid.d.lers' Contest gifts of jeiv-

ellery were presented. to the retirj-ng treasurer, l,[r.

l,{artin Ferg;uson, and. I*rs. Ferguson. Mr. Ferguson has

served ably and enthusiastically since the beqinning of

the orglanization, and. both he and- bllrs. Ferguson have d.e-

voted. hours of work on beb.alf of the Society. lTe have

always been grateful for their unfail ing support.

In nid.-October the Ontario l l istorical Society held.

its Annual lirlorkshop, &luseums Secti-onr at Upper Canad.a

Vi l lage. As the Societyts delegates l , [ r . and. Mrs. f r1.4.

MacKinnon and. Mrs. Mora l,{eleod attended for one d.ay.

9fhe Yearf s Act i .v i t ies contrd.

[hey found. the sesslon partlcularly interesting and. in-

formative, and. very nuch enjoyed. the chance to talk shop

with d.elegates from all the other museums in the province.

The November meeting r,vas given a ful1 report of the

tr' id.d.lersr Contest. This neeting was held. in the Hub

Restaurant and. the members enjoyed. the company of nir.

Hugh P. Macl\{i l lan who outl i-ned tentative projects such

as the Glengarry Found-ation, the prospectus for the pre-

servation of the rtt i l l iamstolrn area as an historic precinct,

and. a canoe race from l, l innesota as a possible commemoration

of the opening of a fu:: trad.erst museum.

[he annual neeting rvas held Mareh 2 in the Board.

Room. There were few changes in the s late of of f icers,

most of them remaining in office for their second. year.

A sincere vote of thanks rnras tendered to the retiring

secretary lVirs. J.P. lV1acT-,eod., who has been combining the

d.uties of secretarJr ancL curator. lTith so roany visitors

and. so much to d.o at the museun she wishes to devote her

ful l t ime and at tent ion to the curator 's work. Mrs.

Cecil MacRae was appointed. to succeed. her as secretary.

An encouraging financial report was given by the treasurert

Mr. Y/.A. &{acKinnon, which showed. a substantial balance in

the bank. All committees reported. on work completed. or

ln progress o a:rd. the Society looks forwarci to another

interesting and useful year ahead..

.:

_oIHE DIARY OF DONAID KIPPEN

This d.iary record.s the events of a four year period'

in the l i fe of Donald. D. Kippen, who was born on Sept. l t

LBr6. He was the son of Duncan Kippen and Annie Sinclair

of 29u 4th Kenyon, in Glengarry County Ontario. The d-iary

begins on April 5, 1880, and. runs ti l l Jan. 11 1884, and.

it was wrj-tten on unused pages of an ol-d. Ledger that be-

longed to the d.ry good.s firn of And.ersons, of Beaver Hal1

HiI1, l l iontreal. fhis conpany inported. good.s by the yard-,

and. were also r,velL known tai-lors. They were cousins of

his nother's grand.mother, who was an l l 'nd.ersorr. (Donald

the Fidcller)

Published. with the kind. per-mission of Catherine .ir. Kippen

lBBO

April 5

June 18

August 29

Septenber 15

Ivlond-ay we were boil ing sap. Tod-ay madeonly a few ga1s. Tomomovu is the f i rstTuebd.ay of Apri1, That is the d"ay of the.lnnual me;tj-ng of the consregation. ofDunvegan Church" Donald. ([he Bush) Sin-clair 1s to go up there to gj-ve an accountof his stewardship. [he road.s are bad -l ikely he r ,v i I l go on horseback. (7 mi les).l i i l i- l ] iarn McDonald., the Black shoemaker,came up tod-ay. I{e has to make boots forRob, Dunc, and L Ii wil l take hi-n nearlya week.

Picnj-c in Dunvegan last Frid.ay. I wasnot there, to my sorrow, but Jane ilnn was.fhere was a picnic at the schoolhouse onthe / th, in the l ! th, and. I r ras there.Fine clay and. a good- tine al-I d,ay.

ui le are through harvest lng- Crops pret tygood., but spring rr,rheat fair.

The first day of the extribit ion in AIex-and.ria. Last niqht v,ie went f or a drive

l1

'J

The Diary 9j Donald- S. ippeg - cont 'd.

September

up to Lachlan Stewarts - a blessed. l i t t leparty of us.

20 -- Father and. hiother were at the exhibit ionin Montreal-" They put up at J. t. ;rnd.er-sons" fhey came back on the 24th, Friclay.

we were at a husking bee up at Apgls ivicKayts26-6- Kenyon. Last week were also at a

litt le party at l lugh l i lunroes.

I l iuas east in ALexand.ria wlth a load. ofboard.s for Angus Kerrned-y tod.ay.

October 4

October 20

October 27 This is the day Gregor iVicDonald. got mamied..He and. his brother and- l\fary went to Dun-vegan. [he ceremony lvas performed. by Rev.}lir. lviclerrnan.

lTe have about a foot of snow, I was westin the L5 - ivi-th slabs for CharlieivlcNaughton. John lVicl{aughton at the forvnHal l . Also in the f Sth wi th a l -oad. ofshingle blocks. (Tov,rn Hall- r,vas the earlyname of the present v i l lage of Greenf ie ld.

Ed". note" )

ri le have about a foot of snow yet. Thisis the day of the court at the Toivn l lall_.Shea l-ost the court " Yesterd.ay lvas nom-ination day" They nomi-nated_ Peter Keri-ned_yfor_reeve, John lVlcDougal l for d"eputy reeve,

John Grant, lilalcolm Dewar, and" Kenni_eKenneth McDonald for counci l lors. HisHonour D. r{. i l icDonald. was there. I thinklre are going to get the railroad prettysoon.

December 18

December 27

1BB1-

Jarruary 4 Yesterd.ay fiIas poll ing day. Peter Kenned.y'Reeve. John Kemedy d.eputy. Caraeron fromDunvegan, John Grant, and lu'.lcRae coun-ci l lors. The plat form of the Town Hal l -fell- with all hand.s a lucky job n: onev/as hurt.

Cutting logs in the sugar bush. Fine daytoo cold for me. Brother Rob is work-

ing with Allan Fraser cutting lvood-.

January 7

L1

I-le DiLrJ of lg4glg Ki-D"r-qp "" cont'C'

January 25

Ohristmas and Nei,v Ye. i r 's passed- r lu iet ly.A l i t t fe party at Donald- Kippen's" A-social at-Domi-nionvi l le. Servi-ce ln Dun-vegan Church New Year 's Day. The bottom'went out of one of their coal stoves and.they had to go into the old. church"

-i,uilting bee at llugh ir,.unroes. Jane and-Christy went up through the day, and' theboys went up in the evening. A l ivelyl i t t le t i rne, s 'quiruel chase ancl some othergames.

Singing Schoot in the :-rt lno ' i pretty' l i r ro" l r r tcaeher we have. I wiLs in Alex-4r v vJr,

and-ria yesterd.ay with a load- of oatsf or J . I ' ' . Kenned.y.

In Alexand.r ia order ing sap buckets (100)at the t insmiths.

February 2

Iviarch 12

0ctober 2

October 11

September 10 -- John R. Kippen and.-_I were at Mrs. l,achlanIvlc lntyrer s wake. Not many there.

October 15

Sund-ay. oister Jane ivent to lliontreal- aureek ago. She r,vil l- be home Frid-ay.

Last night the first regular e)cpresstrain cane to the Town llal-l ' There wasa l i t t le shin d. ig at John l \ ' icPhee' s.Taking up our potatoes today - th_ey aregood.. - Duncan Fraser had- a stone bee to-,1: . r^ Rr-other: Dunc is there, SisterJaire came home from l\ iontreal. She stayed-most of the tine with Kate Donald- Kippen

- rvas at cousin J. i ) . ' r .nd"erson's. J. D.And-erson is to be maruied next month'She also visited. I iatt ie lvlcKay and- KateFraser.

Tod.ay was payd.ay for the Railroad, atthe T xvn IIaIl" I got $21. OO from lritcDonal-dfor haul ing stones. luncan J. Fraser i -smoving into hi-s new house tod.ay.

Got my first ride on the Canad.a AtlanticRallway from the Town liall to CharlieRoyrs Corners af ter water"

October 15

11

The lig:lt

li-ovember 9

l' lovember I,

Decenber 25

1382

January 18

February 1

February B

February 15

of Donald- l i i -ppen - eont 'd

*- Very bacl road.s " Lrias for a horsebackr id.e last n ight.

No snow. ,ie are threshing at DuncanSinclair ' s f or two d-ays ' Thresbed. 21bushels of spring wheat of a sowi-ng oftl?o. The train went west yesterday and-d. id- not get back yet. The rai l road.ersare almost gone.

lrlo sleighlng yet. Christmas .Day. Iwas at Charlie i,rcDonald' s Sund-ay School-tea at i {ugh l i ippenrs. a horsebacic r i -c ieal l a lone.

fi.ob and. I were at the Concert in theISew Ind.ependent Church at the 17th"( St. Elno -- Ed' I i { ice t ine qi npr i n 'speeches, and a tea party" I t v ' ras tnecarr iage we had.. Good- camiage roads.

Sacrement Sunday at Dunvegan tomomow inDunvegan. Yret tY cold.

Up at *ngus lvlcKay's - i l iaggi-e and Christy(-Dona1d.-) and- s ister Jane, ar:d- Rob,'rr l i l l ian tulcDonal-d. ( Clachbar ) " Lots ofs inging both Engl ish andr Gael ic. Al ively t ime. ; {e so}d, 50 bushels of , po;tatoe-s f i f ty cents a bushel- , and load'-ing them on cars at the l la l l . Sold- oneload of oats at Alexand-r ia J1 cents abushel. luiond-ay Jane l\nn r,vent to liiontrealto see her s ister Hatt ie i .vrc l (ayr PerCanad.a etlantic Rail ivaY.

T :rnrl m\/ fri qnfl Jane An-ff r,vefe at a paybal l at the Hal l . The l \ ,ar t lntorvn singerscould. not come up so it was d-isappolnti-ng.It was the carriage vre hacl road"s notbad f or carr i -ages.

V[m. lVicKay, ,/fm. lvicDonald.r Jane Ann, andDonald Kippents gir ls were d.olvn here.vfe had. plenty of songs both English and-Gael ic.

February 20

February 2L -- Angus John Roy got married tod-ay.

fhe Diary

Idarch 21

March 24

irprj-1 16

May t

lliay f

June 9

July 12

July 1f

July 18

August 12

September

$eptenber

1i*of Donald. I { ippen - contrd

-- Brother Rob got married.. ry'e d.rove toDunvegan. Fie got manied. there and. thenv. le d.rove west to Fraserrs. Pret ty coldday. It r,vas the camiages we had..

i le set the stovepipes on f i re, Dunc Fraserand. I.

-- Fine and- warm - lots of sap. I went fora ';ualk --26-6- Kenyon ( ltra McKay home ).

-- Xlralcofm McConnel went to l i jontreal andand came home married.. I v,/as at the sta-tion when they came home"

-- I\,talcol-m iilcConnel- rvas 1n Dunvegan Churchv,rith his brid.e. Christy and Rob andJane and. f f irere there too.

-- Was at a concert in Charles l l icDonald.f sschoolhouse ( Cnr ist ie 's ! ' i t ) in aid. ofa Llbrary for the Sund.ay School. lViaryArrn Campbell, Finlay, and. Jane lrnn and- Iwere there. "Happiness has been my lotand" peace my steps attend.. "

-- Duncan lrraser and. I at the Orange vfalkin Duavegan. Grand. t ime.

-- At the Debat ing Club j -n Cameron's Ha1l .

- - Uncl-e Peter Sinclair and Cousin J. D.And.erson and his nelv wife visit ing us.They went away on the train.

-- Yery warm. l lay weather. 96 d.egrees inthe Shad^ qnA 1' l l r in the SglL.

This is my birthd.ay.

I and. ntry friend. were to the exhibitionin Alexandrj-a. Road.s mud"d.y. ir,;aggie( Donald" ) Kippen got mamied. yesterd.ay.Husklng bee at Finlay iuicKayrs house al ively t lme for me. I {usking bee atRobert Kippenrs

-- i luilt i-ng bee at 25-6-Kenyon. Danced inthe old. house a l ively t ime. SisterJane having her teeth fixed. in lViontreal.

1

20

November 10

lh

The Diary o.f Dona1d l(ippen - cont'd.

Deceniber 2, Jane Ann and f were at a Christnas partyj-n Dominionvil le. Flne \ruarm nlght.

December 10 -- Brother Rob's son born tod.ay.1 ,Q'IZ*2

January 2 -- fhe Church Collectors were around.. i ' /esaw them home and. had. a l itt le d.ance.Another night we all went up to theChisolm's, John, Robert , and Donald- 'sgir ls and I .

January lp -- Sacrement in the L9 church.February LT vnie had a coll ision on the railroad au

Kenyon Station. One man kil led and. threewounded.

ntarch l-1 -- Sacrenent in Dunvegan -- bad road"s.April t -- My chum Duncan Fraser got mamied..Aprll 4 -- tfe sent the brid.e home.June 2l I had. sister Jane and. Jane Ann at thepicnic in Dunvegau.. lhe picnic was toget a bel l for the church. Fine day,good. t imes.June 24 ui le burned. a l ine k i rn in Joh.n-Fl : :c:rr . k i - i i i .r/e are putting up Robf s house. Very tvarn.Septenber L I am twenty-seven years o1d_ todr.y. I

wond.er what changes wil l be before I amtwenty-eight.

Septenber 23 vile were in Dunvegan Church. fhey ransthe be1l tod.ay for the first t i-me. And.i-n one rveetrc's t ine Saerement as the nin-ister was in Scot land_.

Deeenber 11 -- s ister Jane got marr ied. to Ar-ran Fraser.

1BB4

January 1 f got mamied. to the only girl I everloved., and. the only one that I popped.the question to. Ivray God. Bl_ess oui Union

.1.^-L\J

The %q9tr1of Donald. KiPPen - cont 'd-

and. give us wisd-om to faithfully fulf i l lthe vows and d-uties we have taken uponourselves and lead us on the strai-ghtand- narrow way that leadeth unto LifeEiernal , that-when our l i t t le pi lgr l r tagcin th is ' r , r ror ld. shal l come to a c loseniy Goa in his great Mercy through^thenfboa of Jesus fit and prepare us for ablessed. eterni tY.

Donald D. KiPPen

29-+-KenYon.

r T:-Ij-

l

. ' . . . , ' . . :-.,,::.,. ' ,' , - .1": . , , . : "i ' - l , ; r - : i;,'r: .'' i'

ir:r: i;'' .1. j c: :

' , r . , .3,

. , :

,Saxlrssks I'ss

Fr*"co,n*rs sf i-'e33 3S12

lieuth tancaeter

t /

AI\T OID DOCUIVMNT-.TTIE DISCIIAJiGE OF DOI'TAI.,D MCDONELL

SROM i{IS MA,IESIY'S ARInf r Dec. 24 tn', L7B7

THE GI,ENGARRIAN -.*Sr idaY, Feb. 24r 1888.

Donald- McDonell was a unj-ted Enpire Loyalist t rrrho

came to Canad.a after'his d.j-scb.arge'....He tayght sehoof i,n

Irower Canad,a f or six years, and. after ward.s removed to

Gl-engarry. For seven years or more he taught school some-

where near the present school house at Basswood- Corners

in I rancaster [ownship. He was secretary for Bishop IWac-

DoneLl d.uring the build.ing of St. Raphael-ts, and was an

elder in t l e church. He sett led. on l rot I , 9th Char lot ten-

burg, and. his grand.children novr occupy the farm. The

Green Va1ley stat ion is located. on the same farm.

l lhe Discharge read-s as-fol1ows: -- :I 'His Majestyts l rovincial Regiment, cal led. the King's

Royal Regiment of New York whereof sir John fohnson,

Knight and. Baronet, is frieutenant Colonel, Command.ant.

[b.ese are to c*r t i fy that the Bearer thereof ,

Donald- McDonel]o soldier in Capt. Angus McDonellrs Coro-

paqy, of the aforesaicl Regiment, born in the Parjfh of

Kj-llmonevack, in the County of Invernefs, aged- thirty-

five years, has served honef tly and. faithfr-i l}y in the

said. reglment seven Years; and. in confequence of His

Majestyr s ord"er f or Difband.ing the f aid Regiment o he

is hereby di fcharSedr is iat i t led, by His Majestyr s

An 01d Document Cont 'd. 1B

late orcler , to the Portion of land. allotted to each

Sold-ier of His Provincial Corps rvho wifhes to become

a settler in the lrovince, he having firft received"

al l just d.emand.s of }ay, Clothingt Etc. , f rom his en-

try into the f a id Regiment, to the Drte of h is .Dischar-

B€r as appears by his Receipt on the Back thereof.

Gj-ven und.er ny Hand- and. Seal at Armsr at lf6ntrea1n

this twenty-fourth d"ay of December, 1787.

John Johnson

I, Donald. IulcDonell, private soldier, do acknow-

led.ge that I have received. all my clothing, Pay, Agears

of, Pay, and. aL1 Demand"s whatfoeverr f::om the fime of

ny inlift ing in the Regiment and- Company nentj-oned

on the other s id.e, to th is present Day of ny dl fcharge

as rruitnefs my hand- this 24 th Day of Decenber, 1787.

o'

} 'tqped'ln ,,the., .l 'Ha,tt3e, o$., *,o***erl**

,: - ' , . . - , . . , ' . i , . r_ -- : : '

19

GLENGARRY'S HIGHI,ANI GAI'IES

I am at the job of col lect ing mater la l re lat ing to

Ontar io, such as ear ly (up to 1900) court record.s, l r r l l l -

ic ipal records, church record.s, newspapers r hand.bi l ls , l -et-

ters, d iar ies, journals, maps, pictures, farnerst account

books. In the process of col lect ing th is type of mater la l t

I f requent ly come across interest i -ng stor ies and. anecd.otes

about our country, which has a long and. interesting his-

tory, The mater ia l I col lect i -s housed. in our Frovincial

Arch, ives at Queenrs Park, Toronto. I t is avai lable to any

person who wants to d.o research. Copj-es of nater ia l col-

lected- are avai lable to Tbe Glengarry Histor ical Society"

I t could be said. that I have an ul ter ior mot i -ve, in-

asmuch as I an hoplngj to hear from Your _ saying that you

have certain old. d.ocunents that might be of j-nterest, Itt

any case my ul ter ior mot ive has good. intent ions - to pre-

serve and. record. more of our County 's history"

[his s 'bory has to d-o wi th the or ig i 'n of the ear] lest

Il ighland. or Caledonian Gar'es in Glengarry. It appears ti:at

the first Highland. Games we3e he1d. in Prince Ed"ward. Island.

about lBrB, and in vrestern Ontar io (Upper Canada) short ly

before 1900, but vrhat about Glengarry? This county is the

old.est set t lement of Highland.ers in Ontar io, and. i t is rea-

sonable to assume that they might have had. the f i rst Hi6h-

land. Games in the province. R,ecent ly I came across rather

conclusive evid.ence that Glengarry d.id. ind.eed. holc1 the first

Caled"onian Games "

20Gler:garry'-s- I{-ig[!4pd -q?'qg. - contrd.

A progralrme d.ated. 1871 states the fo l lowing: "Theqrand. annual gathering and. scottish Ganres, und.er the aus-pices of the caled.onian societ . - r of Glengar: .1.r , wi l l be held.in the fa i r ground- enclosure, r i i l l iarrstownr or ' "yeinesdaxr

October 11 , 1871. r f The - , resid.ent of the society at thattlme rvas Angus i{acDonald., and the secretary was D. l\{acl\ laster.i , ' fouldnrt l t be interest ing to come across the minutes ofth is society?

The rules to govern the games are of consir . lerahle in-terest and. read. as fo lLov, ls:

'rrhe €sames wil l be cond.ucted- accord.ing to the ruresof the uni ted" caled.onian Associat iono r ,vhieh commit tee ofmanagement are anxious to enforce on the occasion in orderthat at the approaching International Garnes in l, jontreal inL872r at which valu:"ble pr izes wi l l be av, iard.ed_, the athletesof Glengarry may cornpete v,r l th greater chances of succjess. "one v'rond.ers hovr our athr-etes fron Glengaruy d.id. in l}7z.

"coi,rpetitors thror,ving the Ilamner must stand- at thescratch and. deliver the hammer vrithout srvingi-ng the bod_y

around.. length of hammer handle 516, outside of hammersocket. In putt ing the stone a race of 7t6\ rv i l l be aI_lorr'recl. l{o weights wil l be all-owed. in jurnping?" How d_othese n-rles compare rruith tod.ay?

"cornpet i tors for the Pr ize Foerq or for the Fr ize Es-say must lodge a sealed. coi)y thereof wi th the presid.ent onor before the 8th of october. t ' l /e wi l l learn more of these

2T

Glengaf*g'jr. iliehl=an{ Games - cont'd.

essays later.

' 'Each game wi l l be open to al l Cornpet i tors on payment

of 25 cents to the Secretary before the compet i - t ion com-

mences. t t

rrTickets on the Grand- frunk Railway between li iontreal

and. Broekvi l le wi l l be issued to L,ancaster, val id f rom

l} th to 16th October at LO% mare than slngle c lass fare. ' r

Likely these red.uced. fares d.id. much to i-ncrease attend.ance.rrAd.mission to Ground.s 2, cents, Chi ldren under 12 years

10 cents, carr iages or pers.ons on horseback 10 cents extra.

Gentlemen v'/earing Highland. Costume will be ad-raitted l lree.'r

These ad.raission charges wouldn' t go far toward-s running

the Games tod.ay at l\ iarvil le, but I rvonder if our Games of-

f ic ia ls could. be persuad.ed to give f ree ad.nission to

Gentlenen wearing Highland. Costume.'f Quite an incentive

to go out and bu;r an outfi-t.

"Gates wi l l open at 10 a. m. Annual Elect ion of of- i j "ce

bearers of society at 11 &. m. j -n Gramner School Ha11."

It would- be interesting to know rvhere this old. build.ing

rffas and. what it looked. l ike.

22

Glengg.rry-:e 4:Sblagq Games - contrd.

The l is t of pr i -zes for events is most reveal ing.

1. Throiv ing heavy hamner, t6 lbs. , ls t . pr izesi lver med-al , 2nd. pt i -z 'e $2.00 t i rd" pr izei$f "OO awardred- by Evand-er tr{cRae, Esquire.

2, Put"bing Heavy Stone, 21 lbs. Pr izes : i / l - , i i2,and ' i l "

t . fhrowing 55 lb. weiqht, pr izes S2.OO and-{ i l . o0.

4. Ghil l- le Callum or Srvord. Dance (in l i igi l landCostume) pr ize 54.0o.

, . Best piper in l i ighland" Costume, pr i -ze $4.00"

6. Best Scotch music on viol in, pr ize $4.O0.

?, The best essay on ' f The I{ istory and" Effectsof Highland Garnes'1 prize Go1d. I\ ied-al.

B. Best poer ( in Gael. ic or Engl ish) subjectGlengarry. Prize Silver l i i led-al.

This is just a select ion of the 20 events l is ted- on

the programme. I t shows the interest of the people in

keeping up the piping, v io l in .music, athlet ic events.

We we::e able to uncover some of the poems or essays r they

would. be nost reveal ing pa:: t icular ly the Gael ic poems'

An even e'arl ier rrHand.biJ-lrr d.ated. 1B5B read.s as fol-

lows: ItFi-rst Grand. Anaua1 Gathering and. Prize Games of

the Caled-oni : .n Soci ty of G1en65arry, weather perni t t ing,

on Tuesd.ay, October 19, 1B5B at ' r7 i l l iamsto' , { rn, ' rThe secretary of the games at th is t ime was Duncan

IvlcGregor. The events and. prizes were much the samet but

there were only 9 events l is ;ed. . t tTossing the Caber" is

l is ted. as an event wi th pr izos of $1.O0 and- $2.00. For

some reason this event was not on the prosrarurre of 1871.

2Z

G1 engarry'g Lf_gbfglg Games - cont'd.

rt would seem fron the 1858 hand.bil l that this r,vasthe f l rst games held. on further check::-ng r came acrossone of the 1871 pr i -ze essays. r t was wri t ten by Kennethtr / lcDonaLd of Gardenf ie ld. (somewhere near wi l l iamstown).He tel ls us that the f i rst Hlghland. Games u/ere organized.by 0o1. cari ' ,:r i-cha1 tn LB19 and. were held. at r.rancaster.Thls is qui te possible becp*use col- . carmichal was a high-land-er, and was in charge of the ni l i t ia t roops d.ur ingthe LB17-8 rebel- l ion per iod. in th is area. Because themen were inact ive at t j -mes and. prone to get j -n t rouble,he tr ied. to d.evi-se var lous th ings to keep them occupied_,rrhe stone cairn in the river near south lancaster vraswitness to his ef for ts. f lhe compet i t ive el ] for ts of thegames would f i t in wel-L wi th his object ive of keeping themen occupied". McDonard. states about the conpet i tors:rrThe compet i tors, James McDonald. , Glen and. Duncan Kennedx:Kenyon, for the 2rF 1 'c. bat l . Kenned-y beinf , the winner by1 foot 9 inches (unfortr-rnatery there is no ment ion of howfar he d.id. throvr it,) James i\[cDona]-d., Gren, Duncan BanKennedy and Bi l l wir l iams of rancaster were compet i torsfor the heavy hammer. James &tcDonald being the i ivinner by

1' 5u (once again no ment ion of d. istance).

McDonald. 's comments on the ef fects of the Games arerather cur ious for a l l ighland.er - I ' rn jur lous to those thatfol low thenr &s they create a great exci tement, and over-

24Gl-en$arryrs Higb!g35! Games - contrd

exerti-on of the constitution. A good. deal of d.rinl-, ing,

some quamelling, and. a great d.eal of f ighting, and. some

of the ablest men we have had. in the county of Glengaruy

received. their death through these gameso by the report

of our most able medical men."

Our essayist , lo{cDonaid. had. some strong pol i t ical

v iews, which he airs in th is essay as he proceed.s to re-

ci te the s ins of some of the pol i t ical lead.ers of the day"

i 'r le now have our earliest recorded. Games back to

L839, a very ear ly d.ate. Ferhaps we can authent icate an

even ear l ier d.ate.

0raln Ccadle

THE SCOTTISH CLAII SYS[E[\[

Rev. I I . Russel l Ferguson

In pre-Roman t imes - pr ior to 55 B. C. Scot land

was inhabited by a people who rruere mainly Celtic. It

is general ly accepted. that the Cel ts reached. the Br i t ish

IsLes in three principal waves of immigration.

One wave came to the east coast by way of the North

Sea, another by way of Gaul ( ie. France ) to the south

of England, and the third. from the continent by way of

Ireland.. After the d-eparture of the Romans there were

five races who had settled. in Scotland-.

1. The Picts ( f rom pictos, painted. peopte )whose origin is unknown and. who occupied- .most of the eountry north of the Forth ofClyd,e.

2. fhe Scots who ai:rived. on the '.,vest coastat the besinning of the 6th century, andestablished. the Kingdom of Dalriad.a i-nwhat is novrr Argyll, und"er Fergus, son ofEr ic" ( Suid.he-Fer, :us in Aman ) :

t. The Brltons who had. been d.riven out ofEngland. and. were settled" in Strathclyd-e.

+. The Attacott i who inhabi ted. Ga1loway.5 " The Saxons who had. arrived- in the south"-

east of Scot land from across the North Sea.

At this tirne al-so Christianity

Scot land , f j - rst by St. Ninian about

by St. Columba about ,6t A. ! .

The Dialr iad. ic set t lement in Argyl l was establ ished.

by Fergus, son of Er ic, accoxlpanied. by his brothers lorn

and. Angus. The terr;"ory \,ras subsecluently divided among

four trlbes o.i Scots the Cinel Gabran and the Cinel

Crngall ( Con rl ) ae s ".end.ed. from the grand.sons of Fergr;s,

vv ct i> introd.uced. into

A. D. , and later

he Scott ish Clan Systenn - Cont 'd. 26

the Cinel Lorn and- the Cinel Augus descend-ed fron the

brothers of Fergus. This is perhaps the earliest divi-

s ion of the race into d. istr ict c-" ! -ans that became qeneral

in the Highland.s some centuries later.

I t is unnecessary for our purpose to refer to the

extremely vague hlstory of the period. prlor to LO97 when

I'[atcolm Caenmore ascend.ed. the Scottish throne. I ' falcolm

reigned- for thirty-five yearsr &n amazlngly long reign

f or those times ., but from his reign nay be d-ated the

rise of the l l ighland. CIan system, and. theprincipal cause

nay be at t r ibuted- to lu la lcolmts second. wi fe, L{argareto

grand.d"aughter of Edmund. Ironside , King of England r 'rvho

had to f lee f rom England" and- seek shel ter at the Scott ish

court. I l ialcoln had. noved. his capital to Dunfermline in

Fife and" anongst other questions that cane to be d-is-

cussed. was the law of succession whi-ch lnvol-ved the d.i-

vergence between the Celt ic system of tanistry* and the

feud.al isn of the Saxons. Malco1m, inf luenced- by his

rvi-fe, favoured- the latter and- encouraged. the i-mrnigration

of Saxon and- i{orman nob}es from England., to whom he mad.e

feudal grants.*[anistry -- a mod.e of tenure among the variousCe1t ic t r ibes, accord. ing to which the tanist r orhold.er of land.s or honours had only a l ife es-tate in theroo and- hi-s successor \r/as appointed"by elect ion" Accord. ing to th is system the r ightol succession r./as hered-itary in the farnil;r |qXelective in the ind.lvj-d.ua1. The primitive i-nten-t ion seems to have been that the inher i tanceshould. descend. to the most worthy of the bloodand name of the d.eceased.. This v,las in realitygiv inB i t to the strongest and the pract ice of tenoccasioned bloody wars in farnj- l i -es.

a/

fhe Scott ish Clan Systen - Cont 'd.

In passing, i t is interest ing to note that Margaret

was responsible for the d- iscont inuance of Gael ic as the

court language, and- the substitution of Roman Catholic

practices in the Church where they d.iffered. from that

of the Celtic (Culd.ee) Church. fhese, and. other changes

led. to the al ienat ion of the af fect ions of h is Gael ic

subjects who at h is Ceath in 1097 supported. the c la im

to the throne of Donald. Ban, i ' laIcolm's brother, i.nstead.

of his son Duncan. Donald. Ban further increased. his

popularity by expell ing large mrmbers of the Saxons and

Normans whom Llalco1m had. favoured.. At this tine commenced

the long succession of rebel l ions in many parts of the

country which continued- with varying success unti l the

last Jacobl te r is ing of L7+5, which resul ted. in the

extinction of the l l ighland. CLan system.

The greater part of Scotland. in its forrnative peri--

od. was d.ivid.ed. into large tribal d-istricts, seven in

nr-rmber, comestond.ing to the territorial d.ivisions of

the country in Pict ish t ines. In these d, istr icts, ac-

cord.ing to Skene, the unit r,vas the 'Iuath or tribe. Se-

veral tuaths formed. a l; lortuathn or great tribe; two or

nore }flortuaths a Corcldh or province, and at the head.

of each was a Ri or l i i-ng, while each province contributed.

a portion of its temitory at three junctions to form

a central d.istrict in which the capital of the whole

country i las located-, and the Ri or King who was elected-

28Ihe Scott ish $an Systen - Contrd"

to be its Ard.-Ri or Sovereign had- his seat of Government.

The central d.istrict v'rhere the four southern prov-

inces met was in Perthshire and- this accounts for the

choice of Scone as capi ta l . In the 12th century the sys-

tem was nod.if ied"o and" the tit le Ri was no longer held.

by the head-s of the Tuath and. the Mortuath, but at the

head- of the Tuath was the Toiseach and" of the lvlortuath

the Ltormaer or great steward..

The Pict ish d. iv is ions were seven in nunber come-

spond"ent to the mod-ern count ies or terr i tor ia l areas of :

1. Caithness and. Sutherland.2. Ross and. I , [orgry1. Athol l+. lVestern Perthshi-re5. l,,[ar and Buchan6, L{earns7. Fi fe

If lue ad.d. to these the <listrict of Dalri_ad.a we hare the

d.ivisions that affectcd. the fornations of the Hishla;rc-

Clans.

As alread.y rnentioned_ the rise of the clan system

may be d-ated. from the coming of Queen IVIErrgspsN to the

court of rv[sf ser1n Caenmor€ c She persuad"ed. the King to

ad.opt southern customs, al ienated. his af fect ions f rom

his Gael ic subjects and. mad.e possible the introd.uct ion

of feud.alism, r,lhich continued d.uring the succeed.ing reiens.

The possession of the land. was the principal d_ifference

between the ord. and. new s}-stem. und.er the celtic patri-

archal system the land belonged. to the tribe, but feu-

dar isn meant that the land passed. into the possession

?q

the ScottiEb

of the King,

or necessl ty.

inore or less

mony.

Clan Syslgro - Cont'd.

to be parcelled- out accord.ing to his whin

From this time we have the two system

together although not necessarily in har-

The relati-onship between the sovereign and. the

chiefs was changed., but the i-nternal- polity of the tribes

or clans remained. l i tt le changed.. Certainly when the

larger t r lbes vrere broken up, c lans snal ler in s ize

than the tribes emerged., and- thenceforward. clanshlp was

the principle governing the Highland. people. The clans

generally \.ryere confined. to d.istricts restri-cted. often

by the confj-guration of the country. These d.istricts

were ;hosen for their sui tabi l i ty for d.efence and res-

id.ence , f or the grorving of crops, the grazing of cat t le,

and. for the facil i ty of h,rnting and. f ishing. fnLand-

glens, is land.s, and the l -and. border ing the sea- lochs

were favourable d. istr icts" Is land-s for instance were

held" by a s ingle elan, - the l , {acDonalds in Is lay, the

l,{acFies in Colons,3yr the Maclreans in },1u11, Ti-ree and.

Coll; while the lviacleod.s , the I ',{acDonalds, and. }":cKinnons

ln Slqye i-s an instance of several elans occupying one

island".

On the nai-nla.nd, +h* Campbel ls in l t [ id.-ArgX11, the

Camerons in lrochaber, the Robertsons in Rannoch, the

MacKenzies in Ross, and. th: I,,{acKays in Sutherland are

examples of c lans resj-d.ent or associatecl wi th a d. lstr ict .

1oThe Scott ish C1a4 Systen - Contfd.

Here i t nay be of interest to the cLansmen present i f I

make reference to the c lans in relat i -on to their d. istr icts.

Beginning on the mainland. in the north we find. the Sin-

clairs, the MacKaysn the Gunns, the Macl.,eods and- the

Sutherland.s occupying the counties of Caithness and.

Sutherland.. Farther south the Rosses, the MacDonells

' of Gl-engamy, the Macl(enzies, the Munroes, the Urquharts,

the MacRaes, the Maclennans, and the Mathesons in Ross

and. Grc' ' l-. i ;";;y. In fnverness and. the eastern counties we

have the Srasers, the Chisolns, the Grants I the I ',{acleod.s,

the MacDonald.s of Clan Rar.ald., the Camerons , the Mac-

Donel ls of Keppoeh, the Cummi-ngs, the Rosses, the Shaws,

the MacPhersons , the lvtaclntoshes , the Gord-ons, the Forbes,

the l resl i -es, Kei ths, Ogi l iv ies, Farquaharsons, l ind-rrys, etc.

fn Perthshire and- central Scotland there were the

Fergusons, lJurays , Robertsons, Menzies, L{acGregors t

Campbell-s, Stewarts, Drummond s , MacNabs , MacDonald.s t

Maclarens, Grahams, Buchanans, Colquhotln.s r MacFarlanes t

MacAulays. In Argyllshire acrd the western nainland-

were MaeDonald-s, MacMil lans, Mal-colms t Campbel ls t

I\ lacAi-pines , Fergusons., lamonts, MacEwans , MacNaughtons t

Maclachlans, MacDougalls, tr '{acArthurs r iVfaclnneses t

Stewarts , IV1aclntyres, etc.

In the Islands there were in levrj-s - Macleod.s,

Morrlsons, MacKenzies and MacAulays. In Hamis - Maclreod.s.

al

T! .e Scott lsh Clan System - Cont 'd.

fn North Uist fulacDonalds; in Benhecula and. South Uist

MacDonald.s of Clan Rana1d-. In Bama, I{acNeils. In Skye,

Macleod.s, MacDonald.s, MacKinaons, n{acQueens; in Rum and.

Eigg, MacDonal-d.s of Clan Ranald.; in I\{u11, Co1l, and.

Tiree the Maclreans. In Colonsay l\tacFees; in Jura Nlacleans

and MacDonald.s; in Gigha, [IacNabs; in Aman and Bute,

BannsfJrnss, Stewarts, L{acAlesters, Ful lar tons, Cooks.

Many clan names are not includ.ed. in this list and.

others bras.ches are to be forlnd. so widely separated. as

to appear to have no corrnection with each otherr &s for

example the Sinclairs and. the MacKays of Sutherland. and.

Argyll, the li:.acAulays of Lewis and Dunbarton, the Maclvers

of Lewi-s and Argyll, the Fergusons of Aberd.eenshire and"

Ayreshire.

Each eLan consisted. of trNati-ve men" and. ttbroken

mentt. [he native men $/ere those who were related. to the

chief and to each other by blood t ies. [h is blood re]-a-

tionship is an i.mportant fundamental in the clan system

and was a strong element in the patriachal system of

government. The menrbers of the elan were related. to the

chief and. principal head.s of the clan a.:rd. in this coo-

sanguinity all were bound together in a conmon interest.

lhe clan also contained. septs or branches composed of

clansmen who had become povierful or proainent in some

way and. who founri.ed families almost as inportant a6

that of the chief.