of the approximately 9200 species of birds, only about 290 are marine species although land only...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Of the approximately 9200 species of birds, only about 290 are marine species although land only covers about 29% of the globe](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e405503460f94b312af/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Of the approximately 9200 species of birds, only about 290
are marine species although land only covers about 29% of the
globe
![Page 2: Of the approximately 9200 species of birds, only about 290 are marine species although land only covers about 29% of the globe](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e405503460f94b312af/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Palearctic region
• Largest
• East-west mountain ranges
• Diverse in climates and habitat although much of the region is very cold
![Page 3: Of the approximately 9200 species of birds, only about 290 are marine species although land only covers about 29% of the globe](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e405503460f94b312af/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Birds of Palearctic
• 1026 species
• Birds may have evolved in this region
• Most birds are migrants and insectivorous
• One endemic family, Prunellidae
![Page 4: Of the approximately 9200 species of birds, only about 290 are marine species although land only covers about 29% of the globe](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e405503460f94b312af/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Shared species
• 12.5% with Nearctic
• 15% with Ethiopian
• 22% with Oriental
![Page 5: Of the approximately 9200 species of birds, only about 290 are marine species although land only covers about 29% of the globe](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e405503460f94b312af/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Palearctic and Nearctic form Holarctic region
• Loons, auks, grouse found only in these two regions
![Page 6: Of the approximately 9200 species of birds, only about 290 are marine species although land only covers about 29% of the globe](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e405503460f94b312af/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Nearctic region
• Also cold
• North-south mountains
![Page 7: Of the approximately 9200 species of birds, only about 290 are marine species although land only covers about 29% of the globe](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e405503460f94b312af/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Birds of Nearctic
• 740 species
• Most birds are migrants and insectivorous
• Many wood-warblers and blackbirds
• No endemic families although Meleagrididae (wild turkey) is close to being endemic
![Page 8: Of the approximately 9200 species of birds, only about 290 are marine species although land only covers about 29% of the globe](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e405503460f94b312af/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Origins of Nearctic birds
• Some are unknown—wrens, warblers, vireos, sparrows
• Some from Palearctic by way of the Bering Strait—pigeons, owls, thrushes
• Some from Neotropical region—hummingbirds, flycatchers
![Page 9: Of the approximately 9200 species of birds, only about 290 are marine species although land only covers about 29% of the globe](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e405503460f94b312af/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Neotropical region
• 70% of land surface is low elevation and with abundant moisture
• 32% of South America is tropical rain forest (only 9% of Africa, 4.5% of Australia)
• 38% of South America is savanna
![Page 10: Of the approximately 9200 species of birds, only about 290 are marine species although land only covers about 29% of the globe](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e405503460f94b312af/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Birds of Neotropical
• 3300 species• Many suboscines, as opposed to oscines• About 31 of 95 families are endemic• Some species emigrated from the Nearctic,
including pigeons, jays, blackbirds, warblers
![Page 11: Of the approximately 9200 species of birds, only about 290 are marine species although land only covers about 29% of the globe](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e405503460f94b312af/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Ethiopian region
• Less climatic variability than other regions
• Receives only half the rainfall of the Neotropical region, hence there are more deserts, grasslands, savannas
![Page 12: Of the approximately 9200 species of birds, only about 290 are marine species although land only covers about 29% of the globe](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e405503460f94b312af/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Birds of Ethiopian region
• 1556 species
• Many seed-eating and ground-dwelling birds
• Many weaverbirds, larks
• 6 endemic or nearly endemic families
![Page 13: Of the approximately 9200 species of birds, only about 290 are marine species although land only covers about 29% of the globe](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e405503460f94b312af/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Oriental region
• Smallest region
• Much of it is tropical and subtropical
• Much rain
![Page 14: Of the approximately 9200 species of birds, only about 290 are marine species although land only covers about 29% of the globe](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e405503460f94b312af/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Birds of the Oriental region
• 960 species
• Most shared species with the Ethiopian, Palearctic and Australian regions
• Two endemic families
![Page 15: Of the approximately 9200 species of birds, only about 290 are marine species although land only covers about 29% of the globe](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e405503460f94b312af/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Australian region
• Diverse climates although much of the region is dry
• Isolated region
![Page 16: Of the approximately 9200 species of birds, only about 290 are marine species although land only covers about 29% of the globe](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e405503460f94b312af/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Birds of the Australian region
• 906 species
• No woodpeckers
• Parrots and doves are important groups
• 13 endemic families
![Page 17: Of the approximately 9200 species of birds, only about 290 are marine species although land only covers about 29% of the globe](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e405503460f94b312af/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Birds may have originated in the Holarctic
• Therefore areas separated from the Holarctic by substantial barriers, e.g. Australia, sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar, and South America tend to have more endemic taxa than areas less isolated from the Holarctic
![Page 18: Of the approximately 9200 species of birds, only about 290 are marine species although land only covers about 29% of the globe](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e405503460f94b312af/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Tropical vs. Temperate Birds
• Many more studies on temperate birds
• I will be presenting generalizations
![Page 19: Of the approximately 9200 species of birds, only about 290 are marine species although land only covers about 29% of the globe](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e405503460f94b312af/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Tropical vs. Temperate Environments
• Less seasonality due to temperature differences
• Instead, wet and dry seasons
• Many tropical food resources are available year-round
![Page 20: Of the approximately 9200 species of birds, only about 290 are marine species although land only covers about 29% of the globe](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e405503460f94b312af/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Population ecology of tropical birds
• Breeding seasons longer and more variable
• Less synchrony within a population
• Breeding seasons not always driven by food availability
• Fewer available mates in tropical systems
![Page 21: Of the approximately 9200 species of birds, only about 290 are marine species although land only covers about 29% of the globe](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e405503460f94b312af/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
With fewer available mates in tropics:
Fewer EPCs
Smaller testes
Song output consistent year-round
Sexes tend to be monomorphic
![Page 22: Of the approximately 9200 species of birds, only about 290 are marine species although land only covers about 29% of the globe](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e405503460f94b312af/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Because tropical birds maintain territories year-round
• Territories are much larger than for temperate species
• Population sizes much smaller
• However, keep in mind that 1/3 of tropical birds don’t have conventional breeding territories
![Page 23: Of the approximately 9200 species of birds, only about 290 are marine species although land only covers about 29% of the globe](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e405503460f94b312af/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Other patterns:
• Nest predation higher
• Adult survival higher
• Clutch sizes lower
• More cooperative breeders
• Many species are less active
![Page 24: Of the approximately 9200 species of birds, only about 290 are marine species although land only covers about 29% of the globe](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e405503460f94b312af/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Tropical vs. temperate communities
• More species-rich
• More fruit-eaters, nectar-eaters, ant swarm followers, large insect eaters (more guilds)
• Many bigger birds in tropical areas
• More species per guild
• Mixed-species flocks year-round
• More suboscines
![Page 25: Of the approximately 9200 species of birds, only about 290 are marine species although land only covers about 29% of the globe](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e405503460f94b312af/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Tropical community characteristics
• Highest diversity within forest, not at edges
• Many intra-tropical migrants that are nectar or fruit-eaters
• Fruit and nectar-eating birds more colorful than insectivores