*

VOLUME 9, NUMBER 1 SPRING, 1962

yi "'

I I

2t

Agricultural Experiment Station

AUBURN UNIVERSITY

H1(iHL1tiH 15OF AGRICULTURAL. RESEARCH

- -1:

HIG-ILIG-TS ofAgricultural Research

A Quarterly Report of ResearchServing All of Alabama

VOLUME 9, No. 1 SPRING, 1962

n t4 44a e . .a .

PELLETED FEEDS - Promising Method for Improving BeefProduction on High Roughage Rations

WHAT IS YOUR FARM WORTH? - Major Factors That Ac-count for Value of a Farm

3

4

INCREASING ROW PLANTER EFFICIENCY - Seedbed Prepa-,ration Affects Planter and Cultivator Capacities 5

4 CROSSBREEDING WITH BRITISH BREEDS - Crossbreds Per-formed Better in Auburn Tests 6

DISEASE PROBLEMS OF CLOVER AND ALFALFA- SurveysShow These Crops Constantly Plagued 7

SORGHUM ALMUM - FRIEND OR FOE? - Other AnnualGrasses Better for Alabama Farms 8

RESISTANCE TO NEMATODES - Cotton, Nematocides, andFallow Used to Combat These Pests 9

COTTONS OF TOMORROW - A Progress Report of ResearchAimed at Variety Improvement 10

SPRAY VS. DUST FOR LEAFSPOT CONTROL - FungicidesTested for Control of Peanut Diseases 11

FOLIAR FEEDING FOR WOODY PLANTS- Applying Ferti-lizer to Above-Ground Portions Effective ............ 12

Sow PERFORMANCE - Proper Management Outlined forControl of Certain Environmental Factors------ 13

PECAN PROBLEMS ATTACKED BY TEAM- Research Under-way on Fertility, Diseases, and Insects ............... 14

INDEX TO ARTICLES- Published in Highlights of Agricul-tural Research in 1961 -15

AUBURN'S AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION SYSTEM -

Traces Development of Research Facilities .......... 16

O te COMIet This pelleting mill with associated feed millingequipment will permit concentrated research studies on the valueof pelleting feed for cattle. Use of pelleted high roughage rationsfor beef cattle is covered in an article on page 3.

E. V. SMITH

COYT WILSON .....

CHAS. F. SIMMONS.

KENNETH B. ROYE. L. McGRAw ...R. E. STEVENSON .-

DirectorAssociate DirectorAssistant Director

-Editor_Associate Editor

Associate Editor

Editorial Advisory Committee: COYTWILSON; H. J. AMLING, Associate Horti-culturist; K. M. AUTREY, Dairy Depart-ment Head; E. A. CURL, Associate PlantPathologist; AND KENNETH B. ROY.

7ew and 7me4yPUBLICATIONS

Listed here are timely and new publicationsreporting research by the Agricultural Ex-periment Station.

Bul. 337. Nitrogen and Moisture Require-ments of Coastal Bermuda and PensacolaBahia summarizes results of 8 years' fieldtests on fertility and water needs of the twograsses and effect of nitrogen applicationson chemical properties of soils.

Bul. 338. Opportunities for and Limitationsof Social and Economic Adjustments in anAlabama Rural County gives detailed socio-logical data gained in a study made in alow-income area of Alabama.

Cir. 141. Response of Field Crops to Fer-tilizer and Returns per Dollar Invested givesresponse of different crops to various fer-tilizer elements and amount of return fromeach dollar spent for fertilizer.

Leaf. 66. Forage Production of Winter An-nuals Sod-Seeded on Dallisgrass-WhiteClover presents results from sod-seedingoats, rye, wheat, ryegrass, rescuegrass, Caleypeas, and vetch on well established Dallis-grass-white clover in the Black Belt.

Free copies may be obtained from yourCounty Agent or by writing the AuburnUniversity Agricultural Experiment Station,Auburn, Alabama.

'II

Published by

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT

STATION of

AUBURN UNIVERSITY

Auburn, Alabama

I I )

Feeds are pelleted in this machine at the Main Station, Auburn,for use in feeding tests to evaluate high roughage pellets.

A\I iitai'es that liai Ic'i e lniX ih\i fori )Iwllctel feeds Zli

(I) sum i-ca c ii l ii I.\ cilin ui I ) il tii i S l I animaiii Is ii 2 ) I I

prlii strii ng lt hia 1 lilg prpitc of petd feds I

New Equipment Installed

til ofi ;I pellet imlil a111( suippoirtinig tccd llmilliiiuz cmjmnipiiuitat thie \'sintli luin tI)ii- el Gittli 13cscai-c cl it. Thiis mlillis IT()\\ Il"i uisied tii lilict tttcIs fed ill tcsts at tlic \Viicgi ass Sibstatilii H-cadtlaniil tlit Lo.nsx C oa(istail Pli~mii Siiistatin, (:aiiitlii andi Mlaiin Stitlioii \ui In

p)ili41(l SiLoi'es wXas pimllislmid inn mi thani 2 \-cars aigi ( jour-il it \iial Scicc., I S. 150t6, I959 ). [his ( pint i-cs\ialiil

that (cdilii tit iill pcllitci cmii1 silacfe cimitaijiel abu i

tlic, Sitli( ii1( Id\ ,ilill ci 5 I cittlc is did a cininnild its

iattcmili 4y lcccl. liiuilciiii m. (hIlvI iitaikc of tlic' pillitisilai(i \\as5 its gii-at as Ilic iltilkm oft flic lattlimc mlitiiii.

WheI Ic Is col(1tollsl~ccr)sltr a Iuhsi

PELLETED FEEDW. B. ANTHONY, R. R. HARRIS, J. G. STARLING,

V. L. BROWN, and J. K. BOSECK'

JpcI iii tio that Illaiie Ii in ill gliii ori iiats. HiXX e\ ti. \0 lcItdtll - lv]atcc anid plillctct these threei silagcs hacd siiiari milmtm i-ti\ \ ailic.

Pelleted Coastal Good

III a N6 t c~Itst ait tin LIIXXcr (mmoistal Plaiii Silstuitimimi,pc(llitit CmmastamI 13cri iiil 4iass Iiuix 1iii\ ccl toh ln am nnjrcsatislactin s loir stiickci calvXecs thlam did thie lis ill ]ii4li(, foii.Pcilimriiiamicc ta~ riii this tial clcailx 5Iio\\X tha~t pellctili 4IidX incrt ascd Iced iiit~ic Ibs cattle aiilnd n ii X cd liX( m XX cgli

Iamig I.a i+ giscc( cii 1!1~

promising method for

improving beef production

on high roughage rations

\iiilii ltlltcI lia\ tial XXas tinmic it \mdirIm)II. Ill this

tcst thic basill raio \\as X it pclit iiclc iiimstls io Stili coiredCoam~stal Bcnii imta ,iass ( 9-3,9%y . )t Ilcr it m .9dilcts \\ iiic salt,I '4r dicalcimii m ~ pi sluliiti. (11 andt camiI( ii iilassts, .5%.Asccl I ritimi \X iS pie)llet siiiilaii tim thc liI mliii i~cct it

cim~iioiicl 5.', cittmmiscmic mi itil 5', groiiiic shlledi coiin, amid41 atilla nical. Thiisi t\\om pilIcttI ritills XXr ii t It'ld tim

Ii lii pcr c-XX t. ,ii i, 11). ,51

al 1ua .11ea

76 1

Liiiiul Ofi tst. (LINi

A\ ii igi (ilil ic,ii 1).

15155

0t.9719. 6

I5155

1.4512.6

.\iitiim andl Morris, aii l simici ilc(Iartmit: Sta rlimig,XXiingili's Sullitioii: loiiX 11, t,iiXX cr (isti lli Sislu~tatiii ant(Itlnsick, I iimu I in \ah- il S sistitmion.

.\ltlloinmgli sinn results ot lcctlii pcllcts toi slanliti cattleliiik promiiising it mlax iii a liinig tiimc bllii XX itlsph-acI lose

(-all hei lnaiul of ptclti liaxs. 'Ilii lirge iniitial ins istnict

tii la icmiiic ltitiomlis. Pci lla)s Ile\\ midias, misicam cl,iit ii it i t 11ma\u liilillm i pillitmil Iccui cra.

41,

% I00

4 NIL

A'

What el VaalFARM WORTH?

J. H. YEAGER, Agricultural Economist

AVERAGE MARKET value of land usedfor avocado production in California in1960 was $4,750 per acre! What madethis land so valuable?

Three major factors account for thevalue of a farm - net earnings or net in-come that a farm will produce, location,and home features. Any one may contri-bute more to value than the other two.In most cases, however, all three itemsinfluence farm value.

Value

Some understanding of value is neces-sary. Value is often thought to be thesame as price. Price is the value of aspecific good or service expressed interms of money. Value is much broader.A thing is of value because it satisfieswants. When a farm is sold, it is valuedat the sales price. To the buyer the farmmay have a value more than the salesprice.

Market value is the highest price thatproperty will bring if sold on the openmarket within a reasonable period. Thebuyer should be informed as to the bestuses of the property. Both buyer andseller must know the value of similarproperty in the community. The sellermust be willing to sell.

There are many other kinds of value.Condemnation value is used in connec-tion with taking property for highways,lakes, airports, and other public uses.This value is related to market value, butnormally it is somewhat higher. Othervalues are determined in connection withloans, liquidations, and for inheritance,income, and property tax purposes.

Influence of Net Income

Net income from, a farm may be con-sidered as the flow of value over a period.The amount of interest received in ayear from a savings account is related tothe money on deposit. So is net farm in-come related to farm value.

Historically, the value of farm realestate has changed with net farm income(see graph). Changes in real estate valuehave lagged behind changes in farm in-come. A major exception in this relation-

ship has occurred since the early 1950's.This exception may indicate that farmreal estate values are influenced more byother factors than net farm income.

Capitalization of net income thatproperty will bring over a long period isone process of estimating farm value.Suppose net income is $3,000- in thiscase return to farm real estate after costsincluding labor and management are de-ducted. If capitalization rate is 6%, capi-talized value is $50,000 ($3,000 .06).In case of a farmer owning and operat-ing a farm, the capitalization rate shouldbe higher than the prevailing first mort-gage interest rate. A higher rate shouldreflect risks of owning and operating thefarm compared with investing in a realestate mortgage.

Location and Home Features

The $50,000 figure above probablywould not be the market value of thefarm. Such factors as location in respectto roads, churches, schools, towns, cities,hazards, and available utilities affectvalue. USDA reports show that discountsin average sales prices of farms for lo-cation on unimproved dirt roads may runas high as 20%.

A home does not contribute directlyto income. Thus its value would not bereflected in the capitalized value, al-though it adds to the value of a farm.Home surroundings, age and condition ofhouse, architecture, size, location rela-tive to other parts of the farm, roads, andneighborhood affect home value.

To determine the value of a farm, in-come-producing ability, location, andhome features should be taken into ac-count. Value comparisons should bemade with similar farms that have beensold in recent years.

Trend in Values

In 1950 the average value of farm real.estate in Alabama was $49 per acre; in1955 it was $59; and in 1960, $81 peracre. The increase since 1955 has aver-.aged 5% per year. Will farm land con-tinue to increase in value?

No one knows the answer to this ques-tion. It seems logical, however, that farmreal estate values will continue upwardas population increases. Land needs forroads, airports, cities, pipelines, andhundreds of recreational uses, such aslakes, parks, game preserves, and golfcourses, will grow.

Some additional land may be neededto produce expanded food and fiberneeds, although per acre yield increaseswill meet a large part of these needs.Government programs and policies arealso factors affecting values.

Why the $4,750 per acre for avocadoland in California? It is because of highnet income per acre along with manyother factors that contribute to the in-crease in demand for land. Nonfarm uses,as they affect farm real estate values, arebecoming increasingly important.

ROW PLANTEREFFICIENCY

E. S. RENOLLAs sociate Agricultural

Engineer

- ~IB&~h ~ a

H o~IX\% MANN AC 111 per daV call V011plan t? Is \N l (liIci ghhoi. gcttili It1o1

capacit\ troml his illachlies thli v oll,D~otS Seedbedc~ prepal atioll havet alIX ill-

fit ie oC' 01 IoXX-Crop Ii a'h ii ie capac it.\?Thiese and( i tub's othe que1 1tstions IS r11

hcingy 'oltiioualX aIskedi lX tarmers. FieldicapIcitX Xvaries gret'ItlX froll field to fie'ldIlld from11 oper1ationi to opt'1dtioll. \IaiXfators II' I ii1(1 c in mach iic capacity. SIomieoIt tles ac CtoI rs hav~xe 1been I el XXtli ll)a eti.Ot her fatos ,ichli asXiCI ti lin i spa( 5hce' at

ioXX ends1 1111(] tqlllitN of seedbledi pIC'parI-

Last Productive Time

Lost pr odulctivet tinc for t\picill tarmioaciiiiies riwI(es from 10%)~ for tisk har-rowXXs tol 5'st)

1 or mo' lire for cominies. Be-

CI'ilt stuidies o1 lott' tiime tfor ro OXclrop

plan1 teris suggest thait soire (It these ia

cilies haIX C' lotst time X icl IIs gtreaIt

i1s 615'r.

in g at row~ Cinds, andI( makin~g field stoIpsMlidC adjuistmtits ale lost tim nI' dt as Il

rC'stlilt Xwiill lifilt'i Ce tiheC field ci apacitY of

tile plan~terl

Field stops] zmi ad Itjutintll st Inigllt becauised tIN flIltY etquipfl]C'it or i)\7 Poolr

jti (n il It il the part ofI tile (operatolr.

TFiese field sttops a111 1(1 Iltliits Illight

Seedbed Preparation

tages. In creased pla.1iiter capac its duii i (the CplanII ting op4 leratlin p rt ti111)1 is no (t

chlief, adX\ allita~ys of a XX elI prCeparedt stetd-bed. Diing recenlt .studties It Aubuhtrn oIf

someIC t t tilt, factottrs that ill(iti coce fieldCaii , iv, it ilppet 'at c tihat St CCI i tconCtI-

Ill 1 9601 at compa(]risonl (If two fiteltls XX\-1s

Xas \\-(,]t'I plIX (ri/Cd and( firil. (:1ro tt resi-tile wXas pitoIXedc IllIi t'r a111( tilt surfta~ceC

XXas( reaIsonably)I smithti. Fid B hlad

c'XCII. A 2-rotw 1lailtt'r XXa used tit'iIl bo~th

ficds. Plailtilig 111 )tratiolls til tilt two

fieilds Xer (it' it i l Xwith rtespect totr Iact-

olr, diriXvCer, sptettd, rowX len1gth, a111( t ilrl1iilg areal.

wa.s kepjt. 'Filt' results ttf tis pilnte'r Cilil-

citv stildv are as follows:

Item ineasurcd

Time to add secd andfertilizer, pct.

Tinic for turiiiiiL,,,, pct.Time for field adiust-

Illents and stops, po.

P,,,:it(,r specd, m.p.hAcr uapaci y,

acres per hour

Xatittll. I0( Tll a -rIX cu~ltiXvatotr, thttCapll~itX" ill Fielti A Xwas 1..3 actres peril tir awl l iiIll t ti 13 it XXas( 1.1I acres.

pearedct tot lbe assIc'iattd Xwithl fieltd suirfalce

caitt'5 t hat Fieldt 1 1111ha1 10 m ortic stotpsthii [111(1 A.

Summary

thlt folloinlg:

2. iPlan ting( caIpacity of a 2-o 1 pXs'llan~terXXasI 0.4 acrCe pe'r hlour gr1ealter o11 tilC

A 13

.3. 3 3. 3 eXe l]surfale CowitiitlI tf tile pol- seet-9.3 9..1 bedi Canist' excessiXvt fieltd stopis andt field

8.7 21.0 atlpliiltilts.,3.9 .3. 8 4.Oliao aatvwsifune

[Ty)IlJt r tIli(,t coll ( iti IS itt 11he

plitr C uitorllFc~ Ca a s .4tyal

lI 't, XI ll 'fi c tctr XXal ilrt CI ll] I .ti t11ti

'5. CultiItIr t'Ipacitv tdurinlg first cul-

tiXvatiton XXIs 1.5) tol 2.0) acreCs per dlay

it relec fi t(ro sC'I1wdt ft ill thl fill

sile~ tot ( I ) hantdle 1ltnt' actrtes XXith a

I

The steer shown is anexample of the type t:be expected from a Here-ford and Angus cross.

CROSSBREEDINGevaell 97106de46 Feed14

TROY B. PATTERSON, W. M. WARREN, J. F. PRICE, and

G. B. MEADOWS, Department of Animal Science

] ii tiitit'\ixt ft'x xtitf' a x i' ciii ilit10 ' it l f(t't il~ 111441,14 it' ii ttiid Ill1 it iih

i it't'tithie 0ti1ii, (: to xx .114 ,tt it l apic

ptqli x 1i o fi ct"d h it cd lm c ota

litl co ll'st 1t.\\ tuii i c o 4 iiiict t'.i c

xc(dtfhfi pl il it cicl o f crosses i rllix.

Brtisx c iii d pi ' ittix lo .14 ( 1 jixxl t' txlxx,-(

ut t't iixio o f t'tix. ~ il'riet d t

i -:3 carx xpe xriod 1.4i itt it flA b r ii i tf it .t

6 li u tl-l 'Icrliit s it~ l

AI] t'iixe ixxxci' riixit (il pasxturet xx thlittcuel) O ikirs 1 -o\\4'cixx. At xxt'imitti thte xteert('iix\ t'x Xx cit' plitced il pcitliliitit'it x vpc

ltcait 2~x t't'kx xx c ifli xx'dt Icr aitilt-t ci t after''xi .110 bt'tr iiie 14111 to tilt

Blvcd ~ xx ,tc itiu'ii

xi eillit

Noi. Lb.

\tll1 13 477.2tit [ uttfm 12 4018.8

'i tntiirii 14 4:310(6X I I -:' 4 88.x 7A X S 4 4501.2

11 X \7- 4T7.8I I X S (- 5 32.78 7. A I () 476. 4S X II1 9 472.6

A\x. poll4 ('It] itx 39 _1139. IA\x. ttuxiii dx :3 9 -182.7

A\. iii

ii iglit

2.0532. 162.091.9012.1:)1.862.05.

1 .901I1.98S0.08

-1

I i I IiliitI

96.9omS6)2.:'

9 .56.7-

/1(1 7. 21)7.A

9i L:3

(1 Iilltul

xxi-itli

57 1.15317T.65412.9622.751)1)2

538 1.66 19.:315S666 12.4

5-t-1.56111..4

6(). 9

Caircaxx

12.110.8121)12.712.8S1 2.1()12.31:3.1112.511.812.6

0. 8

tli - XI t)juxl\'c

/it 8ql iii.

()(iS 2.1830.60 2.21

S1.o) 2. 21 I0.7~ 1 .1)2

01.71 2.02(1 1 76 2.1

0.653 2.171.6 2.0)8

I11 (). 9 )

iw rati foo an\ itt I izwe of 2ia 3 :) I ii Ii

had xtti bxtiiii14tciiTlxxlici (i'lloI 1 i ol icc. Aofi w i c t slii -i'.i tc \\its

(It (Itilii'. k X' 9i i 4i' i sa l t. ic xa

Results

I t c ii'f rllllc t,1llI('.s (L ti

itt' uiiI t t c 3'il ii 4 ill( lix cli i ll

Iltll(' ie.'tx th(ii xx t'.itids xx ci gut. bet-

.I'lttiiiiit't to I ( p li t're s I i n\c (r t hc't f

ii(' lft cr i xtic stx reul it actro t ii i l t iti

fIt i r it t li ttci (.)Ix o i 'ic tt'i r iii xi.,.T1 fiti

df irlice i(\iittl\\ cot' tu ti o il (t' x, ax ll

ic\tii ft \viiii iiax it civtaxx ix lit' tiiixii '(1 ,1(1c ao xl)ii'. Te of1 (ii itci cit

('x t.ilico'l ix Ie ixc i . a ttl titiffld \\a cc t

it. itit'tiill t\\ ei ait ' l fbi ia c t t ix'ros-

xx t)Iii I1\4 r it it lt r is t'tiiiit 4:iit i l i it III

fitiafc ii'i'di t e xxtgh. il t'. T isctifiCiiTIr _

(di ipri' tat cxt'x fiat grnitt't \\itias

I iirii than lorii iithti taix x. si ao 1(Slt ()taxl tI x itt' an it'.ii' ilia CtIitxxiin'tixth cIx ol

brdjta' hlixt ix Ii hgle icix tf ti' ii

1)( lollllu I) \m ) Cliossjm :I) Sii. i-iit D \i . A\E11ACE. 1957-60

' (]ill cas, _,ladc nlfilil- lim-d \ cre: 9-Lo%\ ( :ood I 0-Nic(limil (;ood; I 1 -11 i '('11 (;ood:12--I,()\x 1:3-Mcdhim Choicc: 14-IIi!_,h ('hoiuc.- Abim-Oatimi, are iis(-il hir thc cr(),scd. I'lio, first ihbrc\iation of a(h cross is

the 111alc allot t1w Second thc Icillille.

tlil'[ Fii riil, au (lisodst'x of ilox tidilId ill , fi cip ie ix ill eth l I cpsiitx.

coIllilitl oxliiicl. h\ox 111cx le til' lefcaloftilig atfitsxxti ila ag iio

thf Illx t1 ellipiit dxei'xxes oef -Ii ii~i ai

Iitfidittiiii lii as it( \1kilijtiaite of ai\

alt iixtcd(f l, lieti'i i, xr illix lit

spotiiic aicltfiii tha tlit ~laxite 01 gail

rI licti0ll1ill tlic ie idqilli t\ f ha,\.if

aid l iiii (,, isilitfi xiit( hi tlo tl cx'S01Iix o( ciiixx ld bv bf ceriiifiict 11)1 ii!s aheitllatxt.Th inliufici iiff)1

xii iiigiilixl'i

I )i liu i igtc-c li x1 to ihe i ol sitiui crilof

isf kinftf i if that pi t. Fox x aimf lhi.

Pslixof xxl Iil t i- cl c r eisxi cui)-l.\ t1 llfalfa P.Scildafxii \triliifia

Thex i ocirlle ar1 tsc ieuriici of cfdiixi ixi xiii lje liax i ietix tI leaxt

ti iil xxii tilil I inc xillos dlits

fcses itr pi I xilitii duig t~fitriili(t

anichix of the \iihiiiii Mt oxcxix \gti let'ill l(xi jtlit St i-crdii. oiii fic~~xx -cit ciiiii IIIIirt' mrtliai orlii tuilii4

11 i xoi Surveyi Conduci'tiedxx iix x

)ixcixexi

(x i iliitltii Ii if '1)lt

flit )(ti ighit

Ccuo u '"iix hli l i)

Is(xilit licifpot

1Iliuk ptch

'i~o\ixxI ix ililoxxP1\x Illstic Iit I( it 'hot

Sth i otiuiai t-i oxx it rot

Scx ire\Moderaite

E. A. CURL.Associate Plant Pathologist

DISEASEPROBLEMS ofclover and alfalfa

cal x xl~ttil: (1) dal: ifppaiciitlx iii dix-(txt' pli exilt: (2) ill to 10tl:;iof Wcax c

aff~ct'c hut iiii ifpfietialeilt iiiiitit - oftissuec dtli'xtui it( .3) 111 50t' if lcax cx1alffectetf iidLo oilop to 25%' of tixxiu c ttro etf; (4) 50f-90',", of lcax es iflecteifantI/or 25-50% oif tisxiictlif i dc ti l: anit

.5) ox tr 9t0% i Itix t'x iffcttd I iiioox er 5(6, if txxiic tltxtiox tt1 Sce toi xfi

iioot i l cioxxii tdisteases fr. it pai titularlltil \\it ax tmliuiaits asxlhilt iiiiiilt at'

Mi xt, x(AC.

Diseases Encountered

T1 ntiffcerint tfjxcascx xwcut cuucoiitti ic! (iii xxiiitt' ucrt 4 ii cuii iii cluxc ciMid 9 oil alfdlit. 'I'fic iiiiixt (1tftstiuitix(tlxcit if xxhite \\x i xax Sclci ot mmifilit cinxt'tl lix tIc s'oil f uIliix Sciiirtinoin rii/fsii. '['lit tixcaxc' xxit axxc tn' a

tOF lixAi-I Oxi 1,0\i iix lix ii i i, \ IN ALXi -M xnxx lmx.rii t1Pu'iiiii llli 1 .At ti. xl I959-61

NI t( i liix ii

959 1960 1961

2.101.) L11LIT 2.54I19.)1

1.72 t .98 t1(60

2.001 2.3")5 1.810f1 1.): 2.11)

1.47 1.18It 1 1 .90

19159 1961) 196 11 t959) t6() 196 1

2. 1:3 2.86 2.7L52 2.36 ;47

1 .68 2.0)1 2.116 1 .60 2.12.001 2.001 1.31)

2.25 .21 1.95 1 .9)

2.:3)1 2.11

Upper left shows healthy white clover leafcontrasted with that diseased with bacterialleafspot. Upper right shows white cloverwith Curvularia leafspot; lower left showssooty blotch on crimson clover and lowerright is Ascochyta blight of alfalfa.

tfit( lalck l3clt Sufititouii it \iu t.I iId I6 th l wu it f) lolIo Ii i~ct d 1riot f u

till x. 'T'e iiiiixt dtllauuyiuiu liufspot ii-e'lxix if xx fiitt clox cr xx ei Stilgolioxpira

heit xpit ai itf.\cocl 1ixt 1lighit ill \laxitf fim out f N6 m()) id it1961 . A I ncttu ial

lt'ifxjat caiixti collsitl llt lt'if dunl-at( ill \lixv of I1961.

(' iiiiciitli ii eituf pi t ( xiiot, 1 iliotchixx-its thet ilixt pri x alit aid ci tfiing~thixctax iif criiixiii cloxc ill the flit trxxping of all :3 xeis. laxxtu i ix xx \cit]iiioxt xeccclx, ffcttd-1 nit! tlit( (Iixtixt'xx'its miostpi ut inl ficltl that hatdnot feit'i lyrite b\x lix (stuck. Tfhei olllxoift'c i tluxet thiit ocetiiu itt! coluxixtt'uitlx\x-ixs ( :tlcosfhol a at.

\lflfu xx \\a da i~e ioxt lix \xeot'lix ,tit liafxpot ill \luxai\;1( .i lin (ifd 1-96)Midt I1961. Spi iii lilac kltuui. toixt'tf b)x

thit xiiiu' f11iuui.x xx\ax ilxii fplcx alenIt onl

fpe'i/a lt'itfsiit illutl Stt' li liiliii Icid xfotxxr ti u ciin oloi l alfalfat tliownglit t'e

xi lliicilixsilw ig loxx11 ii giiftid colitft'

abilte citaf tiip. Alfalfat tf"ixu'sux xxci iii-

ttiixifit't ill fieltfx hlot , vtl cllitptd ori

Control Measures

Btecalumu offt'te tx l loxx calshx alit of iliixt f i ic ciripx, elicall ctuil-tro] Tricixsili tx il( t xl(flili fi cticall friui

a cosxt stilutfpoiuut. Six (,itx of lcaf tlix-Ct'uic max it' I tleclf) Ifliitei)

P~illg Ori Thisiic~ f lu itti iliptx the1 lifttxc of flit, parasitic olililixilixs hid pit'-

xci Ixt the til'at fronti I idili (1(i) toi ill-t(Il i(xi t f pol j(ol ts. Suittc Selicrotinniliiglit iil Sclci otili i Ci r of aii'

o_;inxttf fox fuiuigu tfhit ix for i '~cialx ciix il li h xsii, liili, i utiltiii xxitli ti lxx

C1(9)5 IllaiX lv'iilii thir x('x titx

Sorghum almum-FRIEND orFOE?

C. S. 0 LND, soit Agrononist

ii1S i 5W01 , I Sil 4 11 iii ll ii illl IS it I it i It iii pest tillt

li iI X till bll it hias ritt c ill l Xllc states" 01 is i

\,citlieci idcai is clpi)ctcis ciii ic't, all.-co jdill tol icsiits lit

I il'XI stlii ii'X ua 1'(V 111 diii it, diii iti 11 thie last 4 s ci 5 tito(ictcii i ti 1' \ iii lit So'i ii l 11111 aslliil I it tl g 114 1)01it lt

liii Stit(

Natural Hybrid

1)i tsii 1111iell Xi lti li fslili l 2.5 1flll st appcps to

\t o iuiil 11i d of,' ii11 li olgls a11( 1a11 I ll 1 jiX,. Si 11411 Sorghum.111

dIsoScn cdilli Aliiiiii il 1 5b o 25ili~i ye~'ili i 15? 3tiitXl.

Ai till' l-ro\iljrs lilt l ii. S ielil it ils 4111lii lilll illi I

it thc i i it t h s If I jiiI I lil I~i l .5511 i s e :1i iiX i iliiiflutl

('ii ss illit

Camp1 If ill

Alli IXilli

Pit ill )

I I t o l l 1 .

I 1.\

3. ( j

2.27

6. 1 S4.5

6.7_6

-4.511. 1 1

torli'. .\ it Id' lii I iic

;aIIi-I I )( IS ill,

iSllt 1.51i

t.0 t 2.861,32 5.0)75.28 .,'[157 5.77,

6.92 5.0t65. 1. :.)3.66.71 4.6 1

4.80t 4.22

jollos151 l i lsa s. I II 15 15 (I tllc suI ill sec(ill i g l of51411 I Soli-

oXt 11 ii ll i ollill i l-illtsi llSS. e p o lc i ll t i r ll t l

Siiicc S(I~rlll il iiilloi is, fi-r all pi acticil 11 prp scs. all

'iilil I illi, hdes r.mSiitsi ( la ittioe colim- wit ovtherli

I l .. . i( X it l i iit s is a l hl ll it fi hl toa le it ia it c ai r al

tilltl o wec thi 0114 t eachlaers ciat i i tie Blac Be5 ilt sailil

iSo alil ta Si 110Iillilillo Proas hcts iii\\,its a o t f(, siu \iliiii

Co lilS tS ci. \itli a acils b a ss - 1cs leaf t aI (;ahl I l-illill-. al

cross. .\t til l Gulf ilstil lilstatillil. ci ielii i o to]-;wisthl (11111 hiilh iiss It11 111tili utitiics prdu41055.er ilt

i I I i)liliii ti I (iliti s ilit ii S I o i fo ag qiii iv Si iih ii i 15

i ll i t, iresi toc c iat i ll it calu ll? 111(1 atii i ist i fiiiii

B4isla Belt all Pici liii 1111Substationsst lidiiit thai cattul e iliiiii

I' ~ i 7

4

fitq

~ ,'! ~ ~A

Stand survival ot Sorghum almum righti is generally poor thesecond year as compared with survival of Johnsongrass tleft).

N. A. MINTON, Nematologist, USDA

E. J. CAIRNS, Nematologist

A. L. SMITH, Plant Pathologist, USDA

R OOT-KNOT NEMATODES, serious cotton pests, may reducecotton yields 50% or more.

To find ways to prevent this loss, researchers at the Au-burn University Agricultural Experiment Station conductedstudies of the effects of 3 types of cotton, 2 nematocides,and land fallowing on the number of root-knot larvae in thesoil. These tests were made at the Plant Breeding Unit,Tallassee.

Tests Conducted

The first soil samples were collected on April 7, 1960 justprior to the application of nemagon (DBCP) and ethylenedibromide (EDB) fumigants to certain plots. Auburn 56,a moderately resistant variety of cotton; Empire, a highlysusceptible variety; and Gossypium barbadense, a highlyresistant selection were planted April 18.

Soil samples were collected periodically and a count madeof the nematodes recovered per pint of soil. This infor-mation for the various collection dates is given in the chart.

APR APR MAY JUN JUN JUL AUG AUG SEP OCT NOV7 26 17 7 27 19 9 29 19 10 7

The number of nematodes in all treatments declined dur-ing April and May. The decline in number in the non-fumigated plots resulted from the small amounts of rootsavailable for feeding and the rapid utilization of food re-serves in the nematodes resulting from increased activity asthe soil temperature rose. The nematodes also began enter-ing the cotton roots as they grew and were no longer freein the soil. During June and July the number of nematodesincreased in both the fumigated and nonfumigated soil, butthe increase was much greater in the nonfumigated soil.

Late-season differences between fumigated and nonfumi-gated plots were slight. However, fumigants are effectiveif the nematodes are suppressed until the plants become wellestablished, since the seedling stage is the critical period fornematode control. The aim of practical fumigation is not toeradicate nematodes but to reduce the number present to a

Resistant Cottons,

Nematocides, and Fallow

vs. NEMATODES

level low enough to permit plants to become established.The cost of eradication would be prohibitive. Both DBCPand EDB effectively reduced the nematode population levelduring the critical early growing period of cotton.

The nematode population levels did not rise as rapidlyunder the resistant cottons, especially under G. barbadense,as under the susceptible Empire. Although the resistant cot-tons tolerated nematode attacks well, the nematodes wereable to reproduce on the resistant plants. Galls were smallerand less numerous and root decay less severe on resistantplants than on the more susceptible ones.

Fallow and fallow plus fumigation maintained the root-knot larval population at a low level throughout the tests.Fallow without fumigation was almost as effective as fal-low with fumigation. However, results indicate that resistantcottons or soil fumigants will not reduce the nematode popu-lation to a level safe for root-knot susceptible crops the fol-lowing year.

Recommendations

Planting root-knot resistant cotton varieties, such as Au-burn 56, is the most economical root-knot control measurefor most Alabama soils. Other tests have indicated that soilfumigation plus the use of a resistant variety may be prac-tical on productive soils that are heavily infested. In additionto being resistant to root-knot nematodes, Auburn 56 is alsoresistant to Fusarium wilt. Fusarium wilt does not occur inthe absence of root-knot nematodes and it increases as thenumber of nematodes increase. Therefore, the root-knot andFusarium resistant qualities of Auburn 56 make it a goodvariety to plant in root-knot infested soil.

The chart shows infective root-knot larval populations in plotsplanted to various cottons or left fallow when fumigated withDBCP, EDB, or left untreated.

COTTONS of TOMORROW

L. J. CHAPMAN, Assiiionl in Agronomy

A. L. SMITH, Plant Pathologist, USDA

Co'FF0xx \ii B hiti- tit FITIliZt/ ill a

fexx \iix. I tx appcti at ci iniit.ht lit cIi-tit cix tiftiitit nxa tlifbec\ co tred iixttaldot fiveitt.

A~ltlhiti~rh oo lt soi itlitii there xx\ill

tie tteir differlc es . A btukiir of* ,(,ties

is \atxl' tb e~ plitiltx iitinaedctiil l

Hybrids, When?

lull Ili iot Ilvix j \)1 iti x ii lieteri lxx ill

etttt \ x t] ictteits useixd ill (hut1 t iilit

tait x s, istiit ill tihe tilt1c lii t titi are

trill ciittitllx hx \bitt call ibe Ittitdc ix ai-attlc to irt oxx cixS. flTes at c ( I ) itititc lICrilosx pitilifilt l iat id (2) tfil ciii itioiii

1.'itiki cornI t ito othe cripi ti cox.( ttoii

pitltit) is tooi Iliax\ to tit carieid Ix\ xxii Ki

heiiilthititx x t lfiietit crxass tttioatix

of Itto fii u i ilitll- ilia of luelle I Iceii.i

apouii x bee cin tttiic iit\il high pIittifittlix li tttiltl \\cd it be ace l xii t siiiitct

fctorxy troiciott oft Iitt' bitt ttc tlix(ttxxc p eit l o f tlic ttii iiaiclit ili

tbilt cotl1 ticd itxisitil 1111 xiikx ii to

taixli\,the pltit ill oliol ot f ptiihiteui flit

ittilitiutti itlialc xtct tlitx\ I ictitis hlaxc licclldi iiuill ciidin. IThis imakix it poiixlei

tio prltici Itx li \ rid seiii xxitlititit ilttixxcl-

pruiicingi. Ix I\ biii or i itil xli tlttititi alitt

iitbcr crops.

uf tlchil m i atx lx titoit is far tiii i~t

10

ticil. A xsiticltiirx xlicc oii itlic xtcij

ttcjxtx ale Ilitptfitt that axitsit ictui\

xilitict ot xtclitlitx xx \\i be I uttitd.Use itt clicialxs tiio iititict tiilc xtci

iixl i titt\i isi tril ixit ii a ix otlt f it-

Sections of cottonseed at T 771 "_right show rcsults of onephase of cotton breedingresearch. Dark spots intwo of the seed producesubstance known as gas-sypol, which is poisonousto some animals. Seedwithout spots are from aglandless line that doesnot produce gossypol.

ertic itt il x liii il iji ilitilit .ii tutiu \\itl

i ici. lii itt ptattx 'F lei icli p lixlii iixccdwe art ticiii als iticit isc it rcdi1tcitt

itlit xxuili gi catlx iticreaxi thit coist ofilix triti xsiei.

Low Gossypol

(iixxx p i i xibiltittc proui cedui lixtiie titit idark glaulx x \ixildi( ill hlauk iuild

thle xsced. IThix xiixitioct ix toixic to cii-

itt ofittoiiccti toill. Gosxs ,poi titlist

it is xitatl iii l tiit liliii I ciii ixitt tit ltlanitlexs liis ofi coittont liiaxi tutu ixit-

Ix to atv itti is \ it I lit tie of Iii iiiix\ p d.i

Insect and Disease Resistance

[Iistiiitt to ctitii instcts. \lt tadx scieit-

t lcati I ftcdisico\ xe itiat ittctxii o i il

illt i itre x}itiii te I) x.fed ols h

taces secetetI Iv Hth iiiiii x i ai~t fill,

oiti e I1t tiixe \iitht. lctl ts]i\(

xx itti xtuiiittit, pickcrx, such ctiiattcis i,x

tax cxt a n tixi tlitii Icix iocc \illt

xx otfti itittar ut xx tattipo hilos . li t ht

ili s itigtdesiriiclci t ii i iot li xiii~ati th i ll iii xthu il toi mciitt ittl)\ ci ttiti

tio i e et i ll the ix el cti 1),i ti x i s In xxii i t

\gcil tuii(, i tiecii i t ii lo ct it piltut

xx ii ii tot i ri lr qxx tuaiti.e tts tx c tti li

tu iti is titcoicix: c be\ cel taixthe

stiarcthi 16)lch uisattix i i\x gixxill)to

tud ) smothica 5 Ilcxx.t teisl

1 - Ai I ()I IS \ \ I I IIi ) I t t I It (tIis 11 LM5' (

jwill t i ts. It f i Itt I ( l isi I(' It t I tlt' it 1 t'

it x i t I t ii~t i i ittII'. IIIIt s ac c a ( I se iti di I I.-

till' huh i I Il c itt i llc5j1it t a ii tll. pro-

diit is11 t \(Itli 5511 tl 51) 2i 0l Ill 4iiil

rct it 'it Ii, a iii titst splAts Of Ci lt s

a iffI ti it s1)'tit'siil t t lIIi (1), c lwel1'

(''itlsi ri ill]\ (o\ er oii 0/l i'l tilctc ltit 11111

tix 1' \1 h l fpo I ii(ti its cl .titi ltd I ll

;Iditioll ther \\45 al pilt.\iciatt'tiigx ilit

cits lt ispt ili asiiii is 4 x t'i'kxe

Ipciit its it llii tte fiut S lii tci L'iti cdii

Sates.iit'aitii itt titestet apts itt tolic 1) 4 \t

i) .t liixx lit ' tc iic it o it ith tilhiitl I itt'

ii( oii li both oritt'. ut I ll'. it i i t ot

These leaves show typical spotting causedby peanut leafspot. The disease organi smmay be in the leaf for 3 weeks before thespotting is noticed. Once leaves are in-fected, there is no effective treatment.

SPRAY vs. DUST for

Peanut Leafspot Control

JA. LYLE, Head, Deparit'ent of Botany and Plani Paihotogy

tilta lt' iI ii ilo\x

1945

194 7

1 )49

1 950t1915 110.5 21953

il& plliltlpc acre1

2O079,o15;'

1. 1052 .l12) 7

1 1 )'l :1'1i li

261

t',i

-182 5 2

xxlt c tic itl (1111 tilHt, 9 X li s. t' I listciotnsistetnt ill 171ti hi liaic \itt'5s XliIII t il tis

clii tiiii1 lii itho i 'I'71 t i ilit' ti y c.

lilet i11111 i i's k drt I li t lt' lil ill C

511 ( 11 1iidttid X sp l is .i ill itti tI~

illott illd aiitt

: ) I I p I t t ' , h 1 I1 )

1.5-25 1I).tilitlil XIII .5 2 11).

I1'2'cl i''.'.u'i ( 'ppi't-t9t praui , 2 gal.

xx\ it C lll itt1 liiil tial t it I ii' t ttt' iltt' iii

copptrtis lt 'l 00 tle Illi.t S rv

\\(I( ap ii ed s i S tillc A. i t h rate ofit.(4

T ) i.i pc ts i i i r itc it iii tI . tu t X itl

As ti o \1 it\ I ili d itii ti t l isl tic IiXIiti []los

hi~ti tI t.i t thuti Co p ii' It it ixst ill ci tiix -

ili (i) I1t't Ti sis is i tilc b\) lix he

Ii 'cticid st itt' t tinit t cl it r 171 ' ti i t 1 itll-

lpil X tis it )o\\ iSll' It c4l it' il lit t it ages

Spilt".

I i t IIt

N'io. Nio

L.5441,.57 11.5(521 604

1. 129)

21oiT-21P 86

_.155

1 .(G -

1.62:3 2,174 16:3I .5):)1 2,121 7 1I I2.5 21 168

16t06 2,210) 1M :15 12 t1,850t 2.229 :390)tt 37tt

1 1 1 1( 1 ()1 I)o [I lu \ I- spll,\)s \I) I)i ,I,, o-, )'it 1.1) \\I) 0 1 Pl .\L-r 1,11.xisl'o'l

YwId 1)(.1. (( Ic ) w1d Ili( lcit. c

Wit I Wi I I ) W I Wi I

1, h. 1, 1). 1, 1). 1, 1).

Examples of foliar feed.ing of both landscapeplantings and cannedplants are shown.

'S

I

A'1'

rr'~ '1

Experimental Results

Xx ti ogil applicionsI Il 01(11 to thie soi1

t IIill or 8,: " Or1 it] I ('I I I i\ (ill It I I I1loon it

of N 111)111 O 1112(1it IlIitilsoul e Of iiilI

I iptollis. I ll)\X c\x cr.), 1 141i (Ylox tih of tihe

Ii uLt tops' X\I its XXs. Stud\i OIf the cost (If

I I 10CI-iiISilT~ thC OA O ;LI1)1\i"lTi.

1ii ill gr1.(11

'i-8-8 to soil

it (112 jut 11(4-1

Xitli II.(FOLIAR FEEDING

TOK FURUTA and BILL MARTINDepartment o f H-orticulture

8 1 .:2

1 1.52 21 90.L2

9158 151,, 1,6(

~i r alll li ((1 IItioll' Xol'ilc \\II I h So~iil

14 mXX tb xxlx .I illIll-X\itli l lll~l ii('tdo

illI ft'ie \\1 1iil I ill' rie i nt the(1 So x il

F EIAN)G( ~O~) PI_" XI S 1bv apl i 1(

f1t tili/Il t tile aill\ (,-(r'I ( 11111 p)1 ut il isis III it li('XX. Bx lIsiIIll a ioi.lctX (I ilii

fillx (IX c Iclli llt II illIX xxliii til 111 I l

XIIIrt ii I I f I ) til 1111 I it s ('ii 111 It 1111 is

tfll\ cIf. i I .llotlbli I Il (~cs t \ll! I iI l b o ill itf

11111 t Sc l ll ltIs 111 tll.l~~i~l I ~el Ore 1 s111.' t o 1 e tlt e

iid 111111 f('(I 1 to1 cIX 1111 i llstl s tilli t fi's 11

lit I ()i I av ('ll11)11 . I IIId Ioll' lcii fl 11b'

So12 o f t~ lirci Acn lt -tl

flillli ( I ) lli 11oxx h \-i t x s (rood4 l1~

fl (IX (8)c soi X ap xiitiolit feti~lie

1111\ I i 11\X c)i I ) I o Il 1i it i l I) 81 ic (1 ioI

thff gotl 'll'X ill l sill flilt XdI jll xx Ii)e

Ili t11illt i xrwt Iei l'l xit ii c t il] CII \1) 11 la

lappfliain Of I cll f/ til I'II itililllld 14 its

I.\ii thoughi f l 1 I-) p lI t fifdcio ~li

hIll liiaItiiii

0t-8-8 to soli

ill XI

5(6.2

59).160. 8

Advantages

Il lii' f(flilli III nti liid ill I illll

Ictli r tisi appil ied Io thf soil 11 ((ll 14 xi idslutliixn. il~liall 111111 'is I li1 11 r ii it cl

xxri lize l111( the i folilr( lx xxiiiI l i oill

itl all xxi a liill' tfsil yi~ I i l f Use . tfli

\\1111 II I 118 ol l Ic tll till ts woI iXll li lt i

24 86(.1

MOST SWINE PRODUCERS know that thenumber of pigs raised per sow is a majorfactor in determining profit.

A common question asked by a pro-ducer seeking a herd boar is "How manypigs were in the litter?" Research hasshown that the number of pigs raised isa trait having low heritability. Thismeans that it is strongly influenced byenvironmental factors and not easily im-proved by selection. Research has alsoshown that a well-planned crossbreedingprogram is the best breeding methodavailable to the producer who seeks toimprove sow performance rapidly in acommercial operation.

Research Conducted

Researchers at the Auburn UniversityAgricultural Experiment Station and atother state experiment stations have con-ducted many tests to learn which envir-onmental factors are important, howthey exert their influence, and how theproducer can control them throughproper management. Research has shownthat gilts bred too young will, on the aver-age, ovulate fewer ova and farrow fewerpigs than those not bred until they areat least 8 months of age. Also, well-growngilts that are lean and firm at breedingtime but gaining in condition raise morepigs than those too fat when bred. Giltsand sows kept in firm, muscular condi-tion during gestation have less trouble atfarrowing and raise more pigs than thosethat are fat.

Conditioning Important

Proper conditioning before and afterbreeding can be accomplished only bylimiting total dietary energy without re-ducing protein, vitamins, and mineralsbelow safe levels. A bred gilt should re-ceive about 0.8-1.0 lb. of protein in herdaily ration - a bred sow slightly more.Five or six pounds of a well-balanced16% protein ration containing at least15% alfalfa meal will supply this amountand usually furnish adequate vitaminsand minerals. One to 1'/2 lb. of 40% pro-tein supplement and 4 or 5 lb. of corndaily will also supply about this .amountof protein. However, it may not supply

MANAGEMENT INFLUENCE ON REPRODUCTION

Treatment Ova PigsNo. No.

Concrete 13.,30 10.04Pasture 13.48 10.68Antibiotic 18.56 10.23No antibiotic 13.22 10.45

enough vitamins unless the protein sup-plement has been formulated for the pur-pose or supplemented with good pastureor good quality legume hay in racks.

Pasture Desirable

Excellent pasture is very desirable forthe breeding herd because it supplieshigh quality protein, vitamins and min-erals, facilitates conditioning throughexercise, and makes it easier to safely

limit energy intake. General health ofthe gilt or sow at breeding time and dur-ing gestation has a marked effect on thenumber of pigs farrowed and raised.

Disease Control

Brucellosis, leptospirosis, and erysipe-las are important causes of poor perfor-mance. Respiratory disorders, enteritis,

abscesses or other infections that causefever or weakness at critical times arealso important. A group of sows to bebred should be watched carefully as

breeding time approaches. Any sicknessshould be treated and every effort madeto have each female in top health whenbred. Poor health at this time will cause

fewer ova to be shed, fertilized, andproperly implanted. Individual animals,

obviously in poor condition, should beremoved from the group, treated, and

held for later breeding. A group of bredsows should also be observed carefullyduring gestation for condition and gen-

eral health. Prompt action may preventan individual sow from losing her pigsor farrowing a weak, poorly viable litter.

Hot summer temperatures adversely af-

feet litter size and viability of litters. Forthis reason bred sows should be kept coo]by using shade, sprinklers, or wallows.

Feeding Tests

Since gilts performi better if not ex-cessively fat at breeding, it has oftenbeen recommended that they be limited-fed before reaching 200 lb. Recent workat this Station does not indicate that thisis necessary. Thirty-two gilts were kepton full feed on concrete until theyreached 200 lb. An equal number of lit-

ter-mate gilts were removed from con-crete at 112 days of age and given a

limited ration on pasture. When the giltsconfined to concrete reached 200 lb. theywere also placed on limited ration onpasture. Both groups were "flushed" by

increasing their feed intake shortly be-fore breeding was started. No differencewas found in number of ova producedor in number of pigs at 30 days of ges-tation.

It has been reported by the MissouriStation that feeding a high level of terra-mycin or aureomycin for a period of afew days before and following breedingresulted in increased litter size. In recentwork at Auburn, 0.6 gmi. of terramycinper head per day was fed to one-half ofthe gilts in a group of 64, for 5 days be-fore and after breeding. No benefit wasfound in number of ova shed or numberof pigs at 30 days gestation. It may bethat response to a high level of antibioticat breeding depends upon presence orabsence of disease organisms which aresensitive to the drug.

13

7 tanageme4t pactices

affecting

SOW PERFORMANCE

C. D. SQUIERS, Assoc. Animal Husbandman

I,(JA~ee

~I WV!

'V

7''I

Pecan ProblemsATTACKED byResearch Team

URBAN L. DIENER, Assc. P!onl Pathologist

GEORGE H. BLAKE, Assc. Enlomotogist

HARRY J. AMLING, Assc. Hor-itictrist

Iii x's 1imt il it.s micth as ittic

Yeti tcis \ii oIli t fccxtiol of i axi titXciii

pitdctiotnii t, c 's pool iiistxilsc aci i l-i

stett tiltl i ii lpr I 1)'i t itiitliz iolI.,i itiic)tl ic cucu poo Ilit ci'-'eli ttit liii it , it1 .

i ittl t aiic isillil tcittl i \ ttips.u ilc

(lists ofcit l''ls. Sit itt ciii 't'tt liilfc'llicit iill it o these. area'cs is lccc'sxsil

cI t top irciiiitt ill icc . tc' ci alpproc iiti s c

culturial iE'spciiitiit Stititi tot siilx tScic

Diseases

Itccil i lcics lici jclitix cc xc' pitlt il oi ci iijlttt its oxfc iii its io \it xkt't

peal stabi fillilc.s (ctstro,,tix s ts iii Iicit.Ili

x ticcs. Vaittit's ic'sistitct toi scabl ac ditelh

hiculi stistccptidi ti do\x\ 11" spilt icidiii cxxi itctiiut. Tretts of iixt o\ctl X vi~tti

alrt attilckt't ti1l ctatii ix stitch tliseascs s c lot cith, (;ciiuccctci le'iI spoct,it I cl p~o\\ tl x ulilc

F'it..wiiill sp t\ cx'Cicilicitits \\ tertdiiu li 196 i xx tic ~coper atoirs' iii Aii-

I

tca Ic wa i3ilclxx in, a ii l i iobice Ciiiuctices.Bottic Ilti cc cxxsiii t I, i cli dcilict ) aUicl ilir

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iii iii st'iil it s iii itcicw ci \\xit ii (Iitltcc

trtcc's slifitic clwt'xN lossexis.

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Insicits axrcx ('istlct',ic' to pcat aiti

I ii )iiclit \\ it\l s.i (is .ii iiilcxts ci iii and~c

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t.I( xp siht'x cir t ci f cii i'st I scuts 'i xlioitk-"A si ('tai- x cx s C'iiisc i iits ori tIli I p

pi'i'iilitix ~. Stli ciis tic'lclciticii is i.custetiix tilt, lall xx\\ix cb\ IIIIiidtt tihe txx\ i o.

41iirclti 46-Ii its siciliI liiiitxb c itid txx cts ill

xxi i borieiis itc tiiks coi ilt iiitct I ciii ix.

'il c'tli i tt iix tt' caiii iii pc jutiti i

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it~x i tt li t lix hy 1cati cii ipplctxcticiis

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pclit ,ticic i). icst't'tjt'ctlis xxcrt ippciit't

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X\ii' li~st t tcclu dii'xcslc Aii ist t ii.)tc prci'sscc

xxi c ta,1 ilut littici "i111c1-split.

Left: pecans from unsprayed tree (top)were ruined by scab; those tram tree sprayedwith Cyprex (bottom) are undamaged. Cen-ter: These ceaves show symptoms of mag-nesium deficiency typical of Stuart variety.Right: Magnesium deficiency symptoms onSuccess pecans differ from those on Stuart.

P hys io logy

i'ti tillic(. I tij l ci t is ofi pt'txc I i ccs

di. c l ( o li.' l b l tilts( ofi is it)i iti1)1.11 i

crop cc itii tecot diil pa tlos xiiNSiti-m iiil

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,,ic ix t i 1d1 is ill-( i xx d lab . i s t iil lii iote

t i m soilt~t ticts doi liotsl\ ]'i'~.tto\ lici cic'.ittsii i c ills Al his it\isc's. pca

xxttics l'cillc aix si xx lt c i ti k.de

41iic cx -l iill- li il lcii itlt' ot tese ilaid.ljtlicc o ic4it tcilcttliii it t)'i xi 0 -w rc oci icl

st (i ittc lcil i ll ii~Ix W ii Is pi c.'ilitcis

taic i ' itil. l f litfisilll d

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iots.r illtxicit ulccilciit t a ill ccs i'

Thiiii l 1)ii1 ittL i tii i, iii ( l utIci cii a

IN 1961, 52 articles reporting researchresults in 16 major areas of investiga-tion were published in HIGHLIGHTS OF

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH (VOLUME 8).For convenience of the quarterly's read-ers, articles published last year are listedbelow by subjects. Complete indexes forthe 7 previous years are listed in the

Animal Science

ALABAMA'S CLEAN WOOL CROP SELLS

BELOW PAR-Wiggins. Vol. 8, No. 1. 1961.EARLY- VS. LATE-DROPPED EwES-Cotney

and Wiggins. Vol. 8, No. 2, 1961.SHEEP RESEARCH IN ALABAMA-Wiggins.

Vol. 8, No. 4. 1961.SILAGE-GOOD FOR WINTERING STOCKER

CALVES-Harris, Anthony, and Boseck. Vol.8, No. 4, 1961.

STARR MILLET-AS A SUPPLEMENTALGRAZING CROP FOR SLAUGHTER CATTLE-Harris, Anthony, Boseck, and Evans. Vol. 8,No. 2. 1961.

SUMMER GRAZING AND FEEDLOT FINISH-ING OF 2-YEAR-OLD STEERS-Smith, Grimes,and Patterson. Vol. 8, No. 2. 1961.

SUMMER PASTURES FOR GRAZING STEERS-Patterson, Anthony, and Brown. Vol. 8,No. 1. 1961.

Dairy Science

DAIRYING-COMING OF AGE IN ALABAMA-Wilson. Vol. 8, No. 2. 1961.

FORAGE QUALITY OF ANNUALS VARIESDURING GRAZING SEASON-Hawkins, May-ton, Little, and Rollins. Vol. 8, No. 8. 1961.

Farm Economics

CONSTANT CHANGE-THEME OF ALA-BAMA'S AGRICULTURE-Yeager. Vol. 8, No.4. 1961.

CONTAINERS-PROBLEM IN MA EKETIN GVEGETABLES-Street and Kern. Vol. 8, No.3. 1961.

FARM LIVESTOCK SLAUGHTER DECREASINGIN ALABAMA-Hudson and Danner. Vol. 8,No. 4. 1961.

FARMERS AND FERTILIZER DEALERS-Yea-ger. Vol. 8, No. 1. 1961.

FEED PRICES-CHANGING AS LIVESTOCKINDUSTRY EXPANDS-White. Vol. 8, No. 3.1961.

INCOME RESOURCES IN RURAL CENTRALALABAMA-Huie and Kern. Vol. 8, No. 4.1961.

MARKETING TOMATOES FOR HIGHER RE-TURNS-Street and Kern. Vol. 8, No. 2. 1961.

STATE'S POPULATION-CONSTANTLYCHANGING-Yeager. Vol. 8, No. 2. 1961.

WHERE DOES OUR PORK Go?-Linton andDanner. Vol. 8, No. 1. 1961.

spring issues of 1959, 1960, and 1961.You may wish to bring your files up todate. Extra copies of all 1961 issues areavailable to those who are missing copiesand wish to complete their files. WriteEditor, Auburn Agricultural ExperimentStation, Auburn, Ala., for replacementcopies, specifying which issues.

Farm Machinery

FIELD TURNING SPACE NEEDED FOR TRAC-TOR EFFICIENCY-Renoll. Vol. 8, No. 3.1961.

Field Crops

NEW SORGHUM VARIETIES FOR SILAGE-Hoveland, Evans, and Patterson. Vol. 8, No.4. 1961.

TIMELY PLANTING UPS OAT YIELDS-Mc-Cain and King. Vol. 8, No. 3. 1961.

WARRIOR VETCH-RESISTANT TO THEBRCHD--Donnelly and Hays. Vol. 8, No.1. 1961.

Fertilization

FERTILIZING COTTON-CORN ROTATIONS-

Cope. Vol. 8, No. 1. 1961.

Floriculture

FLOWERS CAN BE WATERED AND FERTIL-IZED AUTOMATICALLY-Furuta. Vol. 8, No.2. 1961.

HOLLIES FOR ALABAMA LANDSCAPE-Orr,Fisher, and Furuta. Vol. 8, No. 3. 1961.

Forestry

FIRE VS. FOREST REPRODUCTION-Whip-ple. Vol. 8, No. 3. 1961.

THE EFFECTS OF FIRE ON PINE PLANTA-

TIONS-Folsom. Vol. 8, No. 1. 1961.

Fruits and Vegetables

IRRIGATION-A KEY TO SUCCESSFUL PO-TATO PRODUCTION-Jones. Vol. 8, No. 1.1961.

PLUM VARIETIES FOR ALABAMA-Norton

and Turner. Vol. 8, No. 3. 1961.POST-BLOOM CHEMICAL THINNING OF

PEACHES A COMING REALITY-Amling andCarlton. Vol. 8, No. 1. 1961.

Insects and Controls

CHAGAS' DISEASE IN ALABAMA-Hays,

Turner, and Olsen. Vol. 8, No. 4. 1961.

TINY BUT MIGHTY-CLOVER HEAD WEE-VIL IS SERIOUS FARM PEST--Bass and Hays.Vol. 8, No. 1. 1961.

Index to Articles Published in

HIGH-LIGHTS of Agricultural Research1961

No. 2. 1961.

15

Plant Breeding

AUBURN 56 VARIETY-VALUABLE TO EN-TIRE COTTON BELT-Chapman. Vol. 8, No.4. 1961.

DEVELOPING NEW VETCHES- Don n e 11 yand Clark. Vol. 8, No. 3. 1961.

Poultry Science

CONTROL NEEDED FOR POULTRY RESPIRA-TORY DISEASES-Edgar, Brewer, and Mora.Vol. 8, No. 2. 1961.

IMPROVED FOWL CHOLERA TYPHOID CON-

TROL-Mora and Edgar. Vol. 8, No. 4. 1961.

MASH VS. CRUMBLES FOR BROILERS-Cot-

tier. Vol. 8, No. 4. 1961.

SUMMER STRESS ON LAYING POULTRY-

Howes, Grub, and Rollo. Vol. 8, No. 3. 1961.

YEAR-ROUND COMFORT FOR YOUR CAGEDLAYERS-Grub and Rollo. Vol. 8, No. 2.1961.

Soil Pests

SOIL FUMIGANTS FOR ROOT-KNOT-John-son, Cairns, and Ware. Vol. 8, No. 3. 1961.

Weed Control

AQUATIC WEED HERBICIDES EVALUATED-Lawrence, Blackburn, Davis, Spencer, andBeasley. Vol. 8, No. 2. 1961.

THE THISTLE-No. 1 PASTURE WEED?-Davis. Vol. 8, No. 1. 1961.

Wildlife

GOOD QUAIL HUNTING FOLLOWS MOIST,COOL SUMMERS-Speake. Vol. 8, No. 4.1961.

Miscellaneous

AREA NEEDS MET BY FIELD RESEARCH-ALEXANDRIA EXPERIMENT FIELD AND PRATT-VILLE EXPERIMENT FIELD-Cope. Vol. 8,No. 2. 1961.

COTTON DISEASES-AND GEORGE F. AT-KINSON-Foscue. Vol. 8, No. 4. 1961.

INDEX TO ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN HIGH-LIGHTS OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, 1960.Vol. 8, No. 1. 1961.

JAPANESE QUAIL FOR ECONOMICAL RE-SEARCH-IVey and Howes. Vol. 8, No. 2.1961.

LEGUME INOCULATION-PRODUCT OFEARLY RESEARCH-Roy and Foscue. Vol. 8,No. 3. 1961.

NORTH ALABAMA HORTICULTURE SUBSTA-TION OFFERS RESEARCH ON SPECIALTY CROPS

-McGraw, Morrow, and Hollingsworth.Vol. 8, No. 4. 1961.

SMALL UNITS DO BIG JOB-BREWTON AND

MONROEVILLE EXPERIMENT FIELDS-Cope.

Vol. 8, No. 1. 1961.

THE PIEDMONT SUBSTATION-A STORY OFRESEARCH FOR A DEPLETED AREA-McGraw

THOSE EARLY YEARS . . .- Foscue. Vol. 8,

THE BLESSING of agricultural abund-ance in the United States is the result ofa dream of 100 years ago!

An idea grew to free man from hisdawn-to-dark struggle to wrest food andfiber from the soil. In this land foundedon freedom and equal opportunity, uni-versities were to be established in everystate to teach the working man to do hisjob quicker and more efficiently. All menwere to be free to gain an education "inthe several pursuits and professions inlife."

The Land-Grant Colleges in everystate were made possible by passage ofthe Morrill Act in 1862. At the end ofthe Civil War, Alabama accepted theland-grant offer of the Federal Govern-ment and the Alabama Agricultural andMechanical College was established atAuburn.

There were questions that confrontedearly agricultural educators. "What werebetter ways of farming" and "how toteach these ways?" Only through trialand error - by actual experiments on theland - could the most productive prac-tices be determined. The first Board ofTrustees sought to establish a system ofexperimental farms in the State. A col-lege farm of 16 acres was under cultiva-tion by 1874 and arrangements had beenmade to experiment with cotton and cornin the Tennessee Valley near Courtland.Outlying experiments were added 3years later in Wilcox County.

In 1883 the College was provided thefunds through a fertilizer tax to estab-lish and maintain an experimental farm,of 226 acres. The purpose of an agricul-tural experiment station, the first director,J. S. Newman, defined as follows: "Farm-ers generally cannot afford either thetime or money to conduct experimentswith such accuracy and persistency as torender the results valuable. Hence, thenecessity for an agricultural experimentstation where such investigations areconducted for the general good underthe auspices of the State."

Impetus to agricultural research camein 1887 with passage of the Federal

AUBURN UNIVERSITY CENTENNIAL FEATURE

Hatch Act. Research funds available foragricultural research were almost tripledin Alabama with the beginning of fed-eral-state cooperation in a nationwide re-search program on behalf of farmers.

Results of experiments made at Au-burn were of such value to nearby farm-ers that those of the Black Belt, or prairiecanebrake as it was then known, clam-ored for a branch experiment station tolearn to cultivate their stiff, clay soil.In 1886 the Canebrake Experiment Sta-tion was established.

Cooperative fertilizer experimentswith farmers on different soil types werestarted in 1888. The "Local Experiment

Law" passed by the Alabama Legislaturein 1911 made possible a vastly expandedprogram of field experiments throughoutthe State in cooperation with farmers.In 1927 the Legislature provided for es-

tablishment of 5. substations, 1 in eachof the major soil regions and experimentfields on the less extensive soil types.

Work was started at once to determinesuitable sites for the substations. In op-eration by 1930 were Gulf Coast Sub-station in Baldwin County, Black Belt

FREE Bulletin or Report of Progres:AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

AUBURN UNIVERSITYE. V. Smith, DirectorAuburn, Alabama

Permit No. 1132-2/62-IOM

Auburn's AGRICULTURALEXPERIMENT STATIONSYSTEM

Substation in Dallas County, Sand Moun-tain Substation in DeKalb County, Wire-grass Substation in Henry County, andTennessee Valley Substation in Lime-stone County. Experiment fields were lo-cated at Alexandria, Prattville, Tuske-gee, Monroeville, Brewton, Aliceville andLafayette. The latter two were discon-tinued.

Five additional substations were pro-vided by the Alabama Legislatures of1943 and 1947 -the Upper CoastalPlain, North Alabama Horticulture, Pied-mont, Chilton Area Horticulture, andLower Coastal Plain substations. Fores-try units were added to the system,plus a seed stocks farm and a plantbreeding unit. The Ornamental Horticul-ture Field Station, officially establishedin 1951, was an outgrowth of the SpringHill Laboratory, started in 1928. TheAuburn Agricultural Experiment StationSystem today is comprised of the MainStation and 23 outlying research units, afar cry from the 16-acre farm first culti-vated at the College.

Agricultural research recommenda-tions were accepted slowly at first byfarmers, but in the last 25 years an agri-cultural revolution has been in progressin Alabama. From this System have cometo farmers better varieties of crops; moreeconomical methods for food, feed, andfiber production; effective insect and dis-ease controls; improved breeding andfeeding for more economical productionof beef, pork, poultry, milk, and eggs;better methods of weed control; andfarm mechanization that now enables oneman to do the work of many - to namea few.

Thus, today's farmer has become ahighly skilled individual who providesfood and fiber for many people off thefarm.

S PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE TO AVOIDPAYMENT OF POSTAGE, $300

LILLIAN FOSCUE,

Graduate Assistant