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Oerip Soemohardjo

Oerip in uniform, c. 1947

Birth name Mohammad Sidik

Born 22 February 1893Purworejo, Dutch East Indies

Died 17 November 1948 (aged 55)Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Buried at Kusumanegara Heroes' Cemetery(7°48!10"S 110°23!2"E)

Allegiance Dutch East Indies (1914–

1939, 1942)

Indonesia (1945–1948)

Years ofservice

1914–39, 1942, 1945–48

Rank Lieutenant GeneralGeneral (posthumous)

Battles/wars Indonesian National Revolution

Awards National Hero of Indonesia

Oerip SoemohardjoFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an Indonesian name; it does not have a familyname. The name Soemohardjo is a patronymic.

Oerip Soemohardjo ([uˈrɪp sumoˈhardʒo]; PerfectedSpelling: Urip Sumoharjo, 22 February 1893 – 17November 1948) was an Indonesian general and the firstchief of staff of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. Hereceived several awards from the Indonesian government,including the title National Hero of Indonesia in 1964.

Born in Purworejo, Dutch East Indies, Oerip exhibitedleadership skills from an early age. As his parents wantedhim to become a regent, after elementary school Oerip wassent to the School for Native Government Employees inMagelang. His mother died during his second year at theschool, and Oerip left to undertake military training inMeester Cornelis, Batavia (modern-day Jatinegara, Jakarta).Upon graduating in 1914, he became a lieutenant in theRoyal Netherlands East Indies Army; during almost 25 yearsof service he was stationed on three different islands andpromoted several times, eventually becoming the highest-ranking Native officer in the country.

Oerip resigned from his position in about 1938 after adisagreement with the regent of Purworejo, where he hadbeen stationed. He and his wife Rohmah then moved to avillage near Yogyakarta, where they established a largegarden and villa. After Nazi Germany invaded theNetherlands in May 1940 Oerip was recalled to active duty.When the Empire of Japan occupied the Indies less than twoyears later, Oerip was arrested and detained in a prisoner-of-war camp for three and a half months. He spent the rest ofthe occupation at his villa.

On 14 October 1945, several months after Indonesiaproclaimed its independence, Oerip was declared the chiefof staff and interim leader of the newly formed army.Working to build a united force from the fractured formermilitary groups in the country, Oerip received little oversightowing to irregularities in the chain of command. On12 November 1945 General Sudirman was selected as leader

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The Soemohardjo family home inSindurjan

of the armed forces, while Oerip remained as chief of staff. The two oversaw almost three years of developmentduring the Indonesian National Revolution, until Oerip resigned in early 1948 because of the politicalleadership's lack of trust in the army. His health deteriorated; he was already suffering from a weak heart, and hedied of a heart attack a few months later. He was posthumously promoted to full general.

Contents1 Early life2 Royal Netherlands East Indies Army3 Civilian life and Japanese occupation4 Indonesian National Revolution and death5 Legacy6 Notes7 References

Early lifeOerip Soemohardjo was born Moehammad Sidik ("LittleMuhammad"[1]) in his family's home in Sindurjan, Purworejo, DutchEast Indies (a colony of the Netherlands), on 22 February 1893.[2] Hewas the first son born to Soemohardjo, a headmaster and son of a localMuslim leader, and his wife,[a] the daughter of Raden TumenggungWidjojokoesoemo, the regent of Trenggalek;[4] the family later had twomore sons, Iskandar and Soekirno,[5] as well as three daughters.[6] Theboys were raised partly by servants, and at a young age Sidik beganshowing leadership qualities, commanding groups of neighbourhoodchildren in fishing and games of football. The brothers attended theschool for Javanese headed by their father, and as a result receivedspecial treatment; this led to them becoming complacent and frequentlymisbehaving.[5]

In his second year of school, Sidik fell from a candlenut tree and lost consciousness.[7][8] After he awoke, hismother sent a letter to Widjojokoesoemo, who decided that Sidik's name was the cause of his misbehaviour.[b]

In reply, Widjojokoesoemo wrote that Sidik should be renamed Oerip, which means "alive".[11] When herecovered fully, his family decided that the newly renamed Oerip – who continued to misbehave – should studyat the local Dutch School for Girls (Europese Lagere Meisjesschool); the schools for boys were full and theyhoped that the girls' school would improve Oerip's skill in Dutch, the language of the regime, as well as histemperament.[7] After a year in the girls' school, in which Oerip became calmer, he was sent to a Dutch-run

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school for boys.[12] However, his academic results continued to be poor.[13] Beginning in his final year ofelementary school, he often visited his friend's father, an ex-soldier who had served in Aceh for twenty years, tolisten to the old man's stories, which inspired Oerip to join the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KoninklijkNederlands Indisch Leger, or KNIL).[14]

After passing an exam for would-be state employees[15] and several months of preparations, Oerip moved toMagelang in 1908 to attend the School for Native Government Employees (Opleidingsschool Voor InlandseAmbtenaren, or OSVIA);[16] his parents intended for him to become a regent like his grandfather.[17] Thefollowing year his brothers joined him.[18] After his mother died in 1909, Oerip sank into a months-long bout ofdepression[6] and became withdrawn.[19]

After finishing the year at OSVIA, he decided to enrol at the military academy in Meester Cornelis, Batavia(modern-day Jatinegara, Jakarta). He went there directly from Magelang, and told his brothers to inform theirfather, who disapproved of his son's choice.[6][20] Soemohardjo initially attempted to bribe his son with 1,000gulden to return to OSVIA, but eventually agreed to pay for Oerip's tuition.[21] After his training, during whichhe found military life enjoyable, Oerip graduated from the academy in October 1914 and became a secondlieutenant in the KNIL.[2][22][23]

Royal Netherlands East Indies ArmyAfter several days visiting his father in Purworejo, Oerip returned to Meester Cornelis where he took up aposting to Battalion XII.[24] Even though he was the smallest man in the unit and the only native,[25] he wasplaced in a position of leadership.[24] A year and half later he was sent to Banjarmasin, Borneo.[2][24] After aperiod patrolling the jungles outside Puruk Cahu and Muara Tewe, he was sent to Tanah Grogot, followed byBalikpapan. While stationed there Oerip was promoted to first lieutenant but faced discrimination as a native inthe Dutch forces. In Banjarmasin he had convinced his commander to strike an ordinance forbidding non-Dutchofficers from joining the football team, and by 1917 Oerip had received equal legal status with Dutchofficers.[2][26] After Balikpapan Oerip was further sent to Samarinda, Tarakan, and ultimately Malinau.[26]

In Malinau, Oerip patrolled the border between the Dutch East Indies and the British-controlled Kingdom ofSarawak (part of modern-day Malaysia); he also worked to prevent conflicts and headhunting among Dayaktribes.[27] One day, seven years after arriving in Borneo, Oerip returned from patrol to find his home had beenburned down. Upon the recommendation of a passing doctor, Oerip went back to Java, via Tarakan andSurabaya, to Cimahi, where he spent several months in recovery from fatigue.[28]

Fully recovered, in 1923 Oerip was stationed in his hometown, Purworejo. In September 1925 Oerip wastransferred to Magelang to serve in the Maréchaussée te Voet (Foot Marshalry), a gendarmerie.[29] Initiallyknown to avoid women and under pressure to marry quickly, in Magelang Oerip became involved with RohmahSoebroto, the daughter of his former Javanese and Malay language teacher Soebroto and a distant relative offemale emancipation figure Kartini. The pair were engaged on 7 May 1926 and married on 30 June of the same

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year.[30][31][32] Also in Magelang, Oerip took on his father's name, which he used as a family name for dealingwith the Dutch.[c] Afterwards he began referring to himself by the full name of Oerip Soemohardjo, althoughothers continued to call him Oerip.[33]

The year after his marriage, Oerip and his wife were stationed in Ambarawa, where Oerip was tasked withrebuilding a previously disbanded unit.[33] While training local recruits in place of the Dutch commander whohad yet to arrive, Oerip was promoted to captain.[34] After the Dutch commander arrived, in July 1928 Oeripwas given a year's leave, which he used to travel throughout Europe on a sightseeing trip with his wife. Uponhis return to the Indies, he was stationed at Meester Cornelis.[35]

In Meester Cornelis, Oerip began running training exercises; while stationed in Batavia, his father died.[34] In1933, he was sent to Padang Panjang in Sumatra to deal with unrest that had already killed several Dutchofficers. His time in Padang Panjang passed uneventfully, and in July 1935 he was given leave to go to Europeagain.[36] He was also promoted to major at that time, which made him the highest-ranking native officer in theKNIL.[37] The following year, upon his return to the Indies, he was stationed in Purworejo.[38] In mid-1938,after a disagreement with the local regent,[d] Oerip was told to transfer to Gombong; he refused, then left theKNIL and moved to his parents-in-law's home in Yogyakarta.[39][40]

Civilian life and Japanese occupationIn Yogyakarta, the unemployed Oerip took up orchid gardening. Soon after arriving, he and his wife bought avilla in Gentan, north of the city. Although the villa was small, the couple used its 2 hectares (4.9 acres) of landto open a large flower garden,[41] with their income subsidised by Oerip's pension from the KNIL.[42] At hisvilla, named KEM (for Klaarheid en Moed, or "Purity and Bravery"), Oerip often received guests, both militaryand civilian, from whom he received information about current events and to whom he gave advice regardingmilitary matters and politics.[43] In 1940, the pair adopted a four-year-old Dutch girl named Abby from anorphanage in Semarang.[44]

Shortly thereafter, on 10 May 1940, when Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands, Oerip was recalled to activeservice. Three days after reporting to Colonel Pik in Magelang, he went to the KNIL headquarters inBandung,[45] where he was the first retired officer to report.[46] Afterwards, he and his family – who had joinedhim – were transferred to Cimahi, where Oerip was tasked with establishing a new battalion depot. Severalnative officers were stationed in northern parts of the Indies during 1941 in preparation for an expected attackby the Empire of Japan, although Oerip stayed in Cimahi.[45]

After the Japanese occupied the Indies in early 1942, Oerip was held in a mixed prisoner of war camp inCimahi. Upon his release three and a half months later, Oerip refused an offer to form a new, Japanese-backedpolice force and returned to KEM,[47][48] where he and his wife rented paddy fields to grow rice whilecontinuing to operate their flower garden.[49] To protect their land, they surrounded their property and home

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The first dedicated TKR headquarters, in Gondokusuman,Yogyakarta; it is now the Dharma Wiratama Museum.

with a high bamboo fence.[50] Although no longer active in the military, Oerip occasionally received formerKNIL members, including Abdul Haris Nasution and Sunarmo, who brought news of events outside the village.The couple continued their work, harassed and surveilled by the Japanese and pro-Japanese Indonesians, untilthe bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in early August 1945 signified that Japan would soon withdraw.[49] Itwas during this period that Oerip began having heart problems.[51]

Indonesian National Revolution and deathAfter the Proclamation of Indonesian Independenceon 17 August 1945, Oerip and his family left KEMfor Rohma's parents' home in Yogyakarta.[52] Whenthe People's Safety Body (Badan Keamanan Rakjat,or BKR) was formed on 23 August, Oerip led agroup of military commanders who petitioned for itto be set up as a national military formation;[53][54]

a separate group, led by politician Oto Iskandar diNata, wanted the BKR to fulfil the functions of apolice organisation. The political leadership,consisting of President Sukarno and Vice PresidentMohammad Hatta, agreed to a compromise: itbecame a police-style organisation, but most of its members had served in the military, either with theDefenders of the Homeland (Pembela Tanah Air, or PETA) or the Heihō.[53]

On 14 October 1945 – nine days after the Indonesian National Armed Forces was formally established – Oeripwas declared its Chief of Staff and interim leader, and left immediately for Jakarta.[e] In a cabinet meeting thefollowing day,[55] he was ordered to build a national army, headquartered in Yogyakarta,[f] in preparation for anexpected assault by Dutch troops coming to reclaim the Indies.[57] He departed for Yogyakarta on 16 October,and arrived the following day. He first established the headquarters in a room at Hotel Merdeka, which he useduntil the Sultan of Yogyakarta Hamengkubuwono IX donated land and a building for the army to use.[58]

With the BKR scattered under independent leadership throughout the country, the newly formed People'sSecurity Army (Tentara Keamaanan Rakjat or TKR, now known as the Tentara Nasional Indonesia) drewofficers mainly from the native members of the former KNIL.[57] However, these officers were poorly receivedby Indonesian nationalists, who viewed them as mercenaries for having served in the Dutch forces. Meanwhile,rank and file members of the TKR were drawn from numerous groups, including former PETA, current Pemuda(young Indonesian revolutionaries), and the BKR.[55][59] Although Oerip set out a command structure, in realitythe army's hierarchy was provisional and depended heavily on the strength of local units.[60]

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General Sudirman was elected asleader of the TKR on 12 November1945. He kept Oerip as his chief ofstaff.

Following a government decree on 20 October Oerip became subordinate to both the acting Minister of DefenceSoeljoadikoesoemo and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces Soeprijadi. However, neither man showedup to assume his duties. Soeprijadi, a PETA soldier who had led an uprising against Japanese forces in Blitar inFebruary 1945, was thought dead.[g] While Soeljohadikosomo's position remained unfilled, the guerrilla leaderMoestopo declared himself Minister of Defence. As such, Oerip had little oversight and felt pressured toquickly establish a stable command structure.[61] On 2 November, he appointed leaders for military operationsin various parts of the country: Didi Kartasasmita for western Java, Soeratman for central Java, Mohammad foreastern Java, and Soehardjo Hardjowardojo for Sumatra; each of these sub-commanders was given the rank ofmajor general.[62] Oerip also began appropriating weapons to different TKR commands. He took confiscatedJapanese weapons from well-equipped forces and distributed them as needed.[63] However, the results were lesssuccessful than he had hoped. PETA had been organised locally during the Japanese occupation, and as such itsmembers were unable to accept a centralised leadership.[64]

On 12 November 1945, at the first general meeting of army leadership,General Sudirman – the leader of the Fifth Division in Purwokerto, whohad two years military experience and was 23 years younger thanOerip – was elected leader of the army following two deadlockedvotes.[65] In the third round, Oerip had 21 votes to Sudirman's 22.Divisional commanders from Sumatra, who had voted unanimously,swayed the vote in Sudirman's favour;[66] Oerip had lost votes becausesome of the division leaders distrusted his history with the KNIL and theoath he had taken to the Dutch motherland upon graduation.[67]

Although Sudirman was surprised at his selection and offered tosurrender the leadership position to Oerip, the meeting did not allow it;Oerip himself was glad to no longer be in charge of the army. Sudirmankept Oerip, by then a lieutenant general, to serve as chief of staff underhim.[68] While Sudirman remained unconfirmed, Oerip remained de jureleader; however, the Indonesian journalist Salim Said writes that Oerip'sorders were at times unintelligible owing to the leader's poor commandof Indonesian and often ignored unless approved by Sudirman.[h][69]

When General Sudirman was approved on 18 December, he beganworking to consolidate and unite the army. Meanwhile, Oerip handled day-to-day organisational and technicalissues.[70][68] Many of the details, such as company uniforms, he left to regional commanders.[i] However, todeal with more important issues, such as establishing a military police and preventing enemy paratroopers fromlanding, he passed edicts that applied nationally.[68]

Together, Sudirman and Oerip were able to address many of the differences between former KNIL and PETAtroops. The government also renamed the army twice in January 1946, first to the People's Security Army(Tentara Keamanan Rakjat), then to the Army of the Republic of Indonesia (Tentara Repoeblik Indonesia, orTRI). On 23 February 1946, Oerip was appointed head of the 11-member Committee to Reorganise the Army

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Oerip's grave in Yogyakarta

(Panitia Besar Reorganisasi Tentara), formed by presidential decree. After four months of discussion, on17 May the committee gave its recommendations to Sukarno. Oerip was set to handle day-to-day operations of adownsized army, while the Ministry of Defence was given greater bureaucratic power. Sudirman was kept asleader of the army.[71][72]

As Minister of Defence Amir Sjarifuddin began establishing pro-leftist groups within the military, Oeripbecame distrustful of the political leadership[73] and vehemently decried the government's attempts to usesoldiers' political affiliations to control the military.[74] Still, he and Sudirman continued to work to ensure thatparamilitary troops (laskar), which had arisen from the general populace, were included in the military. Thiswas realised on 3 June 1947, when the government declared the union of the laskar and TRI into a new militaryorganisation, the Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, or TNI). Meanwhile, Oeripestablished a military academy in Yogyakarta.[73]

To meet the Dutch threat, Oerip intended to attack while the formercolonists were still consolidating their forces, a plan that was quashed bythe government's attempts at diplomacy. He preferred guerrilla tactics toformal military conflicts, once telling a subordinate that the best attackwould be one with a hundred snipers hidden behind enemy lines.[75]

Oerip was strongly against the Renville Agreement, an ultimatelyunsuccessful treaty that led to the withdrawal of 35,000 troops fromwestern Java and the formalisation of the Van Mook Line betweenDutch and Indonesian forces.[76] He saw the agreement, ratified on17 January 1948, as a stalling tactic, giving the Dutch the chance tostrengthen their forces.[77] Meanwhile, Amir Sjarifuddin – by then alsoserving as prime minister – began culling the army, predominantlykeeping leftist-leaning troops.[78] Disgusted with what he perceived as

the government's lack of trust in the military, Oerip tendered his resignation,[79] although he continued to serveas an advisor to the Minister of Defence, Vice President Hatta.[j][80]

After several months of growing steadily weaker and undergoing treatment from Dr Sim Ki Ay,[81] on theevening of 17 November 1948 Oerip collapsed and died from a heart attack in his room in Yogyakarta. After anight-long viewing he was buried the next day in Semaki Heroes' Cemetery and posthumously promoted togeneral.[2][80][82] When Sudirman threatened to resign in 1949, he blamed Oerip's death – as well as his owntuberculosis – on the government's inconsistency during the revolution.[83] Oerip was survived by his wife andadopted daughter. Abby died of malaria in January 1951,[84] and Rohmah died on 29 October 1977 inSemarang; she was buried in Ungaran.[31]

Legacy

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Oerip on a 1993 Indonesian stamp

Oerip received numerous awards from the national governmentposthumously, including the Bintang Sakti (1959), Bintang Mahaputera(1960),[2] Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipurna (1967),[85] and BintangKartika Eka Pakçi Utama (1968).[k][2] On 10 December 1964 he wasdeclared a National Hero of Indonesia through Presidential Decree314 of 1964. Sudirman was also declared a National Hero by the samedecree.[89]

On 22 February 1964 the Indonesian military academy in Magelangdedicated a memorial to him, which described the military leader as "ason of Indonesia who valued work over words, who prioritised his Dutyover his wants."[l][90] The academy's Catholic chapel also includes adedication to him from 1965, prompted by a discussion betweenRohmah and a missionary friend of hers.[91] Several streets are namedafter Oerip, including in his hometown of Purworejo,[92] nearbyYogyakarta,[93] and the capital at Jakarta.[94]

Notes

a. Her name is not recorded.[3]

b. The Javanese traditionally believed that a name that showed too high expectations could have negative effects on a child,generally making the child constantly ill.[9] Brigadier General Slamet Rijadi had his name changed for the same reasonwhen he was young.[10]

c. Family names were required by Dutch civil code for things such as land purchase.[33]

d. The regent was refused entry to a gala celebrating the anniversary of Queen Wilhelmina's coronation.[39][40]

e. Batavia was renamed Jakarta after the Japanese invasion.[52]

f. Oerip had originally suggested using Purwokerto for his headquarters, but ultimately Yogyakarta was chosen as it hadbetter facilities and guaranteed support from the local ruler .[56]

g. The historian Amrin Imran suggests that Soeprijadi's appointment may have been a way to see if he was still alive; itmay have been thought that he would have certainly contacted the government in Jakarta to take over this post if hewere.[61]

h. Oerip was fluent in Dutch and Javanese, but had a poor command of Indonesian, which had gained mainstream currencyin the early 20th century (Said 1991, p. 50).

i. At the time, the Indonesian National Armed Forces did not have the resources to enforce a standard uniformnationwide.[68]

j. Sjariffudin had been forced to resign over general disapproval of the Renville Agreement.[78]

k. The Bintang Sakti is a high-level military award for showing bravery above and beyond the call of duty.[86] The BintangMahaputera is a high-level award for persons who have aided Indonesia's development, become experts in a certain field,or are widely recognised for their sacrifices for the country.[87] The Bintang Republik Indonesia is the highest awardavailable for civilians; only eight persons have received the Adipurna class.[85][88] The Bintang Kartika Eka PakçiUtama is a low-level military award for aiding the development of the army above and beyond the call of duty; Utama isthe highest class.[86]

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l. Original: "seorang putra Indonesia yang mengagungkan karya daripada kata, yang mengutamakan Dharma daripadaminta."

References

Footnotes

1. Zoetmulder et al. 2006, p. 1085.2. Jakarta City Government, Oerip Soemohardjo.3. Imran 1983, p. 3.4. Imran 1983, p. 2.5. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, pp. 13–15.6. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, pp. 30–36.7. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, pp. 18–19.8. Imran 1983, p. 7.9. Andayani 2006, p. 169.

10. Pour 2008, pp. 15–16.11. Imran 1983, pp. 6–7.12. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, p. 20.13. Imran 1983, p. 16.14. Imran 1983, pp. 23–25.15. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, p. 21.16. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, pp. 23–26.17. Imran 1983, p. 14.18. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, p. 27.19. Imran 1983, p. 20.20. Imran 1983, p. 21.21. Imran 1983, p. 26.22. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, pp. 37–39.23. Imran 1983, p. 27.24. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, pp. 39–43.25. Imran 1983, p. 28.26. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, pp. 44–47.27. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, pp. 47–48.28. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, pp. 50–52.29. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, pp. 53–55.30. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, pp. 57–58.31. Tempo 1977, Meninggal Dunia.32. Imran 1983, p. 35.33. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, p. 59.34. Imran 1983, p. 36.35. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, pp. 60–62.36. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, pp. 63–67.37. Anderson 2005, pp. 233–234.38. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, p. 69.39. Imran 1983, p. 38.40. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, pp. 72–73.41. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, pp. 74–75.42. Imran 1983, p. 47.

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42. Imran 1983, p. 47.43. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, pp. 76–77.44. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, pp. 78–79.45. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, pp. 80–81.46. Imran 1983, p. 53.47. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, p. 83.48. Imran 1983, pp. 54–55.49. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, pp. 84–87.50. Imran 1983, p. 58.51. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, p. 109.52. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, p. 89.53. Anderson 2005, pp. 103–106.54. Imran 1983, p. 63.55. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, pp. 99–100.56. Said 1991, p. 28.57. Anderson 2005, pp. 232–234.58. Imran 1983, pp. 67–68.59. Anderson 2005, pp. 235–237.60. Anderson 2005, p. 240.61. Imran 1983, pp. 71–72.62. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, p. 101.63. Sardiman 2008, p. 126.64. Said 1991, p. 31.65. Nasution 2011, p. 196.66. Sardiman 2008, p. 132.67. Sardiman 2008, p. 133.68. Imran 1983, pp. 74–79.69. Said 1991, p. 50.70. Anderson 2005, p. 245.71. Anderson 2005, pp. 372–373.72. Imran 1983, pp. 80–81.73. Imran 1983, pp. 82–84.74. Said 1991, p. 46.75. Imran 1983, p. 85.76. Adi 2011, pp. 79–80.77. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, p. 104.78. Imran 1980, pp. 42–45.79. Imran 1983, p. 87.80. KR 1948, Let. Djen. Urip Meninggal.81. Imran 1983, p. 88.82. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, pp. 108–111.83. McGregor 2007, p. 129.84. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, p. 120.85. Indonesian State Secretariat, Bintang Republik Indonesia.86. UU No. 20/2009, pp. 4, 10, 23.87. UU No. 20/2009, pp. 4, 9, 23.88. Saragih 2012, SBY bestows honors.89. Indonesian State Secretariat, Daftar Nama Pahlawan.90. Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, pp. 135–136.91. Imran 1983, p. 90.92. Google Maps, Purworejo.

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