ČestnÉ vyhlÁsenie · web view2019. 10. 17. · vývoj postavenia žien v spoločnosti v...
TRANSCRIPT
kvinta Sparks
rok 2019/2020
POSTAVENIE ŽIEN V
SPOLOČNOSTI
Autori:
Daniela Feriancová
Emma Tomková
Vanesa Husáková
Emma Lea Nikodýmová
Konzultanti:
D - PaedDr. Barbora Ulrichová
UK - Mgr. Pavol Cesnak PhD.
Aj - Lucas Sprouse
Aj - Mgr. Michal Torma
Postavenie žien v spoločnosti, kvinta Sparks, 2019/2020
ČESTNÉ VYHLÁSENIE
Čestne prehlasujeme, že sme pracovali samostatne a v súlade s etickými
normami.
Emma Tomková:
Daniela Feriancová:
Vanesa Husáková:
Emma Lea Nikodýmová:
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POĎAKOVANIE
Ďakujeme konzultantom, ktorí nám pomohli pri tvorbe projektu za ochotu pomôcť
a trpezlivosť.
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OBSAH
ČESTNÉ VYHLÁSENIE 1
POĎAKOVANIE 2
OBSAH 3
ÚVOD 5
19. STOROČIE 6
POSTAVENIE ŽIEN V ROZVINUTÝCH KRAJINÁCH 7
CHARLOTTE BRONTË - JANE EYRE 10
BIOGRAPHY 10
CONCLUSION 15
JANA EYROVÁ 15
OBSAH 15
HLAVNÁ MYŠLIENKA 18
20. STOROČIE 18
SUFRAŽETKY (ANGLICKO) 19
DÔSLEDKY VOJNY 20
FEMINISTICKÉ HNUTIA 20
MARGARET THATCHER 21
BIOGRAPHY 21
CONCLUSION 28
SLOVAK ART 28
ESTER MARTINČEKOVÁ-ŠIMEROVÁ 28
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VIERA ŽILINČANOVÁ 31
MÁRIA MEDVECKÁ 34
21.STOROČIE 36
POSTAVENIE ŽIEN NA SLOVENSKU 37
POCHOD ZA ŽIVOT 37
MALALA YOUSAFZAI 38
BIBLIOGRAFIA 41
CITÁTY 45
OBRÁZKY 46
RESUMÉ 48
SUMMARY 50
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ÚVOD
Náš projekt je zameraný na postavenie žien v spoločnosti. Pozeráme sa na
túto tému z historického hľadiska a opisujeme vývoj postavenia žien v priebehu
posledných troch storočí. V každom storočí sme si vybrali jednu ženskú osobnosť,
ktorá podstatne prispela k emancipácií žien. Dnes by ich činy možno neboli
považované za revolučné, avšak v rámci obdobia ich života boli výnimočné.
Zároveň sme sa rozhodli priblížiť situáciu na výtvarnej scéne na Slovensku počas
20. storočia, kde sme opisovali tri umelkyne.
Hoci sa v súčasnej dobe v civilizovaných krajinách už nestretávame s
predsudkami voči ženám, ktoré zastávajú významné pozície v rôznych oblastiach
spoločenského života, chceli sme poukázať na to, že cesta k takémuto výsledku
bola pomerne dlhá a neľahká. Bohužiaľ, v niektorých iných krajinách ešte stále
neplatí plnohodnotná rovnosť medzi mužom a ženou. My by sme však chceli
poukázať na historické udalosti, z ktorých by sa svet mal poučiť a nedovoliť, aby
podobná situácia znovu nastala.
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19. STOROČIE
Vývoj postavenia žien v spoločnosti v stredoveku a novoveku súvisel so
sociálnymi triedami. 19. storočie prinieslo čiastočnú zmenu. Zrušilo sa
nevoľníctvo, začali vznikať ústavy, prebehla sa priemyselná revolúcia a podobné
udalosti, ktoré charakterizujú 19. storočie, a tie pomohli k vzniku prvým
spoločenstvám. Spoločenstvá boli založené najmä na občianskych princípoch
(najmä anglosaské krajiny). V tejto dobe taktiež začali vznikať rôzne ženské
hnutia, ktoré zožali úspech tiež v strednej a najmä robotníckej triede.
Ženy v tomto období mali oveľa menej práv než muži. Právnu subjektivitu
získala žena jedine manželstvom a to len vtedy, ak sa žena a muž stali jedným
subjektom, nad ktorým má však plnú moc muž. Ženy mali taktiež právo na
vdovský podiel, ktorý siahal do výšky jednej tretiny. Muž bol zodpovedný za
manželkine dlhy a priestupky a jeho zákonnou povinnosťou bolo poskytovať
živobytie pre svoju manželku. Žena, ktorá bola vydatá tiež nesmela bez
prítomnosti manžela žalovať, ani byť obžalovaná, uzatvárať zmluvy, rozhodovať o
svojom majetku, ani o vlastných deťoch, nemala možnosť napísať závet a v
prípade hocijakej škody nemala nárok na náhradu.
Vtedajšia spoločnosť (najmä v Anglicku) aspoň z časti pochopila, že
diskriminácia žien neprospieva rozvoju krajiny. Ženy sa začali stávať
podnikateľkami, aj napriek odsudzovaniu, ktoré ich postihlo. Taktiež sa snažili o
uzatváranie výhodnejších predmanželských zmlúv, ktoré aj im dali akúsi moc v
manželstve.
V USA na tom bola spoločnosť veľmi podobne ako v Anglicku. Nevýhodou
USA boli rozdiely v zákonoch medzi niektorými štátmi, čo bolo spôsobené
vplyvom Francúzska, Španielska a Anglicka. V pôvodne anglických kolóniách sa
postavenie žien rýchlo zlepšilo. Naopak v New Yorku, či Pensylvánií prijali právne
úpravy týkajúce sa postavenia žien až v roku 1848.
Situácia, ktorá sa odohrávala mimo anglosaský svet, ako je Francúzsko,
bola výrazne lepšia. Veľká francúzska revolúcia v roku 1789 veľmi ovplyvnila
postavenie žien. Prijal sa zákon o rozvode, ktorý umožňoval rozvod manželstva v
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prípade, že obe strany súhlasia. V rokoch po Veľkej francúzskej revolúcií nastalo
ešte zopár zmien, ktoré oslobodzovali ženy. Tie však v roku 1799 vrátane
rozvodového práva Napoleón zrušil.
V zbytku Európy nastala veľmi podobná situácia. Po rôznych reformách,
vďaka ktorým sa ženy začali vymaňovať z patriarchálnej spoločnosti, nastal na
začiatku 19. storočia návrat k bývalému režimu. Prínosom bolo, že bola zahájená
všeobecná debata na túto tému. Začali vznikať rôzne diela, ktoré podporujú
emancipáciu žien, avšak aj také, ktoré ju kritizujú.
19. storočie považujeme za jednu z najvýznamnejších ér v našich dejinách.
Vďaka rôznym hospodárskym, spoločenským, ale aj technologickým zmenám sa
začalo rozumieť slobode ako nutnosti, bez ktorej vývoj spoločnosti nebude
pokračovať. Vzdelanie sa stáva hlavným kritériom k získaniu zamestnania. Táto
skutočnosť samozrejme ovplyvnila životy žien. Mnoho žien začalo študovať, a tak
sa z nich stávali spisovateľky, podnikateľky, maliarky, vedkyne, herečky a do
popredia sa dostali aj v politickej sfére. 19. storočie prinieslo veľa zmien v
občianskych právach a slobode. Vznikajú aj rôzne časopisy a noviny, vďaka
ktorým sú ľudia informovaní o štáte a celom svete. Práve takto sa pripravila pôda
pre následnú emancipáciu žien v 20. storočí.
POSTAVENIE ŽIEN V ROZVINUTÝCH KRAJINÁCH
Biele feministky strednej triedy v 19. storočí až začiatkom 20. storočia sa
zameriavali najmä na volebné právo žien a postupne získavali aj prístup k
vzdelaniu a zamestnaniu. Tieto ciele sú uchované v Deklarácii Seneca Falls, ktorá
vznikla v roku 1848 v New Yorku, kde sa uskutočnil prvý zjazd žien na svete. Na
čele bola Elizabeth Cady Stanton. V tom istom roku pomohla v štáte New York
Poľka Ernestina Rosová dosiahnuť schválenie zákona, ktorý umožňoval vydatým
ženám rozhodovať o svojom majetku. Tento zákon inšpiroval legislatívne orgány
iných štátov, k prijatiu podobných zákonov.
Celkové zapájanie žien, prístup k zamestnaniu a vzdelaniu boli v tom čase
radikálnymi požiadavkami. Tieto požiadavky čelili ideológií kultu pravého ženstva,
podľa ktorých sa biele ženy oprávnene nachádzajú v domácnosti a nie sú vhodné
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na verejnú, politickú účasť. Dôraz na konfrontovanie ideológie bol formovaný
vodcami hnutia v strednej triede. Kult pravého ženstva bol ideológiou iba bieleho
ženstva, ktoré odopieralo čiernym a pracujúcim ženám prístup do kategórie
„ženy“, pretože pracujúce a čierne ženy museli nevyhnutne pracovať mimo domu.
Vodcovia zo strednej vrstvy formovali priority prvej vlny hnutia. Napríklad
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony a Ernestine Rosová vytvorili Národnú
asociáciu za volebné právo žien (NWSA), aby sa odtrhli od ostatných kandidátov,
ktorí chceli umožniť africkým a americkým mužom hlasovať pred ženami. Stanton
a Anthony uprednostnili práva bielych žien namiesto toho, aby vytvárali vzájomnú
podporu napriek rasovým a triednym skupinám. V súlade s tým považovali
volebné právo žien za hlavný cieľ hnutia. Medzitým ženy pracujúce v triede a
farebné ženy vedeli, že samotný prístup k hlasovaniu nezvráti nerovnosti medzi
triedami a rasami. Okrem toho najväčšia volebná organizácia, Národná americká
asociácia za volebné právo žien (NAWSA), zakazovala účasť čiernych žien v ich
organizácii.
Hnutie prvej vlny sa usilovalo najmä o ukončenie otroctva, ale aj o rasovú
spravodlivosť. Po skončení občianskej vojny došlo k významnému prekrývaniu.
Pre otrokov to znamenalo slobodu od celoživotnej, neplatenej a najmä nútenej
práce, ako aj slobodu od sexuálneho útoku, ktorý muselo trpieť mnoho
zotročených čiernych žien ich pánmi. Vydaté biele ženy začali byť uznávané ako
ľudia a mohli odmietnuť sexuálne povyšovanie svojich manželov. Biele
abolicionistky zo strednej triedy robili často analógie medzi otroctvom a
manželstvom. Napríklad abolicionistka Antoinette Brown napísala v roku 1853
výrok, že „manželka dlhuje službe a práci svojmu manželovi rovnako ako otrok
svojmu pánovi“. Táto podobnosť medzi manželstvom a otroctvom mala v tom čase
historický ohlas, avšak problematicky spájala útlak otroctva, kedy africké a
americké ženy čelili odlišnému druhu útlaku, než biele ženy, ktoré mu čelili pod
ochranou. Túto situáciu objasňuje argument filozofky Angely Davis (1983), ktorý
hovorí o tom, že biele ženy nazývajúce sa feministkami síce podporovali kampane
proti otroctvu, avšak oni samy často nechápali skutočný systém otroctva a jeho
krutosť.
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Rôzni aktivisti, spisovatelia, vydavatelia novín a akademici sa pohybovali
medzi rasovou spravodlivosťou a feministickými hnutiami. Slávny prejav aktivistky
za ľudské práva Sojourner Truth z roku 1851 „Nie som žena?“, tento sporný vzťah
medzi ženským hnutím prvej vlny a abolicionistickým hnutím dobre zachytil. Vo
svojom prejave kritizovala vylúčenie čiernych žien zo ženského hnutia a zároveň
odsúdila nespravodlivosť otroctva: „That man over there says that women need to
be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to have the best place
everywhere. Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mud-puddles, or gives
me any best place! And ain’t I a woman? Look at me! Look at my arm! I have
ploughed and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could head me!….I
gave birth to thirteen children, and seen most of them sold off to slavery, and
when I cried out with my mother’s grief, none but Jesus heard me! And ain’t I a
woman?“ [1]
Feministická historička Nell Painter v roku 1996 spochybnila platnosť tejto
reprezentácie prejavu a tvrdila, že najmä bieli zástancovia volebného práva žien
dramaticky zmenili svoj obsah a názov. Toto ilustruje, že určití sociálni aktéri s
mocou môžu zostaviť príbeh a pravdepodobne klamať hercov s menšou mocou a
sociálnymi hnutiami.
Napriek ich zanedbávaniu sa čierne ženy objavili ako vášnivé a mocné
vedúce predstaviteľky. Ida B. Wells, vplyvná aktivistka, ktorá sa zúčastnila hnutia
za volebné právo žien, bola zakladateľkou Národnej asociácie pre rozvoj
farebných ľudí (NAACP), novinárkou a autorkou mnohých brožúr a článkov
vystavujúcich násilníka. Ida Wells tvrdila, že týranie v období rekonštrukcie bolo
systematickým pokusom o udržanie rasovej nerovnosti, a to aj napriek schváleniu
14. dodatku v roku 1868, ktorý rozhodol, že africkí Američania sú občanmi a
nemožno ich diskriminovať na základe ich rasy. Okrem toho boli tisíce afrických
amerických žien členmi Národnej asociácie farebných ženských klubov, ktorá bola
predbežná, ale nezískala uznanie od strednej triedy a bielej Národnej asociácie
amerických žien za volebné práva (NAWSA).
Prijatie 19. dodatku v roku 1920 poskytlo test na argument, že udelenie
volebného práva pre ženy by im umožnilo neobmedzený prístup k inštitúciám, ako
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aj rovnosť s mužmi. Je jasné, že tento argument sa ukázal ako nesprávny, ako
tomu bolo v prípade prijatia 18. dodatku, po ktorom nasledovalo obdobie odporu.
Súbor zákonov Jima Crowa v štátoch po celej krajine a nekontrolovaným násilím
Ku Klux Klanu zabránil čiernym ženám a mužom v prístupe na hlasovanie,
vzdelávaniu, zamestnaniu a verejnému zariadeniu. Kým rovnaké práva existovali v
abstraktnej oblasti zákona podľa 18. a 19. doplňujúceho zákona, skutočná realita
pretrvávajúcej rasovej a rodovej nerovnosti bola naozaj odlišná.
CHARLOTTE BRONTË - JANE EYRE
We have chosen the novel Jane Eyre because it's known for being one of
the first prose fictions that focused on relatively controversial topics in the 19th
century, such as sexuality, class, gender, feminism and religion. The author,
Charlotte Brontë, became quite famous mainly for this novel, yet we still think
people don’t know enough about her. This part of the project will be all about this
great writer and her classic novel.
BIOGRAPHY
Charlotte Brontë, born on 21 April 1816, was the eldest of three sisters who
made it into adulthood and became noted for their own poems and novels. She
was born in Thornton, Yorkshire, England to Irish-born Patrick Brontë and Maria
Branwell Brontë. Her mother died when she was only five years old on cancer and
Maria’s sister, Elizabeth continued to take care of all the Brontë siblings. In 1824
Patrick sent Charlotte and the other sisters to Cowan Bridge School where two of
the daughters, Elizabeth and Maria died of tuberculosis due to bad conditions in
the school. After this incident, Charlotte and her sister Emily got back home. The
death of her sisters affected Charlotte’s life deeply and probably shaped her
personality as well. Suddenly, she became the oldest child in a motherless family
and was taught a lot of responsibility.
Charlotte wrote her first known poem at the age of 13 and the following
year she continued her education at Roe Head in Mirfield, where in 1833 she
wrote a novella called The Green Dwarf using the pseudonym Wellesley. Charlotte
found two lifelong friendships at this boarding school - Ellen Nussey and Mary
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Taylor. Two years later, Charlotte became a teacher at Roe Head though she was
lonely and unhappy. That’s the reason she started writing sadder and more
melancholic poems. In 1836 she reached out to the English poet Robert Southey
asking for advice. Charlotte sent him a few of her own poems only to receive a
discouraging letter back: “Literature cannot be the business of a woman's life: & it
ought not to be.The more she is engaged in her proper duties, the less leisure she
will have for it, even as an accomplishment & recreation. To those duties you
have not yet been called, & when you are you will be less eager for celebrity.“[2]
Brontë left Roe Head for good in 1838 and spent the next three years as a
governess to two families in Yorkshire. Both experiences ended badly, mostly
because Charlotte couldn’t adjust to her situation. She was treated almost as a
slave, constantly humiliated
In 1842 Charlotte and Emily left England and decided to go to Brussels,
where they enrolled at a school run by Constantin Héger and his wife as the oldest
students. The school was neither English nor Protestant and students were
younger than the sisters so naturally Charlotte felt a little isolated. Even though
they didn’t feel completely comfortable, their educational progress was very
visible. The girls hadn't been there for a long time when they were informed that
their aunt, Elizabeth Branwell, had died. Unlike Emily, Charlotte chose to return to
Brussels after the funeral and started teaching at the same school. Her stay wasn’t
enjoyable though. Charlotte was really homesick and hugely attached to
Constantin Héger who was highly supportive of her writing. She addressed him in
a letter as a “my literature master . . . the only master that I have ever had." [3]
Soon, Constantin’s wife tried to separate them. Upset and hurt, Charlotte left the
Belgian school in 1844 and returned to England.
The letters from home to Constantin showed that her feelings for him
persisted. At that time she still wasn’t feeling good, it seemed she was depressed.
She also mentioned in the letters that "a literary career is closed to me - only that
of teaching is open to me." [3]
Two years later, the three sisters - Anne, Charlotte and Emily published a
collection of their poems under the names: Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell with a later
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explanation by Charlotte: “we did not like to declare ourselves women, because –
without at that time suspecting that our mode of writing and thinking was not what
is called "feminine" [4]
Example:
HOPE
Hope was but a timid friend;
She sat without the grated den,
Watching how my fate would tend,
Even as selfish-hearted men.
She was cruel in her fear;
Through the bars, one dreary day,
I looked out to see her there,
And she turned her face away! [5]
Although only two copies were sold, the sisters continued writing their own
individual novels using the same pseudonyms.
Charlotte wrote her first novel called The Professor, inspired by her stay in
Brussels, but unfortunately she didn’t find any publisher. However, she did receive
a letter from a publishing company saying they would be interested in any longer
works written by her. The Professor was published after her death.
Example (from The Professor):
“In sunshine, in prosperity, the flowers are very well; but how many wet
days are there in life—November seasons of disaster, when a man's hearth and
home would be cold indeed, without the clear, cheering gleam of intellect.” [6]
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Charlotte responded with a second manuscript and six weeks later Jane
Eyre was born in 1848 under the name Currer Bell. The book received a great
amount of positive acclaim. Anonymous said: "[The author has a] mastery in the
art of word painting" and "faculty of exhibiting in words the shadowy images of
mental agony." [7]
The gender of Currer Bell started to be suspicious when Emily and Anne,
Charlotte’s sisters, wrote their own books - Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey.
Even though some people thought Currer Bell is a woman because of the
feminine handwriting, Jane Eyre still retained its popularity. Eventually, Charlotte
revealed her identity and gender.
In 1848, Charlotte started writing her next novel named Shirley but had to
stop because of unfortunate events happening in her family. Just within eight
months Brontë's remaining two sisters, Emily and Anne, and her brother Branwell
all died. Branwell was a heavy drinker and his death was caused by chronic
bronchitis although Charlotte believed he had died due to tuberculosis. Emily and
Anne subsequently became seriously ill after their brother’s death and died of
tuberculosis. Despite her grief, she managed to finish her novel Shirley in 1849
although readers could still feel her sadness in the story.
Example (from Shirley):
“If men could see us as we really are, they would be a little amazed; but the
cleverest, the acutest men are often under an illusion about women: they do not
read them in a true light: they misapprehend them, both for good and evil: their
good woman is a queer thing, half doll, half angel; their bad woman almost always
a fiend.” [8]
Shirley is set in Charlotte's native Yorkshire in early 19th century when
industrial depression occurred. It deals with social issues and women as parts of
society. It was written in the third person in contrast with Jane Eyre which was
written in the first person. Due to the novel’s publication, Shirley was a man’s
name, though very rare. Because of the novel’s popularity, the name Shirley
became primarily woman’s name and still is up until today.
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Charlotte started to visit London more frequently where she would reveal
her true identity. She met some important writers at that time, such as Harriet
Martineau, Elizabeth Gaskell, and William Makepeace Thackeray and became
good friends with them. But she never left her hometown for more than two weeks
because she didn’t want to leave her aging father. After Charlotte’s death, Gaskell
wrote the first biography of Charlotte Brontë.
Years later, in 1852, the Reverend Arthur Bell Nicholls proposed marriage
to Charlotte. It wasn’t unexpected. Arthur had been in love with her for a long
period of time. Charlotte had rejected several marriage proposals before because
she was hoping to discover true love but she eventually accepted his proposal and
they got engaged, maybe because of her sadness and loneliness from the death
of her siblings. The relationship between the couple was definitely not the way she
had imagined. Charlotte said that although she had "esteem", she did not have
love for Nicholls.
The couple split up, partly because of Charlotte’s father who disapproved of
Nicholls, apparently due to his poor finances. At this time, Charlotte published her
third and the last novel - Villette in 1853. The novel is set in gothic background
and is about isolation, displacement and the main character’s psyche as well as
disputes between Catholicism and Protestantism.
Example (from Villette):
“Wise people say it is folly to think anybody perfect; and as to likes and
dislikes, we should be friendly to all, and worship none” [9]
Elizabeth Gaskell believed that marriage between Charlotte and Nicholls
provided "clear and defined duties that are beneficial for a woman" [4] and
encouraged Charlotte to give Nicholls another chance. Nicholls improved his
financial status and Charlotte slowly started to be attracted to him and by the
beginning of 1854 she accepted his offer. They received her father’s approval and
got married. She admitted that her marriage was happy in a way she would never
have imagined.
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Soon after the wedding, Charlotte got pregnant. Her health was getting
worse though and, as her friend Elizabeth Gaskell described, she was suffering
from: "sensations of pregnancy nausea and ever-recurring faintness" [10] . She and
her unborn child unfortunately died for uncertain reasons at the age of 38 on
March 31, 1855. Some say she died of tuberculosis, others saying she died of
pneumonia or morning sickness. We will probably never know the exact reason.
CONCLUSION
Charlotte Brontë was an exceptional woman. She did things many women
in that century didn’t even think of doing. Many people know her for the novel
Jane Eyre but she did much more than that. That is why we decided to tell you
something about her relatively hard life as a middle-class woman writer in the 19th
century, maybe to give her the well-deserved recognition. Now, let’s talk about her
famous work Jane Eyre and why it’s more than just another romantic novel.
JANA EYROVÁ
Jana Eyrová sa hneď po svojom prvom vydaní 16. októbra v roku 1847
stala veľmi obľúbenou, hlavne medzi ženskými čitateľmi. Prečo tomu ale tak bolo?
Domnievame sa, že mnoho žien vo viktoriánskom období sa vedelo s hlavnou
postavou jednoducho stotožniť - mali pocit, že ich život je nudný, krátky a v
skratke nezaujímavý. Chceli cestovať a spoznávať nové veci tak, ako aj Jana.
Jana symbolizovala všetko to, čo ženy vtedy chceli, ale nemohli mať.
Dnes síce tento román nie je až tak v obľube, v istej miere sa naň zabudlo
a mnoho ľudí si myslí, že už nám nemá čo povedať, no opak je pravdou - ak sa
pozrieme do hĺbky knihy, zistíme, že má veľa spoločného s našou témou.
OBSAH
Jana Eyrová je sirota, narodila sa v Anglicku chudobnému kňazovi.
Výchovu dieťaťa mal na starosti otcov brat, lenže aj ten zomrel a tak Janu zobrala
do opatere jeho manželka, ktorá nemala veľmi na výber - pani Reedová. Táto
žena bola počas Janinho detstva veľmi krutá a povýšenecká, nikdy ju nebrala ako
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súčasť rodiny. Taktiež dobre nevychádzala ani s jej bratrancom Johnom a
sesternicami Giorgianou a Elizou, často jej robili napriek. Raz ju John tak vytočil,
že Jana ho udrela, za čo bola poslaná do červenej izby - podľa Jany tam strašil
duch jej strýka. Od strachu odpadla, bol za ňou poslaný lekár Lloyd a ten navrhol
aby Janu poslali do školy. Pani Reedová súhlasila a Jana odišla do Loowodskeho
dievčenského ústavu pre siroty. Veľa si tam toho vytrpela, v škole bola zima, zlé
podmienky a málo jedla, no Jana si tam našla kamarátku Helenu Burnsovú.
Nazvala ju “spriaznenou dušou”. Bohužiaľ, školu napadol týfus a Helena zomrela.
Po tejto epidemí sa škola prestavala a podmienky sa zlepšili. Jana nakoniec
skončila školu a učila na nej ďalšie dva roky.
To jej však nestačilo a tak podala inzerát do novín - dostala ponuku
guvernantky za vtedy dobrý plat. Ozvala sa pani Fairfaxová z Thornfieldu, ktorá
hľadala učiteľku pre francúzske dievčatko Adele. Jana ponuku prijala a
vycestovala preč z Loowodskej školy. Thornfield sa jej páčil, aj keď dom bol často
tmavý a osamelý. Po pár mesiacoch sa zoznámila s majiteľom domu, pánom
Rochesterom. Aj napriek ich rozličnému spoločenskému postaveniu ju pán
Rochester bral ako seberovnú a spolu viedli konverzácie aké by nikto neočakával.
Ukážka (Jana Eyrová):
“Slečna Eyrová, prosím o prepáčenie. V skutočnosti, vravím to raz a
navždy, nemienim s vami zaobchádzať ako s menejcennou.” [11]
Jane sa pomaly začala zamilovávať do pána Rochestera, no po návšteve
slečny Blanche Ingramovej sa začala domnievať, že si slečnu chce zobrať za
ženu. Jana bola pochopiteľne smutná a žiarlila, no nemohla nič spraviť, kedže
slečna Ingramová mala všetko, čo pán Rochester kedy chcel. Neskôr sa
dozvedela, že tieto podozrenia o sobáši boli nepravdivé a pán Rochester bol
skutočne zamilovaný do Jany. Požiadal ju o ruku, čo bolo v tej dobe veľmi
nezvyčajné, vysoko postavení páni si zväčša nebrali guvernantky zo skutočnej
lásky. Jana mu to najprv neverila, no potom nakoniec súhlasila aj keď vedela, že
ide o risk a nebola si istá, či to pán myslí vážne.
Ukážka (Jana Eyrová):
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“Myslíte si, že tu dokážem zostať, keď už pre vás nebudem nič znamenať?
Myslíte si, že som stroj? Bezcitný robot? Že strpím, aby mi od úst odtrhli posledný
kúsok chleba a zo šálky vyliali poslednú kvapku živej vody? Nazdávate sa, že
som keď som chudobná, nevýrazná, škaredá a malá, nemám dušu a srdce?
Mýlite sa! Mám dušu rovnako ako vy, a aj tlčúce srdce!(...) hovorí moja duša a
oslovuje priamo tú vašu, akoby obe vyšli z hrobu a postavili sa pred tvár Božiu
také, aké sú si: rovné ako mi dvaja” - Jana Eyrová
“Lebo tu stojí tá, čo mi je rovná a čo sa na mňa podobá.” - Pán Rochester
“Teba, takú zvláštnu, takmer nadpozemskú bytosť, ľúbim ako seba samého.
Teba, chudobnú a nevýraznú, a malú a škaredú, teba prosím, aby si ma prijala za
manžela.” - Pán Rochester [11]
Pred svadobným dňom Janu zobudila zo spánku postava záhadnej ženy,
no nevedela ju rozpoznať. Vytiahla Janin svadobný závoj a roztrhala ho. Jana bola
zmätená a pán Rochester ju ráno upokojil tým, že to bol pravdepodobne sen, či
nejaká vidina. Keď bol už čas svadby, a pár sa mal už zobrať, svadbu prerušil pán
Mason a advokát z Londýna, ktorí tvrdili, že pán Rochester už má zákonitú
manželku, Berthu Masonovú, a preto sa nemôžu zobrať. Pán Rochester sa prizná
a vysvetlí, že Bertha je šialená a pomätená, žije v podkroví v Thornfielde už 15
rokov. Práve Bertha je zodpovedná za všetky čudné veci, čo sa stali v Thornfielde
počas celého Janinho pobytu. Janu to zranilo, nemohla uveriť, že ju pán oklamal a
tak sa rozhodla ujsť, aj keď ho nadovšetko miluje. Jana teda v noci ušla a tri dni
blúdila po Anglicku, bez jedla, peňazí, či dokladov. Našťastie narazila na dom
nazvaný Moor House, ktorý vlastní mladý kňaz, John Rivers. Rozhodne sa jej
pomôcť a vzal ju medzi jeho sestry. Predstavila sa im pod falošným menom
Elliotová. Jana sa rýchlo zotavuje z traumatického zážitku, John jej dokonca nájde
prácu v dievčenskej škole ako učiteľka. Jedného dňa sa Jana dozvie od Johna, že
jej strýko, o ktorom donedávna ešte nepočula, zomrel a odkázal jej 20 000 libier.
Jana prizná Johnovi a sestrám svoju pravú identitu, a zistia, že sú navzájom
príbuzní, konkrétne bratranci a sesternice. Napokon sa Jana rozhodne, že si sumu
medzi sebou rozdelia.
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John Rivers plánuje svoju cestu do Indie a požiada Janu aby sa stala jeho
manželkou a sprevádzala ho počas cesty. Jana je ochotná s ním ísť, ale bez toho
aby sa zobrali, pretože ho nemiluje a on ju tiež nie. No on ju stále presviedča a
Jana sa pomaly poddáva, no niečo jej hovorí, aby ešte posledný krát zašla do
Thornfieldu ešte pred cestou do Indie.
Na ďalšie ráno odíde do Thornfieldu, no na svoje vlastné prekvapenie
zisťuje, že z veľkého domu ostali len zhorené ruiny. Dozvie sa, že Bertha dom
zapálila a skočila zo strechy. Pán Rochester zachránil služobníctvo no pri
zachraňovaní svojej šialenej ženy prišiel o zrak aj ruku. Jana sa s ním stretne, a
Rochester ju znova požiada o ruku, ktorú Jana s radosťou príjme.
Spolu majú dve deti, ktoré pán Rochester nakoniec aj na vlastné oči vidí,
keďže sa mu zrak o dosť zlepšil. Spolu žijú až do smrti.
HLAVNÁ MYŠLIENKA
Každý si máme ísť za svojím srdcom, a máme načúvať, čo nám vraví.
Všetko nakoniec dobre dopadne, a aj keď sa zdá, že už sa to nezlepší, ešte nie je
koniec. Láska si svoju cestu vždy nájde.
20. STOROČIE
Na začiatku 20. storočia ženy už neboli považované za majetok svojho otca
či manžela ako to bolo ešte pred 100 rokmi. Vo väčšine krajín mali prístup k
vzdelaniu, aj keď veľmi obmedzený a právo samostatne vlastniť majetok. Stále
však ideálom ženy bola poslušná manželka v domácnosti, ktorá sa starala o deti a
nezapájala sa do spoločensky-politického diania. Bohužiaľ, ženy stále neboli
videné ako nezávislé kompetentné osoby ešte dlhé roky.
Snáď najvýznamnejším pokrokom nekonečného boja žien proti patriarchátu
bolo získanie moci ovplyvňovať politickú scénu pomocou hlasov vo voľbách. V
minulosti mali len muži právo voliť, čo znamenalo, že aspoň z tohto aspektu by si
boli ženy aj muži rovní. Ženy začali bojovať za volebné právo už v roku 1848, kedy
nastalo v USA prvé zhromaždenie za týmto účelom. V tej dobe bolo neúspešné,
ale položilo pevné základy pre pokračovanie boju zrovnoprávniť obe pohlavia.
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Prvá ústava, ktorá umožňovala ženám voliť bola z roku 1889 odhlasovaná
obyvateľmi vznikajúceho štátu Wyoming. Nový Zéland bola prvá krajina
povoľujúca ženám voliť a to v roku 1893. Vtedy bol však Nový Zéland stále
kolóniou Veľkej Británie, kde ženám volebné právo priznané nebolo. Ďalšou
krajinou bola Austrália a prvým európskym štátom sa stalo Fínsko v 1906. Tieto
udalosti sa zapísali do histórie a stali sa rozhodujúcim momentom v ceste za
rovnoprávnosťou žien.
SUFRAŽETKY (ANGLICKO)
Nebolo nezvyčajné, keď si ženy zakladali vlastné organizácie, cez ktoré
bojovali za zrovnoprávnenie (najčastejšie konkrétne za spomínané volebné
právo). Avšak v roku 1903 vo Veľkej Británii vznikla snáď jedna z najradikálnejších
skupín žien, ktorých cieľom bolo získať možnosť voliť. Táto organizácia má svoje
korene už vo Francúzsku (1793), avšak najväčší rozmach zažila až v roku 1928.
Ženy, ktoré boli súčasťou Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) boli raz
hanlivo označené v novinách ako sufražetky a napriek urážlivému charakteru
tohto pomenovania si to meno osvojili.
Zatiaľ, čo iné ženy v Anglicku bojujúce za právo voliť používali metódy ako
petície, šírenie letákov a verejné stretnutia, ktoré boli v tej dobe považované za
odvážne, sufražetky zvolili iný prístup. Preslávili sa nekompromisným prístupom a
extrémnymi postupmi. Zúčastnili sa stretnutie Liberálnej strany v roku 1905, kde
sa po celý čas dožadovali práva voliť, na čo im vodca strany Edward Grey
odmietol odpovedať. To však členky Christabel Pankhurstová a Annie Kenneyová
neodradilo a začali hlasnejšie pokrikovať svoje názory až do chvíle, kedy boli
zadržané policajtmi. Christabel Pankhurstová dokonca jednému z nich naplula od
tváre. Tieto dve ženy odmietli zaplatiť pokutu a strávili pár dní vo väzení, čo len
vzbudilo viac pozornosti v okolí.
Nevzdali sa boja za práva a naďalej praktizovali extrémistické aktivity:
protestné hladovanie vo väzení, vandalizmus na uliciach (prestrihávanie
telefónnych drátov, ničenie pošty, nápisy) či pochodovanie na Downing Street a
následné hádzanie kameňov do okien predsedu vlády. Napätú situáciu ani
nezlepšil list Berthy Brewsterovej, ktorá písala: „Vyvádzaniu sufražetiek treba
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urobiť koniec, ale nikto nevie, ako. Existujú iba dve možnosti: 1. zabiť všetky ženy
v Spojenom kráľovstve, 2. dať ženám volebné právo.“ [12] Jej vyjadrenie bolo
pravdivé, avšak vláda plná mužov mala problémy splniť je návrh. Sufražetky svoj
boj proti vláde odložili na obdobie vojny. V 1928 sa im podarilo získať právo voliť
pre ženy nad 21 rokov. V tomto období sa podarilo ženám vybojovať volebné
právo zároveň aj v USA či iných moderných krajinách.
DÔSLEDKY VOJNY
Vojna je kruté vyostrenie konfliktu, ktoré by svet už nikdy nemal zažiť. V
minulosti vojna priniesla mnohé obete a zbytočne preliatu krv. Bez nej by však
možno ani ženy nezískali postavenie aké majú dnes. Najmä 2. Svetová vojna
urýchlila zrovnoprávnenie oboch pohlaví. Muži mali povinnosť ísť na vojnu, kde
často položili svoje životy za vlasť a ženy ostali doma s deťmi. Nemali priveľmi na
výber a museli zaobstarať rodinu. Nielenže mali výlučnú starostlivosť o deti,
museli nájsť spôsob ako ich uživiť. Dôsledkom vojny bolo, že zostalo veľa voľných
pracovných miest po mužoch, čo uľahčilo podmienky ženám. Zamestnávatelia si
nemohli dovoliť prísť o pracovnú silu, preto museli potlačiť svoje predsudky a
poskytnúť voľné miesta ženám. Samozrejme, starať sa o deti a zároveň pracovať
bolo neuveriteľne náročné, avšak bez týchto udalostí by svet možno vyzeral úplne
inak v súčasnosti. Dovtedy bolo priam nemožné pre ženu strednej triedy pracovať.
Počas vojny mali však ženy možnosť preukázať, že sú rovnako schopné ako muži
a stále sa dokážu postarať o rodinu. Napriek tomu ich zamestnávatelia finančne
neoceňovali rovnako ako mužov v tých istých pozíciách. Stále pretrvával veľký
nepomer podmienok medzi mužom a ženou. Nehovoriac medzi bielym mužom a
ženou tmavšej pleti.
FEMINISTICKÉ HNUTIA
Počas celého obdobia 20. storočia (najmä v USA) sa objavovali rôzne
hnutia za občianske práva, ktoré hovorili o anti-rasistických témach alebo bojovali
za zrovnoprávnenie žien. Zrodila sa aj nové pomenovanie týkajúce sa
zrovnoprávnenia žien: feminizmus. Je to idea, ktorá hovorí o právach žien
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vychutnávať si rovnaké možnosti a privilégia ako muži. Všetky tieto udalosti stavali
základy pre dnešnú spoločnosť.
V 60. rokoch minulého storočia boli populárne aj študentské hnutia, ktorých
členovia mali liberálnejší postoj k témam o diskriminácií podľa rasy, pohlavia,
sociálneho statusu. Spochybňovali tradičné hodnoty spoločnosti a nebáli sa
vysloviť svoj názor proti vplyvným ľuďom či organizáciám. Organizovali protesty,
demonštrácie a hlasnými slovami namierenými voči politikom si získavali nových
prívržencov. Väčšina neskorších organizácií si zachovalo podobné metódy
používané na dosiahnutie svojich cieľov namiesto extrémistických spôsobov
sufražetiek.
V roku 1966 v USA bola založená Národná organizácia pre ženy, ktorá bola
prvou oficiálnou asociáciou reprezentujúcou ženy a ich potreby. Jej cieľom bolo
integrovať ženy do spoločnosti ako rovné mužom. Táto organizácia fungovala
však len v USA. Snažila sa tlačiť politikov, aby sa zaoberali témami, ktoré by
pomohli vyrovnať status ženy v spoločnosti a zlepšili teda ich kvalitu života. V
týchto rokov sa feministické hnutia rozdelili na viac smerov. Niektoré boli
radikálnejšie ako tie druhé. Ďalší smer sa týkal homosexuálnych žien, ktoré sa
preradili k hnutiu, ktoré sa snažilo presadiť všetky sexuality.
Počas 80. rokov 20. storočia sa zmenila politická klíma a spoločnosť sa
prestala zaujímať o feministické hnutia. Začali byť tvrdo kritizované, pretože ich
členky boli zvyčajne biele, bohaté ženy s podporou rodiny. Vraj nereprezentovali
obyčajné, pracujúce ženy aj z iných etnických skupín.
Napriek spomínanému kriticizmu, ženské skupiny pokračovali v boji za
zrovnoprávnenie a na konci 20. storočia sa sústredili na témy ako práva súvisiace
s reprodukciou, rovnosť pri platoch medzi ženou a mužom či sexuálne
obťažovanie až znásilnenie. Taktiež si rozšírili perspektívu, čo sa týka ich cieľov a
zameriavali sa aj zrovnoprávnenie všetkých rás, pohlaví či sociálnych skupín.
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MARGARET THATCHER
BIOGRAPHY
She was born Margaret Roberts in 1925 to a grocery shop owner, Alfred
Roberts, and Beatrice Ethel. Her father had a huge influence on her. He served as
a Conservative Councillor and later became the mayor. Margaret was raised by
him to believe in the values of hard work and public service. Winston Churchill was
someone she admired and deemed as a heroic figure during World War Two. His
defiant speeches about fighting until the end for your country and strong opinions
about not giving in to Nazis had major impact on her politics in the future.
Even as a child, Margaret Thatcher stood out from others for her
outstanding schoolwork and extracurricular activities such as playing the piano,
field hockey, poetry recitals and swimming. She attended Kesteven and Grantham
Girls' School to which she had won a scholarship. Margaret went to University of
Oxford, specifically Somerville College to study Chemistry for what she also paid
with a scholarship because her family didn't have the resources. She graduated in
1947 with Second-Class Honours and began working as a scientist. In 1948, she
submitted an application for a job at Imperial Chemical Industries. The personnel
department rejected her after writing an assessment: "This woman is headstrong,
obstinate and dangerously self-opinionated." [13]
A few years later, she realised that she wanted to pursue a career in politics
and ran as the Conservative candidate for the Dartford parliamentary seat in the
1950 elections. She attracted the media’s attention for being the youngest and the
only female candidate. Her attempt to be elected failed but she tried again the
following year with the same result.
In 1951, she married a divorcé named Denis Thatcher, a successful
businessman, whom she at first described as not very attractive, reserved and
quite nice. In that time, she put politics aside and decided to study law. In 1953,
Margaret Thatcher gave birth to twins: Carol and Mark. Even though she was a
mother, Margaret couldn't stay away from politics for too long. However, some
local committees didn't agree with a young mother being a candidate and as a
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result she wasn't selected. Margaret was frustrated with the outcome: "I hope that
we shall see more and more women combining marriage and a career.” [13]
In June 1970, Thatcher was appointed Secretary of State for Education and
Science, and earned herself a nickname "Thatcher, milk snatcher," after her
abolition of free milk for primary school children. She found her position frustrating
because she had difficulties getting Prime Minister Edward Heath to listen to her
ideas. Even though Thatcher was determined to succeed in politics, she didn't
actually believe in her becoming a prime minister as she said in 1970: "There will
not be a woman Prime Minister in my lifetime – the male population is too
prejudiced." [14]
The Conservative Party lost power in 1974, but it gave Thatcher the perfect
opportunity to become the leader of the party after Heath's failure. She stood
against him for leadership of the party and was elected, forcing Heath to resign.
With this victory, Thatcher became the first female leader of the opposition in the
House of Commons. Five years later (1979), during the worst industrial unrest in
50 years, the Labour Party lost against the Tory Party with Margaret Thatcher as a
leader. In May the same year, she made history being appointed as the first
female prime minister in Britain.
Margaret Thatcher had a very difficult role. Everyone was watching every
move she made and tried to criticize it. She put out economic policies hoping it
would bring inflation under control and reduce unemployment, however her
policies failed to do so. In that time, she was the most unpopular prime minister in
history. She didn't give in to the criticism and by 1982, the UK had begun to
experience signs of economic recovery.
In April 1982, the British-ruled Falkland Islands were invaded by
Argentinian army. The Foreign Office wanted to reach a peaceful settlement. On
the other hand, Thatcher thought it would be best to fight (inspired by Winston
Churchill). She wanted for England to maintain a powerful reputation. In a matter
of few days, she sent soldiers to fight against foreign aggression. British troops
won (with casualties of 649 Argentine soldiers and 255 British ones) after 10
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weeks of fighting and the islands were retaken by Britain. As a result, she gained
popularity and respect in her country and also abroad.
During 1983, Thatcher increased her party's majority and her new
economic policies made a huge difference in Britain. The public was happy with
these and she was getting more popular. The economic situation was really good
for the country and London became a massive financial centre as we know it
today. On the other hand, inequality and homelessness increased throughout
Britain.
A year later, Margaret faced a difficult situation. Miners decided to carry out
a strike in response to pit closures. She had a choice to try to negotiate with them
or to send the police to defeat the strike. She was famous for not giving in to the
pressure and in this case she stuck with her nature. Thatcher decided for the latter
and ordered 7000 policemen to suppress the miners. After 12 months, the miners
went back to work. She had the support of the government but in the public's
eyes, this was not her best moment. "She hated the English poor and did nothing
at all to help them," [13] said Morrissey (from a band The Smiths) in 2012.
Margaret Thatcher became a very powerful figure all around the world. She
gained respect for being a strong leader and holding firm when it was needed.
Thatcher also was interested in having political relationships with other countries'
leaders. She met Mikhail Gorbachev (the Soviet leader) in 1984 and signed an
agreement with the Chinese government regarding Hong Kong. Thatcher also
allowed USA forces to use British bases few years later.
The situation in Ireland was a complex one. In the 1960s the Troubles had
begun and lasted until 1998. The conflict started with a campaign trying to prevent
discrimination against Catholics (nationalists) by the Protestant (unionist)
government and police force. The police tried to suppress it but more or less failed
and was accused of police brutality. As a result, the British government sent
troops into the Northern Ireland troops and it became the longest running British
operation. In 1981, Republican prisoners decided to go on a hunger strike. They
requested the restoration of political status regarding their crime. Thatcher had the
power to give them what they wanted but all she said was that "a crime is a crime,
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it is not political" [15] and refused to let them regain the status. The first one that
died was Bobby Sands, whose mass funeral was attended by over 100,000
people. Nine more prisoners died of starvation. Some rights were restored
paramilitary prisoners but they never regained the political status officially. The
violence in Northern Ireland only increased after this incident. The Force Research
Unit (FRU) was under Thatcher's leadership for what she was despised. It was a
unit which recruited agents to also kill citizens (specifically nationalists).
In my opinion, political scene is often cruel and unfair and everyone knows
it. Politicians are under pressure, but that does not give them the right to kill
innocent people and civilians for having different opinions. I think Margaret
Thatcher should be in some ways admired for what she had accomplished.
However, it doesn't mean she was innocent. Her involvement in the Troubles
proves it.
As any powerful character, she had adversaries not agreeing with the way
she led the country. In 1984, she was taking part in the Conservative Party
Conference in Brighton. There occurred a Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA)
bombing of her hotel. She survived but not everyone was so lucky. Five people
died, including the wife of minister John Wakeham and 34 others were injured.
Margaret Thatcher believed that the conference should continue. “This attack has
failed. All attempts to destroy democracy by terrorism will fail,” [13] said Thatcher
during her speech.
Even though Thatcher was ruthless during the Troubles, in the end she was
willing to compromise. She played an important role in the Anglo-Irish Peace
Agreement (1985).
Margaret Thatcher was known for her focus on the economics and industry
of Britain. However, she was also trying to prevent climate change and pollution by
bringing these issues to attention. She even had a speech at the UN General
Assembly in 1989 about the environment. Thatcher was a supporter of an active
climate protection policy and played a fundamental role in the passing of the
Environmental Protection Act 1990.
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In 1989, Thatcher introduced the Community Charge (also called Poll tax).
It was a tax which was used to fund local government. The problem was that it
replaced the local council rates and everyone was obligated to pay the same
amount. She didn't properly consult this tax with her party, which was a great
mistake. The passing of Poll Tax was her downfall.
Huge protests and riots broke out in England. Around 100,000 people came
together to protest in London under the motto “can't pay, won't pay” (March 1990).
Margaret Thatcher lost the support of her party, but still decided not to give into
the pressure. In a way, this trait was her greatest weapon, but in this case,
everything came crashing down on her.
The members of Tory party knew they had to find a method on how to
repair what was broken. Former Defence Secretary Michael Heseltine ran for a
leadership position against Margaret. She won the first ballot. But because she
didn't win by 15%, the second ballot still had to happen. In the beginning, Thatcher
was determined to win. She had a consultation with her cabinet trying to win their
support. However, she failed: “Almost to a man they used the same formula. This
was that they themselves would back me, of course, but that regretfully they did
not believe I could win.” [13] After careful consideration, Thatcher decided it was
time to leave. She handed in her resignation on 28 November 1990. "It was
treachery with a smile on its face," [13] Thatcher said about feeling betrayed by her
cabinet.
In 1992 Thatcher was appointed to the House of Lords as Baroness
Thatcher of Kesteven. She still continued to make speeches around the world and
also wrote two memoirs about her life. One is called The Downing Street Years,
which was published in 1993 and the second book's title is The Path to Power
(1995). Margaret Thatcher never really left politics and still remained active as a
member of the Conservative party.
Thatcher also wrote one more book in 2002, in which she described her
views on international politics. The book is called Statecraft. During this time her
health got worse. She suffered a series of small strokes. After her health issues
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becoming more severe, she cancelled all of her speeches and social
engagements.
In 2003 her husband Denis Thatcher died due to pancreatic cancer. Just a
year later, her old friend Ronald Reagan (the 40th president of USA) died because
of suffering from Alzheimer's disease. He fought this disease for nearly a decade.
She attended his state funeral even against doctor's orders.
Two years later, Margaret Thatcher celebrated her 80th birthday. She threw
a huge celebration at a hotel in Hyde Park. Nearly 600 guests arrived including
Queen Elizabeth II, the Duke of Edinburgh, Tony Blair and Princess Alexandra.
Margaret Thatcher was a private person but it was still a big surprise for the
public to learn that she suffered from dementia. Her daughter revealed this
information in 2005. Just a few years later (2008), she wrote about her mother's
condition a little bit more saying that her mother couldn't even remember the
beginning of the sentence by the time she got to the end.
In 2007her statue was built in the House of Parliament making her the first
living British prime minister whose statue was made. It is located opposite to the
man she was inspired by: Winston Churchill and made out of bronze. During the
reveal of her statue, she made a comment regarding the material: "I might have
preferred iron – but bronze will do ... It won't rust." [14] The whole world knew
Margaret Thatcher under her nickname Iron Lady which referred to her strong
politics.
From 2010 Thatcher became less socially active due to her fragile health.
She even missed out the wedding of Prince Willian and Kate Middleton. A year
later, her office in the House of Lords was closed. In a way, it meant that
Thatcher's public life was over. She disappeared from the spotlight and mostly
stayed in her house in London's Belgravia neighbourhood.
On 8 April 2013, Margaret Thatcher died after suffering a deadly stroke
(aged 85). Since Winston Churchill's funeral, no British Prime Minister was
granted a state funeral. Margaret Thatcher was an exception. Her funeral even
included full military honours. Queen Elizabeth II and her husband attended the
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funeral, even though she never went to any of her former PM funerals since
Churchill's.
Her death spread mixed feelings across the UK. Some were grieving and
remembering her strong leadership. Although, her death was celebrated by some
people. An internet campaign named “Ding Dong! The Witch Is Dead” was created
and it became the second most popular.
Margaret Thatcher was a controversial figure. It was no surprise she had
enemies like any other politician. Her policies were often unfair and harsh. Her
tendency to never give in contributed to people losing their lives at wars. I can
imagine that British people were not always fans of her decisions. But if we are
looking at her political impact purely from historical and economical perspective, it
can't be denied that she made Britain stronger. She made sure her country was
considered as one of the most powerful nations in the world.
CONCLUSION
Margaret Thatcher was the first woman to become Prime Minister of Britain,
which is an enormous achievement. Obtaining this position was a huge step
forward to realising that women are not powerless and should not be considered
inferior to men.
Yes, she had never publicly fought for women's rights or really did anything
for less fortunate women than her. But the main reason why I consider her an
essential figure in emancipation of women is her proving that she was more than
capable of being a PM despite her gender. She made people realise that gender
doesn't matter in politics, but skills, determination, hard work and dedication do.
SLOVAK ART
In our whole project we were focusing mainly on countries, which were far
more developed than Slovakia. That is why we decided to describe the situation
during the 20th century in our country. The possibilities for women to get proper
recognition for their achievements had always been more difficult here.
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We have chosen to concentrate on three female artists who we think had
the greatest influence on the Slovak art scene. These women demonstrated their
ability to create amazing works of art for which they deserve much credit despite
their gender.
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ESTER MARTINČEKOVÁ-ŠIMEROVÁ
Ester Martinčeková-Šimerová was a world-known artist born in 1909 in the
capital city of Slovakia, Bratislava. She is also considered the first Slovak female
artist who became known not only in Slovakia, but in other countries too.
After her graduation she travelled to Paris to study at not only one art
school, but two. The former is called Academy Julian and the latter is a private
school of Alexandra Exter. This was an amazing achievement for a young female
artist from Slovakia.
When she was only 22 (1931) she travelled to Prague for a job by herself. It
was there that she met her husband František Šimer who was working as a
professor. Then they moved to Bratislava where they lived until 1938 when the
First Czechoslovak Republic ceased to exist. After these events, they decided that
moving to Plzeň was the best option.
They didn't enjoy their marriage for a long time. In 1942, Ester's husband
was arrested for helping Czechoslovak soldiers hide. The German national police
(Gestapo) executed him for his crimes.
Three years later she returned to Slovakia where she became an important
member of the Slovak artists movement. In 1947, she got married again to a
lawyer called Martin Martinček. Years later, her husband returned to his former
passion for photography and became one of the most recognised Slovak
photographers.
She was given many titles and awards for being an essential character at
the Slovak art scene. In between painting she designed theatre costumes for a
play called "Pán z Prasiatkova".
Her paintings are not complicated, but rather simple. She uses stylization
which is a method of simplification the entity. That means that she was using a lot
of geometric shapes and straight lines. We could describe her art style as Cubism
because of the stylization method. She also sometimes uses symbolism in her
work.
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In a lot of her paintings there are visible traces of Odilon Redon's style. Just
by looking at her paintings we could say Redon was her main inspiration. He used
pastel colors and was interested in antique themes, same as her.
If you would like to see her paintings, they are displayed in the "Nedbalka"
gallery which is located near the Danube. You can see there many of her works
which are mostly surreal. They are quite interesting and visually pleasing.
[1]
This is her paintings which is using a figure composition and it is called “In the
park”. You can easily see the geometric shapes.
[2]
This one is a painting of apples and a ceramic bowl and it is made in a still
life style.
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[3]
This one is called "A guitarist" and a lot of figural composition is used there.
In this one you can focus on the simplification of shapes into more or less straight
lines.
VIERA ŽILINČANOVÁ
Viera Žilinčanová was a Slovak painter born in 1932 in Nové Zámky, a city
in Nitra region in the southwest of Slovakia. Her father was an expert in water
management and her mother was from a protestant family. Five years later, the
whole family moved to Bratislava.
In 1950, she began her studies at the Academy of Fine Arts in Bratislava.
After graduation she started to work as a freelance artist. She received honorary
year at the Academy of Fine Arts and attended the summer Academy of Art in
Salzburg. Between 1958 and 1960 she worked as an editor (art and graphic) for
Móda magazine. She became a member of several associations such as the
Association of Slovak Visual Artists where she illustrated books for children and
youngsters in 1962, creative group Život a year later and of the Society of Slovak
Visual Artists in 1995.
Since 1971, her art was officially presented by the state-owned company
Art Centrum and Slovart at foreign exhibitions. She won the Grand Prix at the 4th
International Biennial of Painting in Košice in 1978. Three years later, the
reproduction of the painting Music of the Forest was used for the poster of the
10th Bratislava Music Festival and she received the title "meritorious artist". In
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1997, the Slovak Television made a documentary film called Viera Žilinčanová.
During her tenure she completed many study trips to: London, Paris, Spain,
Austria, Italy and France. After a long illness she died in 2008.
Most of her works are surrealistic. Surrealism, also called suprealism, is an
artistic direction. It seeks to free the mind and emphasises the subconscious. The
rapid development of Surrealism was made possible by Salvador Dali. Surrealism
is still an active direction, even though it has moved away from its original ideas.
Music is an important topic of her work. The author sought harmony and tranquility
in her paintings, but sometimes also beauty and irony.
[4]
This work is called a "Summer" day. It's a surrealist image. She was
inspired by the surrealist René Magritte in this work.
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[5]
This image is called "the memory of Crete". Also inspired by René Magritte
and a little bit by Salvador Dali. Viera chose a surrealistic style.
[6]
This work is called "Submerged music". In this picture we can talk about
musical poetism. The emphasis has shifted to the imaginative position of creation.
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MÁRIA MEDVECKÁ
Mária Medvecká was a Slovak painter born in 1914 in Medvedzie, a village
near Tvrdošín in the north of Slovakia. She came from an aristocratic family called
Medvecký. After graduation in Košice, Mária studied at the Pedagogical Academy
in Bratislava and became a teacher. Between the years 1942 and 1946 she
studied painting and drawing at several universities in Prague, Vienna and
Bratislava.
She came back to Orava, a part of Slovakia she was born, and joined an art
association Život, translated into Life, and another couple of unions. Maria also
travelled around Mongolia, China and former Soviet countries. Throughout her
career she painted realistic paintings, although you can still see some of the
impressionist elements as well-due to her teachers who have taught her that.
Mária focused her work on the hard life of Slovak people she saw in Orava. That is
why her paintings are often grey, earthy and generally dark. Later her work was
linked with Socialist Realism but she still portrayed village people and their
everyday life. In the 1960's her style changed a little bit, her hand strokes became
more relaxed, the colours stronger and the focus reshaped on more intimate and
familiar scenes. In the 1970's, Slovak and especially Oravian motifs outweighed
her work. Mária died at the age of 72 on April 23, 1987 in Bratislava.
Her most famous work include:
[7]
The Czechoslovak 10 KČS banknote which was used from 1961 until 1988.
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[8]
Vykopávanie Zemiakov (translated into Digging Potatoes) is an oil painting
created by Mária in 1958. There are two elderly women on a field wearing cheap
work clothing. It looks like it's an autumn season and the women have probably
been working all day long. This painting is a classic example of Socialist Realism -
it shows the real life. The autumn atmosphere is underlined by grey and brown
colors and the author wanted to show us the rough life of Slovak people.
[9]
Mičurinky was painted in 1954 with oil colours. We have chosen to show
you this piece because we think it is really interestingly painted and it does not
have that dark atmosphere as the painting before does. Two young girls are
somewhere on a meadow looking and touching a flower, both have very red
cheeks so the weather must be cold. This work still represents Socialist Realism.
You can find her lifetime paintings in the Gallery of Mária Medvecká in
Tvrdošín.
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21.STOROČIE
Momentálne žijeme v 21. storočí, kde väčšina žien viac menej dosiahla to,
čo chcela. Aspoň teda vo väčšine krajín (západný svet). Bohužiaľ, stále existujú
miesta, kde sú ženy považované za bezcenné. V moderných krajinách môžu
pracovať tam, kde si sami vyberú, môžu študovať na kvalitných školách, ktoré im
pomôžu stať sa významnými osobnosťami a snažia sa dosiahnuť, čo najlepšie
výsledky. Majú rovnaké práva ako muži, čo bolo veľmi dlho hlavným problémom
spoločnosti a nenachádzame až toľko viditeľných rozdielov medzi pohlaviami.
Od žien je očakávané, že vedia zvládať rôzne typy situácií: vedia variť,
starať sa o deti, pravidelne upratovať, pomáhať deťom s domácimi úlohami, do
toho všetkého zvládať aj každodennú návštevu práce. Nároky na ženy sú v istých
smeroch oveľa väčšie ako na mužov.
Tak ako ide doba je očakávaná aj zmena spoločnosti k lepšiemu, no kedy
príde ten čas, kedy bude všetko všetkým 100% vyhovovať? Niektorí sa
domnievajú, že ten čas nikdy nepríde, ďalší zase dúfajú v opak a snažia sa pre to
urobiť, čo najviac. Organizujú rôzne protesty, ktorých zúčastnením vieš vyjadriť
svoj názor a podporu, a niektorí nerobia nič nápomocné a očakávajú náhlu
zmenu.
Vzdelanie žien na Slovensku je momentálne pomerne vysoké. Úplné
stredné odborné a všeobecné vzdelanie v súčasnosti dosahuje viac žien (44,7%)
ako mužov (29,1%). V postavení ženy na Slovensku existujú viaceré problémy a
rezervy. Napríklad pri rovnakom vzdelaní a kvalifikácii sú ženy podstatne menej
zaraďované do vedúcich (zvlášť najvyšších) funkcií ako muži. V parlamente je tiež
relatívne nízke (14%) zastúpenie žien. Iba 19% primátorov a starostov miest tvoria
ženy. Pretrváva nerovnosť vo finančnom ocenení práce žien. Aj napriek rovnosti
platových taríf ženy sa častejšie umiestňujú v nižších príjmových kategóriách ako
muži, a to aj v kategórii zamestnaných žien s vysokoškolským vzdelaním. Podiel
nezamestnaných žien je relatívne vyrovnaný s podielom mužov.
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POSTAVENIE ŽIEN NA SLOVENSKU
V porovnaní s ďalšími tzv. postsocialistickými krajinami je postavenie žien
na Slovensku relatívne priaznivé: neexistuje právna diskriminácia žien v oblasti
dedičstva, ani v dôchodkovom a sociálnom zabezpečení. V starostlivosti o tehotné
zamestnankyne patrí Slovensko ku krajinám s najvyspelejšou sociálnou politikou.
Od minulých storočí Slovensko prešlo naozaj dlhú cestu.
POCHOD ZA ŽIVOT
O čom to vlastne je? Určite ste si všimli veľkú kauzu o tomto pochode, je to
pochod za zákaz potratov. Čo si vy myslíte o tomto pochode? Je podľa vás fér,
aby sa ženy nemohli rozhodnúť ohľadom svojho dieťaťa, ktoré musia vychovávať
minimálne 18 rokov? Niektorí hovoria, že by potraty mali zakázať z dôvodu, že
každý má právo na život. Veď predsa len ani my by sme tu neboli, kebyže by nás
potratili, ale nevšímajú si následky aké zákaz potratov môže mať. Často to začína
depresiou u mamičiek, ktoré sú zväčša mladé a to je aj dôvod prečo o potrate
rozmýšľajú. Nevedia sa rozhodnúť, stále im to chodí hlavou, pretože potrat je
snáď posledná vec, po ktorej by túžili a dôsledky sú veľké bolesti hlavy, brucha a
tieto príčiny môžu byť veľmi nebezpečné pre dieťatko. Veľké množstvo potratov je
kvôli znásilneniu. Skúste si predstaviť, že ste tehotná, nepoznáte otca vášho
dieťaťa a ešte musíte žiť s tým, že ste bola obeťou znásilnenia.
Na druhej strane, jednoduchý prístup k interrupcií má tiež svoje nevýhody,
pretože v niektorých sociálnych podmienkach môže viesť k tomu, že interrupcia je
vnímaná ako súčasť krokov k zabráneniu tehotenstva.
Tohto pochodu sa zúčastnilo 50 000 ľudí a dokonca museli zastaviť
dopravu. Charakter podujatí býva rôznorodý, v prípade Národných pochodov ide o
masové zhromaždenia a pochody veľkého množstva ľudí zväčša v hlavnom meste
krajiny. Niekedy majú tieto podujatia charakter modlitebných pochodov, nie je to
však pravidlom ani podmienkou. Prvý národný Pochod za život bol v Košiciach 22.
septembra 2013 a účasť dosiahla 80 000. Druhý národný pochod za život bol v
Bratislave 20. septembra 2015. Podľa organizátorov mal účasť 85 000. Tretí
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národný pochod sa konal 22. septembra 2019 v Bratislave. Rozhodli sa ho
zorganizovať slovenskí biskupi v júli 2018 na zasadnutí v Nitre.
MALALA YOUSAFZAI
Malala was born in Mingora, Pakistan on July 12, 1997 where giving birth to
a girl wasn't really a celebration but her father, Ziauddin Yousafzai, wanted to give
her every opportunity a boy would have. Her father was a teacher and ran a
school for girls in their village, which was very rare in Pakistan.
Malala enjoyed going to school but her life turned upside down when their
town became controlled by Taliban. The extremists forbade big amount of things
such as playing music or owning a television, which are things used on a daily
basis and they enforced cruel punishments for those who weren't listening and
broke the rules. They also made it prohibited for girls to go to school and that was
the point where it got complicated. Not just for Malala, but for every single girl that
lived there. She was just eleven years old when she had to quit school. She had to
say goodbye to her classmates, without knowing if she was ever going to see
them again. And that was just eleven years ago in 2008. Unfortunately, the
situation in Pakistan is still bad even nowadays.
That day changed her and made her a target, she started thinking
differently and said to herself that she had to do something about it and try to stop
it. In 2012 she spoke publicly on behalf of every girl who should have the right to
get access to education. Then in October 2012, when Malala was just fifteen years
old, something horrible happened to her - she was shot to the left side of her head
on her way home. A gunman boarded her bus and was looking for Malala and
right after that he shot her. She woke up ten days later in a hospital in
Birmingham, England. She had no idea what had happened because she couldn't
remember it. Doctors told her about the incident and how her story caught
attention of many people. She couldn't return to her country so after months of
surgeries she stayed living in the UK with her family.
It was at that moment when she had a choice to make. She could decide to
live a quiet life and make the most of it, but she felt like it was her mission to make
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sure every girl could go to school and study. She established a fund dedicated to
this cause with her father who has been her ally and inspiration throughout.
The “Malala Fund” is a charity that is dedicated to giving girls an opportunity
to achieve a future they are interested in. In December 2014, she received the
Nobel Peace Prize and became the youngest ever Nobel Prize holder. In 2018,
she made her personal dream come true and started studying philosophy, politics
and economics at the University of Oxford. Although she never stopped trying,
every day she continues her with the goal to ensure all girls receive 12 years of
free, safe and quality education. She travels to many countries in order to meet
girls who are fighting poverty, war, child marriage and gender discrimination and
help them in any way she can.
She still continues with her Malala fund which is proven to help and makes
sure that other girls' stories can be heard around the world like Malala's story. She
invests money with her father to developing country educators for girls schools
through the Malala’s Fund and they hold leaders accountable for their actions
against girls. With more than 130 million girls not studying and not going to school,
she doesn't want to stop and is hoping that together we can create a world where
all girls can go to school. She prays that everyone will join her fight for education
and equality. Malala believes that there is always more work that has to be done.
You can join Malala’s fight and invest in a better future for more than 130
million girls without access to education, she needs your help to reach even the
most vulnerable girl who has been denied an education. You can make a single or
regular donation of 25, 50, 100, 250 dollars. You will receive an email donation
receipt as your official record for tax purposes and regular updates on how your
gift helps girls all around the world.
CONCLUSION
Malala Yousafzai's life is not easy. She was shot into her head at such a
young age, just because she believed girls should have access to education. She
was so brave for speaking up, but was punished for it. It almost cost her the life.
However, what she did afterwards was even more exceptional. She didn't let
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herself to be scared and silenced, she spoke about women's rights even more
passionately. That is something that deserves to be admired.
She escaped from the cruel world in her country, although she never forgot
about the girls still trapped there. She is still trying to help them get what is
rightfully theirs: education. Malala is a girl that deserves recognition for fighting to
give back to girls what poverty, war and discrimination tried to take away.
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Lencilicious: Jana Eyrová - Charlotte Brontëová. [online] 23. 2. 2008
[cit. 2019-09-20]. Dostupné na internete:
<https://www.zones.sk/studentske-prace/citatelsky-dennik/619-jana-eyrova-
charlotte-bronteova/>
Zuzana Pinčíková: Postavenie ženy v 19. storočí. [online] 26. 11. 2004
[cit. 2019-09-15]. Dostupné na internete: <https://legacy.blisty.cz/art/20815.html>
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Postavenie žien v spoločnosti, kvinta Sparks, 2019/2020
Nataša Bujdová: Emancipácia a rodová rovnosť. [online] [cit. 2019-09-15].
Dostupné na internete:
<https://revue.vsdanubius.sk/sites/default/files/rocnik_1_cislo_3-4_2013.pdf>
Soňa Gyarfášová: Práva žien? Najskôr sa im vysmievali, vojna všetko urýchlila.
[online] 27. 7. 2014 [cit. 2019-09-15]. Dostupné na internete:
<https://domov.sme.sk/c/7301523/prava-zien-najskor-sa-im-posmievali-vojna-
vsetko-urychlila.html>
Beata Vrzgulová: Obávané i obdivované sufražetky. [online] Aktualizované 3. 3.
2016 [cit. 2019-09-15]. Dostupné na internete:
<http://zenskyweb.sk/obavane-i-obdivovane-sufrazetky>
Neznámy autor: Volební právo žen. [online] Aktualizované 9. 8. 2019
[cit. 2019-09-15]. Dostupné na internete: <https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volebn
%C3%AD_právo_žen >
biffi: Feminizmus, vzdelávanie a sociálne postavenie žien na Slovensku. [online]
17. 12. 2005 [cit. 2019-09-15]. Dostupné na internete:
<https://referaty.aktuality.sk/feminizmus-vzdelavanie-a-socialne-postavenie-zien-
na-slovensku/referat-3254>
Míka, Robert: Volebné právo pre ženy. [online] 8. 3. 2019 [cit. 2019-09-15].
Dostupné na internete:
<https://encyklopedia.sme.sk/c/2622178/volebne-pravo-pre-zeny.html>
Neznámy autor: The Feminist Movement In The 20th Century: Introduction.
[online] Aktualizované 25. 9. 2019 [cit. 2019-10-13]. Dostupné na internete:
<https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-
transcripts-and-maps/feminist-movement-20th-century-introduction>
Kolektív autorov: Margaret Thatcher: a feminist icon?. [online] 5. 1. 2012
[cit. 2019-10-13]. Dostupné na internete:
<https://www.theguardian.com/politics/the-womens-blog-with-jane-martinson/
2012/jan/05/margaret-thatcher-feminist-icon>
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Postavenie žien v spoločnosti, kvinta Sparks, 2019/2020
Neznámy autor: Margaret Thatcher: From grocer’s daughter to Iron Lady. [online]
[cit. 2019-09-17]. Dostupné na internete: <https://www.bbc.com/timelines/zqp7tyc>
Neznámy autor: Margaret Thatcher. [online] Aktualizované 11. 10. 2019
[cit. 2019-09-17]. Dostupné na internete:
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher>
Neznámy autor: Margaret Thatcher Biography. [online] Aktualizované 4. 10. 2019
[cit. 2019-09-17]. Dostupné na internete:
<https://www.biography.com/political-figure/margaret-thatcher>
Jeni Murray: What did Margaret Thatcher do for women?. [online] 9. 4. 2013 [cit.
2019-09-17]. Dostupné na internete:
<https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/apr/09/margaret-thatcher-women>
Neznámy autor: Margaret Thatcher was the 'quintessential hate figure', says Mary
Lou McDonald. [online] 28. 12. 2018 [cit. 2019-09-23]. Dostupné na internete:
<https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-46611049>
Adams, Gerry: Margaret Thatcher made the north of Ireland a more bitterly divided
place. [online] 9. 4. 2013 [cit. 2019-09-23]. Dostupné na internete:
<https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/apr/09/thatcher-legacy-
bitterness-nor.th-ireland >
Neznámy autor: Poll tax. [online] Aktualizované 14. 10. 2019 [cit. 2019-10-14].
Dostupné na internete: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poll_tax#20th_century>
Neznámy autor: Mária Medvecká. [online] [2019-10-13]. Dostupné na internete:
<http://www.vtedy.sk/maria-medvecka>
Neznámy autor: Feminizmus, vzdelávanie a sociálne postavenie žien na
Slovensku. [online] [cit. 2019-10-13]. Dostupné na internete:
<https://mreferaty.aktuality.sk/feminizmus-vzdelavanie-a-socialne-postavenie-
zien-na-slovensku/referat-3254 >
Malala Yousafzai: Malala's story. [online] [cit. 2019-10-13]. Dostupné na internete:
<https://www.malala.org/malalas-story>
44
Postavenie žien v spoločnosti, kvinta Sparks, 2019/2020
Neznámy autor: Aukcie | 29. zimná aukcia výtvarných diel. [online]
[cit. 2019-10-15]. Dostupné na internete:
<http://www.soga.sk/aukcie-obrazy-diela-umenie-starozitnosti/aukcie/29-zimna-
aukcia-vytvarnych-diel/ester-simerova-martincekova-chodci-ii-1149>
Neznámy autor: V parku. [online] [cit. 2019-10-15]. Dostupné na internete:
<https://www.webumenia.sk/dielo/SVK:SGB.O_856>
Neznámy autor: First Czechoslovak Republic. [online] Aktualizované 11. 10. 2019
[cit. 2019-10-15]. Dostupné na internete:
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic>
Neznámy autor: Ester Šimerová-Martinčeková. [online] Aktualizované 25. 4. 2019
[cit. 2019-10-15]. Dostupné na internete:
<https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester_Šimerová-Martinčeková>
Beata Jablonská: Excelentná Ester Šimerová-Martinčeková. [online] 6. 5. 2005
[cit. 2019-10-15]. Dostupné na internete:
<https://www.sme.sk/c/2039237/excelentna-ester-simerova-martincekova.html>
Neznámy autor: Cubism. [online] Aktualizované 14. 10. 2019 [cit. 2019-10-15].
Dostupné na internete: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubism>
KISS-SZEMÁN, Zsófia. Slovenské moderné umenie. Bratislava: Galéria Nedbalka,
2014. ISBN 978-80-971269-4-0
PODUŠEL, Ľubomír. Viera Žilinčanová, Michal Jakabčic. Bratislava: Galéria
Nedbalka, 2014. ISBN 978-80-971269-5-7
BRONTЁ, Charlotte. Jane Eyrová. Bratislava: Slovart, 2011. ISBN 978-80-
556027-6-9
CITÁTY
[1] Truth, Sojourner: 19th Century Feminist Movements. [online] [cit. 2019-09-22].
Dostupnéna internete:
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Postavenie žien v spoločnosti, kvinta Sparks, 2019/2020
<https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-introwgss/chapter/19th-century-feminist-
movements/>
[2] Neznámy autor: Charlotte Brontë Biography [online] [cit. 2019-09-23].
Dostupné na internete.
<https://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/j/jane-eyre/charlotte-brontxeb-biography>
[3] Claire Harman: An Unrequited Love? Charlotte Brontë’s letters to Constantin
Heger [online] 14. 12. 2015 [cit. 2019-10-13]. Dostupné na internete.
<https://blogs.bl.uk/english-and-drama/2015/12/charlotte-brontës-letters-to-
constantin-heger.html>
[4] Neznámy autor: Charlotte Brontë [online] [cit. 2019-10/13]. Dostupné na
internete. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Brontë>
[5] Neznámy autor: Quotes by Emily Brontë [online] [cit. 2019-10-13]. Dostupné na
internete. <https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/861213-hope-was-but-a-timid-
friend-she-sat-without-the>
[6] Neznámy autor: The Professor Quotes [online] [cit. 2019-09-21]. Dostupné na
internete: <https://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/2685446-the-professor>
[7] Neznámy autor: Charlotte Brontë [online] [cit. 2019-10/13]. Dostupné na
internete. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Brontë>
[8] Neznámy autor: Shirley Quotes [online] [cit. 2019-09-21]. Dostupné na
internete: <https://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/2685457-shirley>
[9] Neznámy autor: Villette Quotes [online] [cit. 2019-09-21]. Dostupné na
internete. <https://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/40852693-villette>
[10] Neznámy autor: Ženské práva. [online] Aktualizované 17. 9. 2016
[cit. 2019-09-23]. Dostupné na internete:
<https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDensk%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1va>
[11] Christine Alexander: Brontë [married name Nicholls], Charlotte [pseud.Currer
Bell] [online] 23. 9. 2004 [cit. 2019-09-20]. Dostupné na internete.
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<https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/
odnb-9780198614128-e-3523>
[12] Beata Vrzgulová: Obávané i obdivované sufražetky. [online] Aktualizované
3. 3. 2016 [cit. 2019-09-15]. Dostupné na internete:
<http://zenskyweb.sk/obavane-i-obdivovane-sufrazetky>
[13] Neznámy autor: Margaret Thatcher: From grocer’s daughter to Iron Lady.
[online] [cit. 2019-09-17]. Dostupné na internete:
<https://www.bbc.com/timelines/zqp7tyc>
[14] Neznámy autor: Margaret Thatcher. [online] Aktualizované 11. 10. 2019
[cit. 2019-09-17]. Dostupné na internete:
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher>
[15] Kevin Connolly: Thatcher's tenure shaped by Ireland. [online] 8. 4. 2013
[cit. 2019-09-17]. Dostupné na internete: <https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-
ireland-11598877>
OBRÁZKY
[1] Neznámy autor: V parku. [online] [cit. 2019-10-15]. Dostupné na internete:
<https://www.webumenia.sk/dielo/SVK:SGB.O_856>
[2] Neznámy autor: Zátišie - jablká a keramická miska. [online] [cit. 2019-10-15].
Dostupné na internete: <https://www.webumenia.sk/dielo/SVK:SNG.O_2039>
[3] Neznámy autor: Gitarista. [online] [cit. 2019-10-15]. Dostupné na internete:
<https://www.webumenia.sk/dielo/SVK:SGB.O_857>
[4] Kiss-Szemán, Zsófia: Viera Žilinčanová. [online] [cit. 2019-10-15]. Dostupné na
internete: < https://www.nedbalka.sk/autori/viera-zilincanova >
[5] Podušel, Ľubomír: Súzvuk imaginácie. [online] [cit. 2019-10-15]. Dostupné na
internete: < https://www.noveslovo.sk/c/Suzvuk_imaginacie >
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Postavenie žien v spoločnosti, kvinta Sparks, 2019/2020
[6] Kiss-Szemán, Zsófia: Viera Žilinčanová. [online] [cit. 2019-10-15]. Dostupné na
internete: < https://www.nedbalka.sk/autori/viera-zilincanova >
[7] Neznámy autor: World Paper Money Auction. [online] [cit. 2019-10-15].
Dostupné na internete:
<https://www.janusmezat.com/en/product/489705/cekoslovakya-10-korun>
[8] Neznámy autor: Okopávačky. [online] [cit. 2019-10-15]. Dostupné na internete:
< https://www.webumenia.sk/dielo/SVK:PGU.O_27 >
[9] Neznámy autor: Mičurinky. [online] [cit. 2019-10-15]. Dostupné na internete:
<https://www.webumenia.sk/dielo/SVK:SNG.O_1615>
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ZÁVER
Ako tému sme si vybrali postavenie žien v spoločnosti. Zaujala nás, pretože
máme pocit, že táto téma je stále pomerne aktuálna a to napriek tomu, že v
modernej spoločnosti sa síce podarilo dosiahnuť formálne zrovnoprávnenie žien a
mužov, avšak v reálnom svete je v rozhodovacích úlohách nepomerne viac mužov
ako žien.
V našom projekte sme sledovali vývoj postavenia žien začínajúc od 19.
storočia až po súčasnosť, teda po 21. storočie. Pozerali sme sa najmä na anglo-
saské krajiny, kde bol rozvoj rýchlejší ako vo väčšine iných krajín. Porovnávali
sme zmeny, ktoré nastali v každom jednom storočí a položili sme si otázku, či sú
už dnes ženy rovnocenné s mužmi. Pri každom storočí sme si vybrali jednu
ženskú osobnosť, ktorá svojím vlastným spôsobom prispela k zrovnoprávneniu
oboch pohlaví. Avšak 20. storočie reprezentujú až štyri významné ženy, ktoré
dokázali, že ich schopnosti sa vyrovnajú mužským.
V prvej časti projektu o 19. storočí sme priblížili aká bola situácia ohľadom
práv žien, možnosti študovať či dosiahnuť rešpektovanú pracovnú pozíciu. Čo sa
týka významnej osobnosti tohto storočia, rozhodli sme sa pre Charlotte Brontë.
Bola to známa spisovateľka, ktorá svojimi kontroverznými názormi a dielami
výrazne prispela k emancipácii žien. Taktiež sme sa zamerali na jej knihu Jana
Eyrová, ktorá je dodnes dôležitým dielom svetovej literatúry.
Druhá časť projektu je o zmene pohľadu na ženy a ich schopnosti zastávať
podstatné role v spoločnosti. Na začiatku 20. storočia sa ženy sústredili hlavne na
získanie volebného práva, čo pre ne znamenalo možnosť ovplyvňovať politickú
scénu. Ako príklad osobnosti, ktorá znormalizovala ženu pri moci, sme si zvolili
Margaret Thatcher. Bola dokonalou ukážkou ženy, ktorá sa verejne príliš
neprihlasovala k bojovníčkam za zrovnoprávnenie a napriek tomu ukázala celému
svetu, že je rovnako schopná ako jej mužskí kolegovia.
V závere 20. storočia sme priblížili tri znamenité slovenské maliarky: Ester
Martinčekovú-Šimerovú, Vieru Žilinčanovú a Máriu Medveckú. Ich maľby sa líšili v
rôznych veciach, ale mali spoločné to, že posunuli slovenské výtvarné umenie
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Postavenie žien v spoločnosti, kvinta Sparks, 2019/2020
vpred a zároveň demonštrovali, že aj ženy si zaslúžia byť uznávané na umeleckej
scéne v krajine, ktorá nebola tak ďaleko ako Veľká Británia.
My dnes žijeme v 21. storočí, ktoré sa v mnohom líši predchádzajúcim. V
rozvinutých krajinách je už možné povedať, že ženy dosiahli to, čo chceli. Majú
právo voliť, môžu vlastniť majetok, navštevovať prestížne školy a žena pri moci už
nie je výnimkou tak ako to bolo v minulosti. Avšak je stále mnoho krajín, kde ženy
ešte stále nie sú videné ako rovnocenné. To sme sa pokúsili priblížiť cez príbeh
mladej aktivistky Malalu Yousafzai, ktorá pochádza práve z takejto krajiny a
pokúša sa zmeniť status quo.
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Postavenie žien v spoločnosti, kvinta Sparks, 2019/2020
RESUMÉ
We have chosen the role of women in society as the main theme of our
project. It caught our attention as we felt like it is often being discussed even
today, despite the fact that there has been achieved formal equality between men
and women in modern society nowadays. However, in the real world there are still
many more men in decisive roles compared to women.
We reviewed the progress of women's position in society in our project,
beginning in the 19th century until now, the 21st century. We focused mainly on
Anglo-Saxon countries where the change was faster than in other countries. We
compared the situation of women in different centuries and asked ourselves
whether women nowadays are equal to men or not. We chose one female
character from each century who contributed to women's emancipation in her own
way. Regarding the 20th century, we selected four exceptional women who
proved they were as good as men.
In the first part of our project we described what opportunities women had
when it comes to studying or working. We decided for Charlotte Brontë as an
example of female lead in this era. She was a famous writer whose well-known
controversial opinions and best-selling novels contributed to the emancipation of
women. We also wrote about her novel named Jane Eyre, which is considered a
masterpiece of classic literature.
The second part of our project is about changing views of society towards
women in power. At the beginning of the 20th century women focused on
obtaining the right to vote which gave them a possibility to influence political scene
the same way as men did. We decided for Margaret Thatcher as she was the one
who normalised women in powerful positions. She was no icon of feminism and
she never publicly fought for women's rights, nevertheless she showed the whole
world that she is as competent as her male colleagues.
At the end of the 20th century's part we introduced three Slovak female
painters: Ester Martinčeková-Šimerová, Viera Žilinčanová a Mária Medvecká.
Their paintings were different and yet they all moved Slovak art significantly
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Postavenie žien v spoločnosti, kvinta Sparks, 2019/2020
forward. They demonstrated they should have been recognized at the art scene in
a country which was far behind Great Britain.
Now we live in the 21st century, which is very different to the previous ones.
It is possible to state that women achieved what they wanted in developed
countries. They have the right to vote, they can own assets, study at prestigious
universities. A woman in power is not an exception anymore as it used to be in the
past. However, there are still a lot of countries where women are still not seen as
equal to men. We aimed to point this out by telling the story of a young activist
Malala Yousafzai who comes exactly from such a country and who is trying to
change the status quo.
52