Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦ. Ɇ.ȼ. Ʌɨɦɨɧɨɫɨɜɚ

ɇɚɭɱɧɨ-ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɩɨ ɧɚɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ

ɦɟɠɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɫ ɥɟɤɰɢɣ

««ɎɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟɎɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɧɚɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣɧɚɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ»»

ɅɟɤɰɢɹɅɟɤɰɢɹ 22: Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɚɧɚɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ. Ɋɨɥɶ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɯɧɚɧɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɤɚ ɧɚɧɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫɵ ɜ ɧɚɧɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ. ɋɢɥɚ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ.

Ʉɭɥɨɧɨɜɫɤɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ. Ɉɩɬɢɤɚ ɧɚɧɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɞɥɢɧɵ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɧɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯɫɪɟɞɚɯ. Ɇɚɝɧɟɬɢɡɦ ɧɚɧɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.

ɈɛɪɚɡɰɨɜɈɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ȺɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪȺɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɟɜɢɱɇɢɤɨɥɚɟɜɢɱ

ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ, Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬ ɆȽɍ

«ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ, ɞɜɭɦ ɢɥɢɬɪɟɦ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɦ ɞɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɧɚɧɨɦɟɬɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɨɜɨɟɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɢɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɬɨɷɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɧɚɧɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ, ɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɯɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ - ɤ ɧɚɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ.»

ɀ.ɂ. Ⱥɥɮɟɪɨɜ. «Ɇɢɤɪɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ» ʋ8, 2003, ɫɬɪ. 3 – 13

1 ɦɟɬɪ

1 ɧɚɧɨɦɟɬɪ= 109

=

12 756,2 ɤɦ

12,7562 ɦɦ

«ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ, ɞɜɭɦ ɢɥɢɬɪɟɦ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɦ ɞɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɧɚɧɨɦɟɬɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɨɜɨɟɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɢɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɬɨɷɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɧɚɧɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ, ɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɯɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ - ɤ ɧɚɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ.»

ɀ.ɂ. Ⱥɥɮɟɪɨɜ. «Ɇɢɤɪɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ» ʋ8, 2003, ɫɬɪ. 3 – 13

1 ɦɟɬɪ

1 ɧɚɧɨɦɟɬɪ= 109

=

10 ɫɦ

0,1 ɧɦ

Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɧɚɧɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɨɬ 1 ɞɨ 1000

ɚɬɨɦɧɵɯ (ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ) ɫɥɨɟɜ.

Ɉɛɴɟɦ – ɨɬ 10 ɞɨ 106 ɚɬɨɦɨɜ (ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ).

H2 O

Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɧɚɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ

ɋɂɅɖɇɈȿ ɋɅȺȻɈȿ ɗɅȿɄɌɊɈ-

ɆȺȽɇɂɌɇɈȿȽɊȺȼɂɌȺ-

ɐɂɈɇɇɈȿ

ɗɅȿɄɌɊɈɆȺȽɇɂɌɇɈȿ ȽɊȺȼɂɌȺɐɂɈɇɇɈȿ

221

R

mmGF

⋅⋅=

2

31110673,6

ɫɤɝɦ

G⋅

×−= −

mgFɌ =

228,9ɫɦ

R

MGg

Ɂ

Ɂ ==

221

R

qqkF

⋅⋅=

επε04

1=k

2

212

0 10854187817,8ɦɧɄɥ⋅

×= −ε

EqFE 2=

21

R

qkE ⋅=

ɗɅȿɄɌɊɈɋɌȺɌɂɑȿɋɄɈȿ

mgFɌ =a=10 ɧɦ=10-8 ɦ

V=a3=10-24 ɦ3

m=ȡV= 7874 ɤɝ/ɦ3 ×10-24 ɦ3 =7,874×10-21 ɤɝ

ɇFɌ20108 −×≈

EqFE 2= Ʉɥeq 192 10602217646,1 −×==

ɦȼ

E 5,0106,1

10819

20

=××

≈ −

−

ɦȼ

E 3005,0

5,1=≈

ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɝɪɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɠɢɦɨ ɦɚɥɨ ɩɨɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɦ.

ɚɊɨɥɶ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɧɚɧɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.

σρ

πσπρ

3

2

)2(

)3/4(

.

23 gr

r

rg

ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɟɉɨɜȽɪɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɹ

===Γ

ɦɇɦɤɝ 333 1078,/10 −×== σρ

14

2

4

105,81

105,81

105,81

−

−

×≈Γ⇒=

×≈Γ⇒=

×≈Γ⇒=

ɧɦr

ɦɦr

ɦr

Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ –

ɝɪɚɧɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ.

Ɍɨɧɤɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɥɟɧɤɢɫ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɤɨɣ -ɷɩɢɬɚɤɫɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ.

ɋɯɟɦɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɧɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɯ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɬɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ «ɠɟɪɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ» ɫɥɨɹ.

Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɉɪɢɧɰɚ (ȼɢɤɬɨɪ əɤɨɜɥɟɜɢɱ ɉɪɢɧɰ, ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɮɢɡɢɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɋɈ ɊȺɇ)

Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɵɯ ɢ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ

a) ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɟ SiGe/Si/Cr ɤɨɥɶɰɨ, b) ɤɨɥɶɰɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ Cr

ɋɩɢɪɚɥɶ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 7 ɧɦ

Ƚɪɚɮɟɧ (graphene) – ɦɨɧɨɚɬɨɦɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚȽɪɚɮɢɬ – ɩɚɤɟɬ ɢɡɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭɩɥɨɫɤɢɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɝɪɚɮɟɧɚ

ɍɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɧɚɧɨɬɪɭɛɤɢ– ɫɥɨɢ ɝɪɚɮɟɧɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɜ.

ɍɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɟɧɚɧɨɤɨɧɭɫɵ – ɫɥɨɢɝɪɚɮɟɧɚ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɮɨɪɦɵ.

Ɏɭɥɥɟɪɟɧɵ –

ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɝɪɚɮɟɧɚ.

Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɝɪɚɮɟɧɚ ɜɜɢɞɟ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨɦɨɧɨɚɬɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ.

Ɍɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɦɨɧɨɚɬɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɝɪɚɮɟɧɚɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɮɪɢɪɨɜɤɨɣɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɦɢɮɥɭɤɬɭɚɰɢɹɦɢ.

Ɍɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ = 0,35 ɧɦ.

Ɍɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɝɨɮɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ~ 1 ɧɦ.

5 ɦɤɦ

5 ɦɤɦ

ɦɦɦ

ɦɤɦɧɦ

ȾɥɢɧɚɌɨɥɳɢɧɚ

100

110

35

35,0 5 === −

ɉɪɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɯɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɤ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɟ 105 …107

ɦɨɧɨɚɬɨɦɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɝɪɚɮɟɧɚɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɛɟɡɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɣɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɨɟ ɫɢɥɨɣ,

ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɟɣ ɟɝɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ.

Nature, 2007, v. 446(1), p. 60.

Nano Lett., 2008, v. 8 (8), p. 2442.

ɋɢɥɚ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɧɨɦɢɪɟ.

FT=mg

N=mgCosĮFTP=kN

?

ɋɢɥɚ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɧɨɦɢɪɟ.

FTPȿɇɂə= FɉɈɄɈə

ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɢɯɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɫɢɥɵ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ).

ɗɮɮɟɤɬ ɝɟɤɤɨɧɚ.

[K. Autumn, et al. American Scientist, 2006, 124]

- ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɥɶɰɚɦɢ ɡɚɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɢɥɥɢɫɟɤɭɧɞ ɤ ɩɨɱɬɢɥɸɛɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ (ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɢɟ - ɬɟɮɥɨɧ);

- ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɵɦ ɢ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɦɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɫ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɟɣ;

-ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɡɚɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɢ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɢɯɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ; - ɩɚɥɶɰɵ ɧɟ ɫɤɥɟɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɢɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ;

-ɥɚɩɚ ɨɬɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɡɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɞɢɦɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ;

-ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɥɚɩɚɦɢ ɹɳɟɪɢɰɚ ɝɟɤɤɨɧ,

ɢɦɟɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ ɨɤɨɥɨ 50 ɝ, ɦɨɠɟɬɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɟɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ 2 ɤɝ.

ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɥɚɩ ɝɟɤɤɨɧɚ ([K. Autumn, et al. American Scientist, 2006, 124] )ɆȺɄɊɈ ɆȿɁɈ ɆɂɄɊɈ

ɋɍȻ-ɆɂɄɊɈ

ɇȺɇɈɇȺɇɈ

[Nature, 2000, v. 405, p. 681]

ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣɳɟɬɢɧɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɚɥɶɰɟ ɹɳɟɪɢɰɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ,

ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɚɞɝɟɡɢɢ ɤɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɢɬɶɭɫɢɥɢɟ ɜ 200 200 ɦɤɇɦɤɇ.

Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɳɟɬɢɧɨɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɨɤɨɥɨ 6,5×106 ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɥɚɩɟ, ɱɬɨɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɸ ɩɨ ɟɟ ɨɬɪɵɜɭ ɜ1300 1300 ɇɇ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɳɟɪɢɰɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ 2000 ɳɟɬɢɧɤɢɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɥɚɩɟ, ɬ.ɟ. ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,04% ɨɬ ɢɯɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ.

ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɚ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɳɟɬɢɧɨɤ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɢɥɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ.

Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɯɜɚɬ, ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɫɨɫɤɚ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɤɥɟɣɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ, ɤɚɩɢɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɵ ɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ.

ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ – ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ȼɚɧ-ɞɟɪ-ȼɚɚɥɶɫɚ.

221

R

qqkF

⋅⋅=

ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɪɹɞɨɜ - Ɂɚɤɨɧ Ʉɭɥɨɧɚ

Fq1

q2

ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ (ɚɬɨɦɨɜ, ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ, ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ)

221

R

qqkF

⋅⋅=

ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɪɹɞɨɜ - Ɂɚɤɨɧ Ʉɭɥɨɧɚ

Fq1

q2

ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ (ɚɬɨɦɨɜ, ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ, ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ)

ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ ɢ ɞɢɩɨɥɹ

Q=ze ș

ɞɢɩɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ u=ql

+q

-q

r

2

04

cos)( −

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−= rQu

rWπε

θɈɬɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɧɢɟ (ș=180°)

ɉɪɢɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ (ș=0°)

662

0

2

662

0

2

662

0

2

)4(4

3)(

)4()(

)4(3)(

)()()()(

−−

−−

−−

=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ −=

=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ −=

=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ −=

++=

rCrh

rw

rCru

rw

rCrkT

urw

rwrwrwrw

ɞɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɹ

ɢɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɹ

ɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ

ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɹɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɹɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹȼȾȼ

πευα

πεα

πεα

ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɜɭɯɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɢɩɨɥɟɣ;

ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɢ ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨɞɢɩɨɥɟɣ;

ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɜɭɯɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɢɩɨɥɟɣ.

ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ȼɚɧ-ɞɟɪ-ȼɚɚɥɶɫɚ

Į

ɞɢɩɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ u=ql

+q

-q

r

-q

+q

Į

ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ:

∫−=+−

=+= drrFr

B

r

ArUrUrU

nmɢɟɨɬɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɧɩɪɢɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ )()()()(

ɋɢɥɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ:

∫=−

= drrkdr

rdUrF )(

)()(

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ (ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ):

dr

rdF

dr

rUdrk

)()()(

2

2

=−

=

)(rUɩɪɢɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ȼɚɧ-ɞɟɪ-ȼɚɚɥɶɫɚ

)(rU ɢɟɨɬɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɧ ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɉɚɭɥɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵnmBA

ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟr

−=

,,,

∞=====−

=−−−

×=

−=

−

)(,0)(_

min)(,0)(__

min)(__

_

)(

/1038,1

,,,

000

23

rFrUr

rUrFɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɟɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨr

rFɩɟɪɟɝɢɛɚɬɨɱɤɚr

ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɹɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɚE

ɄɚɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɌɄȾɠk

ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵnmBA

ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟr

eee

ss

B

B

σ

ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ Ʌɟɧɧɚɪɞɚ-Ⱦɠɨɧɫɚ

⎥⎥⎦

⎤

⎢⎢⎣

⎡⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=+

−===

612

1264)12,6(

rrE

r

B

r

AnmU BɅȾ

σσ

ɋɢɥɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ:

137

126)12,6(

r

B

r

AnmFɅȾ +

−===

ɩɪɢɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ

ɨɬɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɧɢɟ

Ⱥ=96×10-79Ⱦɠɦ6

ȼ=10-134Ⱦɠɦ12ɫɭɦɦɚ

662

0

2

662

0

2

662

0

2

)4(4

3)(

)4()(

)4(3)(

)()()()(

−−

−−

−−

=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ −=

=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ −=

=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ −=

++=

rCrh

rw

rCru

rw

rCrkT

urw

rwrwrwrw

ɞɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɹ

ɢɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɹ

ɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ

ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɹɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɹɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹȼȾȼ

πευα

πεα

πεα ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ

ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɢɩɨɥɟɣ;

ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɢ ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨɞɢɩɨɥɟɣ;

ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɜɭɯɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɢɩɨɥɟɣ.

ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ȼɚɧ-ɞɟɪ-ȼɚɚɥɶɫɚ

ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɫɢɥ ɜɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɧɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ.

ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɥɚɩ ɝɟɤɤɨɧɚ ([K. Autumn, et al. American Scientist, 2006, 124] )ɆȺɄɊɈ ɆȿɁɈ ɆɂɄɊɈ

ɋɍȻ-ɆɂɄɊɈ

ɇȺɇɈɇȺɇɈ

Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫɵ ɜ ɧɚɧɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ

2/1)/( lg=ω

28,9ɫɦ

g =

l∝ω

ωπ /2=T

ȽɰfɫɟɤɌɧɦɦɤɦl

ȽɰTfɫɟɤɌɦl

1000;105005,0

1/1;15,03 =≈⇒==

≈=≈⇒=−

Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫɵ ɜ ɧɚɧɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ

2/1)/( mk=ωωπ /2=T

13

−∝⇒∝∝

⇒≈ LLk

LmLa ω

a

L

Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɚ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɧɚɧɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɨɣ ɫ ɢɯ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ

ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɰɢɥɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɜɟɪɧɵɦ, ɢ ɞɥɹɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɭɱɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ

ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.

ɗɦɢɫɫɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɢɡɧɚɧɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɪɢɣ

eee

Ƚɢɛɤɨɫɬɶɧɚɧɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɪɢɣ

Ɉɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ

ee e

Ɇɚɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɚɬɨɞɵ ɫ ɧɚɧɨɨɫɬɪɢɹɦɢ

Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɨɥɶɝɚ ɫ ɧɚɧɨɨɫɬɪɢɹɦɢ

ɇɢɬɢ ɢɡ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɧɚɧɨɬɪɭɛɨɤ

Ɉɫɰɢɥɥɹɰɢɢ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ

ɋɜɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɧɨɞɚ

ee eVDC

f ~ 20ɤȽɰ

ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɤɚ ɷɦɢɫɢɢ

ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ

A

Ⱥɜɬɨɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɧɚɧɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ

VDCCFE

R I R

I CI FE

Ⱥɜɬɨɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɧɚɧɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ

Ⱥɜɬɨɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɧɚɧɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ

Ȧ ~ 1/L

Ʉɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ

ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟɞɚɧɧɵɟ

Ⱥɜɬɨɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɧɚɧɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ

Ȧ ~ ɤȽɰ

Ɇɚɤɪɨ-ɷɦɢɬɬɟɪ ɇɚɧɨ-ɷɦɢɬɬɟɪ

Ȧ ~ ɦɦ/ɧɦ ɤȽɰ ~ ȽȽɰ

[Saito et al., DRM 14 (2005)]

Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɧɚɧɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ

Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɧɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ

ɧɟɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɵɦ.

ɉɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɟɬɚ

I0 I

d

kdeII −= 0

Ɂɚɤɨɧ Ȼɭɝɟɪɚ-Ʌɚɦɛɟɪɬɚ

k – ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ

0;0 IId →→

ɉɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɟɫɜɟɬɚ,

%

Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɦɤɦ

ɉɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɜ ɦɨɧɨ-ɚɬɨɦɧɨɦ ɝɪɚɮɟɧɟ

Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɦɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɦɨɧɨɚɬɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɝɪɚɮɟɧɚ,

ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ2,3% ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɫɥɨɣ.

[Science, 2008, v. 320, p. 1308]

ɉɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɟɫɜɟɬɚ,

%Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɫɜɟɬɚ, ɧɦ

ɗɥ. ɩɨɥɟ ȿ

ɉɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɞɥɹ ɞɥɢɧ ɜɨɥɧ ɫɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɫ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ.

ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɫ ɧɚɧɨɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɚɦɢ

Ɉɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟɦɫɜɟɬɚ ɜ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟɧɚɧɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ: ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣɰɜɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦɧɚɧɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɡɨɥɨɬɚ, ɠɟɥɬɵɣ –

ɫɟɪɟɛɪɚ.

Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɜɨɥɧɵ, ɧɦɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɥɸɦɢɧɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɢ

, ɭɫɥ. ɟɞ

.ɉɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ

, ɭɫɥ.

ɟɞ.

Ɉɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɧɨɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ

ɋɩɟɤɬɪɵ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹɧɚɧɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ.

Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ

εµ

µεµε

γα

βα

=

⟩==

∠=∠

2

11

2212 0

sin

sin

n

n

αβ

γ

1

2

αβ

γ

1

2

εµ=n εµ±=n

0sin

sin

11

2212 ⟨==

µεµε

γα

n

Ɇɟɬɚɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɫɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟɋȼɑ ɪɚɞɢɨɜɨɥɧ.

[Science, 2001, v. 292, p. 77;

PRL, 2000; Physics Today,

2003]

«ɋɪɟɞɚ» ɫ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ.

[Nature, 2008, v.455, p. 376]

ɋɯɟɦɚ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨ-ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɫ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɂɄ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɹɱɟɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɢɡ21 ɫɥɨɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ (30 ɧɦ Ag ɢ 50 ɧɦ MgF2). Ɋɚɡɦɟɪ ɹɱɟɟɤ a=565 ɧɦ; b=265 ɧɦ.

ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ n=0,63±0,05 ɧɦ ɞɥɹ λ=1200 ɧɦ ɞɨn=-1,23±0,34 ɧɦ ɞɥɹ λ=1775 ɧɦ.

Ɏɨɬɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ

ɮɨɬɨɧ

0))((2

22 =Ψ−+Ψ∇ rVE

m

h0)(

2

22 =+∇ E

ɫrE

rrr ωε

ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɒɪɟɞɢɧɝɟɪɚ ȼɨɥɧɨɜɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ

Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɨɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ

Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ

Ɋɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɨɧɵ

Ɂɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɨɧɵ

ȿ Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ E=mv2/2 ~k2

1-ɹ ɡɨɧɚȻɪɢɥɥɸɷɧɚ

2-ɹ ɡɨɧɚȻɪɢɥɥɸɷɧɚ

2-ɹ ɡɨɧɚȻɪɢɥɥɸɷɧɚ

ɋɯɟɦɚ «ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ» ɡɨɧ

Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɨɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ

Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɬɨɧɨɜ E=hȦ~k

Ɋɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ

Ɋɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ

Ɋɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ

Ɂɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ

Ɂɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ

Ɏɨɬɨɧɵ ɫ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɮɨɬɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɹɬ ɜɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɛɟɥɵɦ ɫɜɟɬɨɦ.

Ɏɨɬɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ

Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ

ɉɢɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɬ ɢɦɟɟɬɹɪɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɢɚɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ.

ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɷɮɮɟɤɬɟ ɥɟɜɢɬɚɰɢɢ,

ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɹɯ.

Ⱦɢɚɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɜɫɟɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬɮɟɪɪɨɦɚɝɧɟɬɢɡɦɚ,

ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɭ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ,

ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ.

[www.ua.es/personal/jfrossier/ ]

Ɉɛɪɵɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ,

ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɝɪɚɮɟɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ(ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɢ ɲɟɫɬɢɝɪɚɧɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.) ɫɡɢɝɡɚɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɢɡ-ɡɚɧɟɫɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɢɧɚɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ.

Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɧɚɧɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɵɟɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɦɟɸɬɨɬɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɨɬ ɧɭɥɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ. Ɏɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɝɟɤɫɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɨ ɫɩɢɧɚɦɢ,

ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɯɝɟɤɫɚɝɨɧɚ.

[PRL 99, 177204 (2007)]

1. ȼ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɦ ɧɚɫ ɦɢɪɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɦɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɧɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɧɚɧɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɧɚɧɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɢɧɚɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ. ȼ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɤɧɚɧɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ, ɧɚɧɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ ɢ ɧɚɧɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ.

2. ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɤɧɚɧɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ, ɧɚɧɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ ɢ ɧɚɧɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ, ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɭɸ (ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ) ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ.

3. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɤɚ ɧɚɧɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ȼɚɧ-ɞɟɪ-ȼɚɚɥɶɫɚ.

4. ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɧɚɧɨɦɢɪɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɧɟɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ.

5. Ɋɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɧ (ɫɜɟɬɚ) ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɟɦ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜ ɧɚɧɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɯɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢɦɚɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞ.