МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА ·...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
КЛОЧКОВ В.В.ЮЛЬМЕТОВ А.Р.АГАНОВ А.В.
МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯ ФИЗИКАИ ТЕРМОДИНАМИКА
Конспекты лекций для студентовнефизических специальностей
КАЗАНЬ 2013
![Page 2: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
≈ ≈
= /
= , +
= , ⋅= , = °
= / ≈⟨ ⟩ ≈ √ ≈
/ = = .
= , / = , ⋅ /
![Page 5: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
= , ⋅
= .
= , / = , /
= / = , ⋅ ⋅ , ⋅ / , = , / ⋅ .
= .
= = ,
= /
= / ,
= / .
= = ,
= ,
= /
= == == =
![Page 6: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
F = p ,
p = p − p = v − v .= =
= − (− ) = .
= + / = / .
![Page 7: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
= = ./
⟨ ⟩ = = ,
=
= ⟨ ⟩ = .
/ = / =
= ⟨ ⟩
= = ⟨ ⟩ .
= / = ( / )/
= ⟨ ⟩ .
= ( / )
⟨ ⟩ = .
⟨ ⟩ = ,
= + + … + /
= ⟨ ⟩ = = .
![Page 8: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
= = + +…+= = ( + + … + ) = + + …+ ,
+ + > <+
− ( + ) = ,
= − .
= ,
= = .
= − .
= − .
=
− = .
![Page 9: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
= / = / ,
= / = /=
= / = / ,=
= / .
( )
( ) =/
− ⋅ .
( )
( ) = .
![Page 10: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
( )
/
/ = ( ) ,
= / = / .
⟨ ⟩
![Page 11: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
⟨ ⟩ = ( ) .
( )
⟨ ⟩ = / = / .
∶ ⟨ ⟩ ∶ = √ ∶ / ∶ √ = ∶ , ∶ , .
= /( )
( )( ) = ( )
⋅ = / ( ) / / / .
⟨ ⟩
![Page 12: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
⟨ ⟩
⟨ ⟩⟨ ⟩
⟨ ⟩ = ⟨ ⟩ ,
⟨ ⟩ = √ ⟨ ⟩ .
⟨ ⟩ = ⟨ ⟩ / ⟨ ⟩ = / √ ,
=⟨ ⟩ =
⟨ ⟩ / = ⋅
![Page 13: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
= − ( / ) ,
/
= ( / ) ⟨ ⟩ ⟨ ⟩ .
> / <
![Page 14: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
= − ( / ) ,/
= ( / ) ⟨ ⟩ ⟨ ⟩ .
> / <
= − ( / ) ,/
![Page 15: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
= ( / ) ⟨ ⟩ ⟨ ⟩ .
= = .
![Page 16: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
=
==
=
∑ = +=
![Page 17: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
/⟨ ⟩
⟨ ⟩ = .
/
⟨ ⟩ = .
= ⟨ ⟩ = = ,
= = ,
= /
![Page 18: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
= − +
= + .
= +
= + ,
= =
= = = ,
=
= .
![Page 19: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
= .
( )
= + .
![Page 20: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
= .
= ,= /
=
= =
=
= =
= = = ,
= = .
= = .
![Page 21: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
=
= = ,
= + = + .
= = + = + .
= +
= .
= = .
![Page 22: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
=
=
= .
= = ,= =
= +=
= = = = ,
= /
> >< <
== +
= −
![Page 23: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
=
= − = ( − ) .
+ = .= ( )/
+ = ,
+ = ;
+ = ;
+ = ;− = / = −
= /
= = .
= = +
>= >> < <
![Page 24: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
= = ,
= = + = + ,
= = + .
⋅ ⋅/ ⋅ / ⋅
![Page 25: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
>
<
= > ,
= < ,
![Page 26: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
= −
= + = ,
= − ,
= = − = − .
= = − = − ,
![Page 27: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
= = ( / )= = ( / )
= ,
= .
/ = / .
= − = − = − ,
/ =
= = = = ,
= / = +
= + = + /
= = + = ( + ) .
= − = = + .
![Page 28: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
= = =
= ≡ ,
/ /= [ ( / )]
= [ ( / )]= = = =
−− − −
−− −
− − −− − − −
<<
![Page 29: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
=
→ =
=
![Page 30: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
== = , ⋅
= ,
= /
= /
= .
= +
= +
= − .= = −= =
== ( )
= – = − + = − ( − ) ,= − .
= + = + = + ( ) = ( + ) ,
= + .
= – = + – .
![Page 31: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
>
=
=≫
≫
= =<
>( ) = − /
=
![Page 32: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
− =
= − .
= ∼ ( / )
= − − ,
+ ( − ) = .
+ ( − ) = ,
= /
![Page 33: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
≫
>
<
![Page 34: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
= − = + − − .
![Page 35: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
<>
° °
![Page 36: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
≫ ≈
=
![Page 37: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
= , = , ° =
![Page 38: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
/
![Page 39: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯФИЗИКА ИТЕРМОДИНАМИКА · gge8;:vfei;dm?ge86d?;febjn?c76gec;ig?n;hajukegcjbj = ?( /-/= ? / /, x ¡ 9:; =(/) =-/) legcjbj x ¡ce=defg;e7g6>e86is](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071218/604ec9c28203a61eba2550b5/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
≠ ≠ ≠ ≠≠ ≠ = = ° ≠ °≠ ≠ = = = °= ≠ = = = °= = = = ≠ °= ≠ = = ° = °= = = = = °
⟨ ⟩ = ⟨ ⟩ = .
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⟨ ⟩ = ⟨ ⟩ = .
⟨ ⟩ = ⟨ ⟩ + ⟨ ⟩ = .
= = ,
= = , /( ⋅ )
= = ≈ /( ⋅ ) .
= .
≈
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= ,
/
> / <
= ,
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