T .m r a Tin ion (C ontinu*d from Pag* «) £ >

, • * • varied and practical) hi* intinate knowledge of affairs aJjaost unsurpassed*To these qualities were added indoad table courage , a strong bel4efj.n hi* prinoiplee, passionate devotion to hi* oountry, and a great faith'll! the high qualities-of his people*

So, on th* 31st July 1955, all Afrioan Nationalists, far and near, united in war* appreciation of his great servicee and in acknowledging tbs d«bt th* oppre***d. Afrioan nation owes to his. vamavering fidelity to tbs oaueo of fr**d<n and ind*p*nd*nc* for tho Afrioen. V

He new belongs to th* *g*e, but his idea* are living, and we haVe the pri­vilege and advantage of gaining inspiration from thoo until *s ar* fiwsd.

May this great exanplo of faith and unfaltering devotion rwaind us of our ohe^iihed ideal*i that Africa i* for th* African*, that tho Caus* of Africa oust triumph,, that freedaw Bust cone in our life tin*, and that our right to nanagw or nisaanago the affair* of our Fatherland is an inherent on** • Hovover tyrannic tbs Opposition, 1 can eee th* dawn of th* oh*rished notaent, when th**e ideal* shall have naterialieed, when the noble sons and daughters of Africa shall have spared neither toil nor sw*at in aohioving then, when the rule by fascist foroign junto* shall b* a thing of th* pasty and ehen there shall only be the rule of Afrieans for Afrioan* by African*. - Y*tt»J*

•» *•"Th* Orlando Touth League does it* elf ho hour in giving honour to whan honour ie due* The oause of African National lan for. aid eh Leabede stood i* one to which-I have always subscribed. : Today,•ore thsa ever before, the basis ideals of.that MatieaaULso stood

4 in need of olearer definition and eaU for aiagLo'o&aded devotion*It io only a* people noot on ooeaoion* suoh 4* tho ulafcede Main rial Sorrioo t^at the vision io rsnderod alearer, purpose* M r * eertai*And dedication la the e*»** of Africa aero nsd ilj poult**’ * f M < U U U U

' iiiiii ! « i mu ijm ii' . *■"* ,

OCT. - 10f.v 1955. THI AT RICAN 1ST, ORLANDO* ?*0I TKRZJ5.

,i'T f'itj o*H»«0<Hho»«.i____ ._ . _ . ' _ > Jl « w.:t* •,*’ j* **■' -e*t <

I I B BD POLITICAL FAITH ‘

In thi PrngrsTie of Afrioan nationalise

m rtttat0 fc► i t »n.- re-1 i >1 ’ "> * *.'* - 1

Africa will* to bo a natioa* bath for her own sake and that of Insanity*Air Progiaape of. Afrioan latioaalisa oust be iaplscentod fully to tho free and full derelopaaat of our faculties And power*) of our intalleet and af our as pi rati one* Vo remain unshakahly eosadtted to tho 1949 Program at Aotioa until national indepondenoo ia achieved.

Afrioa desires the proy isiv e iaprovsnant of her sono and daughtere.She revorenoe* goniuo and virtue, not hypocrisy and bruto foroo* She desire* instructor*» not wasters) the worship of truth, and not falsehood* And in order that a eelf-oonfident Afrioan people nast axiet, it ie necessary that they should, "through action and self-sacrifioe, attain polltioal conaciousnoos and that of thoir destiny - national indopondenoe. This oust be aohiovod by the Afrioan* for th* Afrioan*. The battl* Bust b* fought by th* African* and viotory oust b* for th* Afrioana*

j • v

ft4tt* and daughter* of Afrioai It is tins that wo should not'oidnge on our knees before the enecdee of Afrioanisa and national indepcodonoe, lest we be crushed by the eeight of our own oovardice. There ie no bravery possible for fearful people. Our taek can never be aooabplishod through Inainooritiee to our principles, nor by false dootrines of expediency) but only through persistent efforts) by self-eaorifice) by the ceaselees preaching of our ideae of a new Afrioa) by the eolean, unfailing , unchanging enthusiasts, superior to every sorrow that stool* th* spirit of nan who aokncwlodg* no foreign expert in African affaire nor naeter over our Fatherland. V oust deetroy the foreign traffickers, tho plaoe-huntere froc the East and Weet* Wo reject inexorably and outright the petty intrudsre, tbs would-be diplooate, who infiltrato into our ranks to whispor "friendliness" for the oak* of whit* docri nation, as pro ached by the forcee of Strydon, Strauss and other non-Afrioan groups. 3

Our forcee Bust put forward to the people with forcefulness and oeuragethe/p. 4 ...................* ..........................

aua four#■w

i . y^nn K i j t m i . m m (Conti**4 trm P»g» * ) •

« . S 5 M ” t£52ru»inffJs.'K “ 1s t : *r « 5 w S * i . « * * « . » • * • ~ r - * » * • “ * * " * •

Urim 1 . «riaa to 8^T# * \Mk*n* m m u i i ifbahaaahoa and u k inapiration of thoaaour aartyra,‘W n A u n i, Utkaoa, O & a ^ M ^ < * i T « * i * t without•ho 1 1 1 f o r - in 5 . J « r M . « * . i y U tte

th* * ro u “ uo n-

3 f 5 f S » C r * i S 4 OM no lonsn* Unr nil, injuotlo*,£ , £ if t e * « r l« ii* jt t e M U o» pw t of our pritel,!..

- & * ■ * u » t x t « - W . u

tor. . w., iw.____ a. QRLuroo. __

1 * -rtfxd * ttet otter oro»tw*. U » « • °Sp *ltlo .l rtfl«te. - 'T W O Q K r « « ..° f * t e » o p l o ^ _k*M in«i«ad ‘tta» AJfcC« unia» tfca bMB*r or M W ||,V 7 T " " “

s r . i s i a S t «s- i» s i « t - i » « - » » « * — * •*

i W f * > U K U V M * .

fVWtMT- “ — — ™ d* xw- » • -- * « * * •

,/jtt* ^v( t I'**''*■■*' «*? • * **'*’ %»• ;<s

* * » *sm L s> * - n

k^rfufiw

tteate. «*ll I te w bmi* t t e t t t . U « * » « U * ••» «lth *“ u*—

Im u t i *ot r. ^ . .

Thontei * u , I te*p w . - - * « « • » r “ * • ' * • “oppraaaad paoplo*

, 0. lort h .r . do.ot te ridioulon.. .1 t * . it y « « . - r l « ...

Thmbti L iU hall » I •*«

t « « . * .1 1 , * . f . 11 t»i» * » « < ••> » » •“ • • U t e » t l o . » d niraelo.T

■ ; - ffi r » s ^ ^ r j c ^ - r s r a r i s wfraedoo for tha Afrioana.

. . _ , . . . elbouta GooM X «o» boginnlng toI i m f Ohl » » 1 know«te« 1»ro t^ilKng b«m .tcU .

think you wara tailing na tha •tory ~

n»«b»l » 0. I M U «07« “ ■ froodoo.

,_______On. of tte PUPP.U -u.t te n * l « d i» » « " "

Thanh&t I don't undaratand you ohua.

8petkl„ lbout te.no, th. nimolo te. long t e « d i .o r l ifd ^

T- i^h ir^th at will ba the ffcta of tha na* b^»y.

____ _ . — confuaad no* ohus. Ihy do you apaak of puppata and bahi»«? X **»t

i a ^ n i T a S S S U t ^ u m of tha Soya b ^ .

^ ttef. .tet X - telXin, mu .tent. i. . rtiU-te™ «.x, W ri,«U,l/P. 5 .................................

OCT. - NOV., 1955. THE ATRICANIBT, ORLANDO. pagi rivi.

TS'BA.' , AND THaiEA (Continued fron Pago 4)

Thacbai

Tswanai

Therabai

Tav&n&i

Thona »

Tawana t Thonba: Tswanes

Thoobat

TswanaiThonba« TawanaiThenbaiTswanai

Oh' It ’ s the nano of sone baby and not a bean at all?Liston you d u p e , not a baby in tho flesh of c o u t m , this is a new o r g a n is a t io n . . . . the sould o f th o doad Convention transmigrated to

this aninal. ^ .Chun, you are a wonderful chap. You can eoo the evolutionary oonnection

botwoon pup^ots, beans and aniaalslLook hero, all I an saying i . that SOYA is not a bean, it . an organisation which you can at onco forgot about. Tho fMll nano is Society of Young

Socioty of Young Africa? But all yoWhg African* are in tho 1«rth Loague.

That is thoir only possible hono.

I know that.Well, which youth is this group going to oollect?I don’ t know, but I think a nathonatical oxpert has discovorod that

there is an African population on tho noon.So thoy will only start working when sooobody has invontoa a rocket

ship that can roach tho noon.I guoss so, round about 2000 A.D.I an sorry I worried you about such things ohua.It's no worry chun, it is pleaouro.Good-byo, Son of Africa.MkYIBUYI.

"By putting into effect his nost sacred ideal - Afriaan ■atloaallon — wo shall be honouring our groat Hero, Lonbodo . — Or. A* I*tala* nopbor

of National toeoutive AJI.C. „ . ,

I)» oonoluding p»rt of th. .pooch 4rti«rod by * . «- to tt.Of swavrr.*.

4 i

jt d n o ir .. th.n, tk.of African Mationalisn and to work ceaselessly and for Iwo arontaal

l«£;in»tlon of the w w . And, » or* *h* °“ 1)rthat can bo acoeptable and io acooptablo to tho WOLE of Africa*

Lot us remind ourselves then, today* of tho THRBS basic claiao of A fn can

latioralism, founded on tho philosophy of Msiwakho Lonbodoi-

(1) ¥o olain tho mOLE of Africa, watered with the blood of oar fathers and fertilised by thoir bones, as OUHB to mnago or nd-Bnaga.

(2) Thore is NOBODY, except we our solves, who CAN and ¥ILL datornina W .

destiny* To quote Dr. 21k, of » lB.rie , « « 1. w tM »ein everything that concerns the doatiny of Africa .

(3) We have a contribution to nako to tho world " and w» shall make it - to

te*ch the world tho brotherhood of mn, i» word and in deod.

In oonolu.ion, lot » put thuo word. fro. llqh.yl, in tho nouth «f I^bodo.-

Axi bantu bani n 1 aataBan j' iinkani *abo? _ . *A*i bahtu bani n* aaba Banj* iphike labo?Ndiya kuhlala ndinani phi na ndingunrtu njo,H d in g u n n tu njo i n t w ’ o h l a l 'ih l e l 'i f r i a n ^ o l o ,

Ndingunntu njo intw'ehlal’ ihlol’ifuduke,Ndin^unntu njo intw* ohlal'ihlol’igoduko.

C o rresp o n d e n ce to THI AFRICANIST nust be addreased to.

The Editor,Tho Africanist,

P.O. Bos 22,

a y p s s *Joh«na.»burg.

BUI 81X.To Tho iditor, ** " “ W *

' THS AFR7r^g«p.

non whot^ l ^ i r W g r t h r ^ l ^ hi^ t^ f ^ r t l M t« ^ J ^ ^ l gra,P 0t y0UBg

• t - g v i r w & s s z s j ^hey hare always fall*d. The Africanist reflects that you are standinc for a.

raeae reflection open the sates of the ndnd of a thinksr. The vision of Mtino

« “ «»“ « « l t-t po.clta. r ta n d ^ of A uinanity if nirrortd in ny nind« I iia thi youth tha nmnnn man . * .

ff °quU #P?0rtuai*y »■ thinkers of groat thoughts, ts °* r® of dotdfli Likf tho Editor of • tka (iharui fvanUf *• - ■

£ ~ r .t io n , h^lng m it . w its S r t W ,

vision, the sense of oission to raoe, country and huaanity at large. *

S 2 1'vVSEL'iJESl,lrrMti : S u 01 l*rioan Nationalise cscents Ifrlcans of all tomdee into am tlwi * 1Ths effect*of *” °rd* r t0 th* Afrio« “ » •olid » l t . *Ind J L ' ? 1*5* n er,ftt* •»P«ci*lly during the Defiance Canpaignand other struggle of the Africans. It is that feeling of oneness of a S .

I f r U a i 'a J t i J S i i i i t ^ t o 'a ^ i ^ ? °W r^aod peo*e, it i . inounbent upon the

eelf-reepect and self-o£»ifidenco in a peoj&e. This oan be aehiered bv

^ ^ f t i T h i j 1 l ml l i r 8^ * * by *hi0h **0 P* >ja° >hould »teri«l gain*f S l T ^ t r ^ S 1- anJoy th° fn d t * <* their struggle, they

their poeer, and they will be oager to put acre effort and s»arifin«

“ W ^ r " 8* for *” * * * *— * •• *“ • *■ - ” « • £ £ S = £ 3 - -•** *•

r«4— * ? L 3r0!l? ° ? * P ^Rhters should be «ade to eee better life beyond the

^ ° y !^T\ A 0 ® * ** n* a« to beliewe that it is an honourto die fer tho beloved Fa tho rl and. *111*1011108" - Pondoland.

3H« RIC1NI8T flPiz,

1. What do the letters N .C.N .C . stand for?

* r * nB with tho dynanic slogan "Africa for tho Ifrioans"?

i: ■ £ •? : s r t s j s s i t ^ - a s s * 1- h“ i8d * jono K“ rit‘ * * * * u i u5. What was. the I.C .D .? Who foroed it?6. Who was tho first Socrotary-Qoneral of the A«N*C.

* *han and w*iero did tho 111 Afrioan Convention oollapse? o* ^rioan waoan from S.A. is an M.P. in Uganda. feo is sbs?J, Who me the first Iditor of Bantu-B*thoT

10. Who is the President of the Basutoland African Congress?

thfcn 2 0 t h ™ L « W , 1955.’ W ~ **” .olution rocalr«l not l.tor

Tm ATRICAIUST, ORLAMDO.

To «M Editor, The Afrloanisti

8ir,

____ Jn th* J ^ 1 whor# th® Annual Transvaal A .N .C . Conforonoe was held this*_ “** *lOGans red placards plastsrod on the walls of the }mll. writtant

m o r a n F with m , sonrr ooch*. rurthor i . « in p « »that there is a groat exodus of AJI.C . oenbers to the Soviet oountrios every year.

and t “ ^ ther lhQr9 iB a ?oaoe-troaty between the Soviet Onion and the A.N.C. If so, when and where was it signed, and by whoc was it signed?

(v. . ___ _ Joseph Makhala, Ventersdorp.l¥o are not amre ef any peace-treaty between ue and the Soviet Unionj Editor).

Official Organ of the Pan Africanist Congress, Published and issued through

T H E E D I T OR P.O. Box 1610, JOHANNESBURG. S.A.

FEBRUARY-MARCH, I960.

T H E E D I T O R S P E A K S P.A.C. LAUNCHES:

The Pan Africanist Congress is about to take the first step in its grand march to African independence. At any moment now the President will call upon the African people to go into positive action against the Pass Laws, and P.A.C.

jjpUl have crossed its historical Rubicon.Period of Strategy:

We have all but won the ideological battle. There is just no ideological opposition to the P.A.C. Our ideas ^ve been readily accepted by the African masses. And the reason is not far to seek; Ours is the only real alternative to White supremacist tyranny. Ours is the only real and lasting solution to Africa's problems. Ours is the only genuinely democratic solution. We have hitched our wagon to the highest and noblest human ideals. To the single racialism of the White minority and the multi-racialism of the ''Congress Alliance" we posit non-racialism. To the tryannical rule of the foreign White minority we pose a common society laying stress on the material and spiritual interests of the individual. To the shameless exploitation of the many for the benefit of the few we pose a planned ecov:my and the most equitable distribution of wealth.And that the african people have accepted.

We now pass on to the phase of strategy and tactics. Having delineated our goals in the clearest terms we now have l3K guide the masses towards those objectives. And this is the period that is going to test the mettle of our leadership. The Pan Africanist Congress has decided to secure the total abolition of the pass laws. This means that not only the dom pass must go, but also the Labour Bureaux and influx control regulations must go with it. And the question is how best can we achieve that.

The Pan Africanist Congress will have to make it clear to the people that the first essential is a mental divorce from the Pass Laws. Our jjeople have been so conditioned to the dom pass that they have been known to risk death in an atxempt to"salvage it from a burning building. In fact an African does not feel that he is himself if he does not feel the weigh'c of the dom pass in his pocket. What is necessary, then is for every African to make up his mind that PROM THE DAY THE PRESIDENT MAKES THE CALL, HE (the African) WILL NEVER AGAIN CARRY THE DOM PASS.Nature of Campaign.

It must be made clear to our people that this campaignis /P ag e t w o . . . .

FREBRARY-MARCH I960. THE AFRICANIST PAGE TWO.

is going to be carried out on the basis of absolute non­violence. We are not pacifists. We do not believe in giving the other cheek. But we are realists. We know that the fascist government, put in power by White South Africa, is at present itching for an opportunity to demonstrate its strength; its ability to meet any situation. And it will not hesitate to mow down hundreds of our people. That is the accepted morality of a large section of White South - Africa. In fact, in Durban, a high-ranking police officer has stated that they are out for revenge. Oar task and sacred duty is TO DENY THE POLICE THE EXCUSE AND THE OPPORT­UNITY TO SHOOT I Not because we are cowards, but because the only person to benefit from such shooting is the oppressor.No diversion :

Once shooting takes place, Sons and Daughters of the Soil, what we had set out to achieve will be forgotten.The initiative will have passed on to the government and the tfmice, There will be confusion and our ranks will be broken. We can achieve our objective only if we carry out FAITHFULLY the directives of the President. In that way we retain the initiative.

Of course, the police will provoke the people. They will murmur impossible commands. But we must remain calm in the face of police provocation. There might very well be paid agents among us who will throw stones at the police, or attempt to incite the people to violence. Anyone who does that is a traitor to our cause. We say so, because our immediate objective is to bring about the total abolition 0 1 the Pass Laws. And how can a running battle between tne police and the people achieve that? We do not want any African to die from police bullets in this campaign. Above anything else, we require DISCIPLINE in this campaign. We do not want mob hysteria or pseudo-revolutionarism. Let us leave stunts and spectacular exhibitionism to the quarters that are expert at them.Sabotage :

It is quite clear that there already are attempts to sllotage our campaign. Certain Rip v a n Winkles have suddenly become aware that, like P.A.C., they must give top priori y to the Pass issue. They cannot even use original phrases.Must they steal even our phraseology really. Somewhere m this issue one writer pleads for unity of action on tne Pass issue, and is quite emphatic that P.A.C. will place the interests of the African people first. We thank this Daughter of Afrika for her faith m P..A.1C. :Leadership and we wish to assure her, here and now, that W^DO NOT CARE WHO CALLS FOR ACTION BEFORE US ON THIS ISSUE. P.A.C. will enter fully and unreservedly into any genuine campaigh

tVifi Pass Laws provided: (a) the leaders go in front and (b) they launch under th” slogan of "no bail, no defence, no fine". To us that is the only genuine campaign, ine African people have done away with protests and mass demon­strations" that serve merely to dissipate our And they have done away with the "cautious , middle-class leadership that believes that suffering is meant for th masses only.

Our leaders will be in f r o n t , where leaders should be.They will lead under the slogan of "no bail, no defence, no fine" And the masses of the African people, whose lives are rendered desperate and bleak by the devilish Pass Laws, will follow the leaders. TO JAIL1

In I960 / Page three.

In I960, then, Sons and Daughters of Afrika, we take the first step in the march towards freedom, In 1963 we take the last, We have fashioned a key to open the gates of heaven* Our key may probably be crude, but we will improve it and very soon, by 1-963 to be precise, we shall open the gates to a full, clean, pure and genuinely democratia life in a United States of Afrikat Forward then to Indep­endence ] To independence now J i Ro-morrow the United States of Afrika I j

IZWE JjETHU 1 i-AFRIKA I i ' In a letter addressed to n• Mr. Potlako k. LeiaUo, " PaSG thls Oopy of5atl?2a:L s'-'r1'®tj'’;y cI 'lle !| T H E A F R I C A N I S T ' Pan Africanist Congress, ■' ^

' Dr. Tom Mboya! 3 private " "° ye^ next ^nend1 secretary concludcs: ''may 11" " " " " " " "11"" " "11" "H " "" H " """ "" " "’ we assure yovi of continued support and interest in your ’ struggle against the Doer savages and that we will not rest ’ until the whole of Africanis free".

__ THE AFRICANIST.____________ PAGE THREE.___

J T - -

PRESS REACTION TO P.A.C. CONFERENCE By "Observer".

The Pan Africanist Congress stands for the ending of white domination, the attainment of African national freedom self-determination, and the establishment of lasting relat­ions of human brotherhood and equality in our land. To what extent do other national groups and other ideological camps subscribe to or rejoct the Africanist stand-point? This question is answered; to some extent, by the attitude of the Press towards the recent P=A.C3 conference at Orlando on the 19th and 20ch December, 1959.

On the whole There was a general conspiracy of silence about the ?-A*C» ccrference, Where there was mention of it, a deliberate attempt was made to belittle it and to pooh- pooh its decisions.. In some oases the Press went out of way to indulge in bare-faced mendacity an-, unabashed fals­ification, The more stupid of The papers went so far as to pretend that “i- oonier '■nee did not take place at all.

clear ci,° was t•*> kor-p P e A - C. ideas and P.AoC. resolutions from the masses of the people.

The mor.t or.'nil7 blatant enemy of the P.A.C., of course, is the "Golden City Pest". Long before the conference this paper was already accusing P-AjC. of "talking big". It was the same ^Golden''City Post" which first peddled the fabricat­ion that Pi/:. Ci I'-as a ’’master-plan" (to overthrow the state). A few days thereafler the Special Branch Police visited the P.A.C. National Secretary and asked about the "plan". The open incitement of the police to act against P.A.C,, which the "Golden Ci t y Post" has been recklessly indulging in, must be carefully noted by all P.A.C- members in particular, and by the African neople as a whole * Although the P.A.C. leadership gav^ the Press no details of its contemplated campaign againat The passes the "Golden City Post", with its usual officiousness and brazen affrontery, sold the public a story that P../.C. Lad decided on a Defiance Campaign against the passes,

ILc; qv.< cilon is why ;,Fo3t" chooses tc behave like this towards the P.A.C,.? Firstly, it must be borne in mind that

during / Page four

during the days of the break-away from the African National Congress, the "Golden City Post" handled the Africanists with tact, and it frequently talked of "moderate elements" among the Africanists. It still hopad then either to divide the Africanists or to lead them as a whole towards the cul de sac of political futility. Once it became clear that the African­ists could no longer be broken, and that they had declared for a nolicy of genuine non-racialism and self-determination for the masses of Africa, the "Golden City Post" took fright.It began, then, casting about for a new way to side-track the Charterist Congress, and at the same time to steal the thunder from the Pan Africanist Congress. "Oiar" "resourceful" "Post", then and there, came forward with the brand-new idea of an all-in non-racial Party which could swallow up the existing organisations. The Charterist top leadership shrewdly saw through "Post's" torrent of honeyed words and kite-flying.

It was clear5 for instance, that "Post" was not enamoured of the Congress of Democrats, and that it disliked the idea of the Freedom Charter being the basis of the alliance of the so- cailed Congress organisations. The whole idea of a "non- rjBTal" Party (for "non" read "multi") was, of course, to by­pass the Freedom Charter, seek a new basis for merging, and launch out a programme skilfully shorn of all or any leftist undertones.

When this wild, desperate "Post" adventure received a set-back, then that paper began the new "Luthuli cult of person­ality" in dead earnest. The big idea was to groom and dondit— ion Chief Luthuli for a new role as a future South African leader of all the people, both black and white, so that when the political climate became more favourable, at some future time, for the re-introduction of the idea of a non-racial (all-South African) Party, Chief Luthuli should assume the lead.

Thus poor "Post" still continues to labour under a delusion. The poor paper forgets that Chief Luthuli is not the A.N.C., and that the men who control the A.N.C. and shape its policy have nothing in common with "Post's" type of swash-buckling, _ drum-beating and trumpet-blowing, mingled with veritable sheepishbleating.

All this, of course, was long after someone in the columns of^New Age" had administered a sharp rebuke to "Post", for daftng to command a Liberation Movement, and telling the people leaders what to do and what not to do. That paper blatantly- advised the "City Post" to give orders to the prostitutes ana thugs whose stories fill the columns of the "Post".

But, then, why does "Post" act in this manner towards the Pan Africanist Congress? Why? That is the question,

Cf course the "Golden City Post" is a paper of the big money-bags, the millionaires, and the high-powered tycoons.The triumph of tho P.A.C. policy would mean the redemption of the toiling masses on whose exploitation the big money-bags have fattened over the years. The "Post" which represents liberal wing of the most reactionary capitaiist forces of Western Europe, sees Africa as a vast colonial field for West ern capital. In fighting P.A.C. the "City Post" is doing its -job (as an ideological bridge-head, among the non-Whites, of the capitalist colonialist forces which seek to ^ the fo^aatio^ in the emergent African states, for reducing the_continent into a financial and economic colony of Western imperialism).

Readers should not be bluffed by the loud-mouthed claims of the "Post" to being a non-White (even African!, organ.

FEB-MARCH I960.___ THE AFRICANIST._________ PAGE FOUR.________

Post / Page five ....

"Post!l frequently harps on I ==“====-:==:===================|:we non-whites", "we Africans" § forward to ::and so cn, in a laughable I +attempt tc identify the oppres- ^ P O S I T I V E A C I I 0 K | sed people with the big money- ^============================-==bags who have fattened from African cheap labour. "Post" remains a paper of the big money-bags despite its high-sounding pretensions."The Brayand "Rand Daily Mail" .

There is no doubting the hostility of the "Star" and the "Rand Daily Mail" towards African nationalism in general and the Pan Africanist Congress in particular. Yet for all that, the two papers gave a fair, albeit short, report of the Orlando Pan Africanist Congress conference. Both gave an accurate report on the main resolution on the passes, even though the ''Mail" tried to minimize the conference by placing the figure of the delegations at a bare 270. On the other hand, the "Star'* reported that there were more than 600 delegates at the

^conference. None of the papers, however, was able to admitat the opening session, during the Presidential Address,

there were anything between 9 0 0 and 1 , 0 0 0 people in the packed Communal HaJl. It was quite amazing and amusing to note how the newspapermen stupidly imagine themselves to hold the fate of organisations in the hollow of their hands. They do not seem to bother, for instance, to get the correct figures by the simple process of counting or by having the correct"figures given them by the proper officials. They arrogate to them­selves the right to make sweeping and almost always false ■.'stimations. Truly the Press in South Africa is becoming more and more ridiculous. The public are rapidly losing faith m the veracity of the Press.One Reci .journal.

One so-called African Reef Paper, 3 0 far feared to report the main resolutions of the conference, and to admit the undoubted success of the conference itself, that it contented xtsell Wxth publishing at its back page, usually reserved for sports reports. a disjointed version of the Presidential Address. More prominence was given to remarks on Mac Millan, than either the gist of the address or the main decisions of the conference.

is to sveh low levels of shoddy hypocrisy that the sub- SfivieLt, tir.ied. so-called non—White Press has sunk in its efforts to keep the ideas of Pan Africanism from the Africans. However it is too late now - too late for its skelm schemes to succeea.

The rest of the White Press in the country contented itself with a short report giving the number of people attending as 400, and rexerring in brief to fraternal greetings by Premier Dx'. Nkrumah anu Sekou Toure. Some of the member papers of the Bancu Press, such as the "Imvo", did not even make passing mention of the Pan Africanist Congress conference.''New Age" .

Standing only second to "Post" in its blatant, blind, jaundiced and fanatical hostility to the Pan Africanist Congress is G?pe To .'n 3 'New Age’1, a mouth—piece of White ‘'progressive" elements either within or supporting the Congress alliance.

’,New trlf w represented by a young African journalist.His report (J presume it was his report), as it appeared in •j\ew Age" was shot through and through with shameless omissions, downright distortions and falsifications, a.id mendacious lies which orly stunted minds could manufacture.

* To give / Page six .. .

FEB-MARQH 19S0.________THE AFRICANIST.______________PAGE FIVE.

FKB-MARCH i960. TH:£ AFRICANIST. PAGE SIX.« ? + ? ! % °Sly tW° ^ amPles* "New Age" says that a conference

+bJ °ver 400 del®?ates, and at which a historically important decision on the passes was taken, was a "farce" and a "mere publicity stunt".

This is truly amazing, and those who attended the confer­ence must have rubbed their eyes in sheer disbelief and wonder

such crude lying. Then again "New Age" avoids giving the correct version of the decision on the pisses, and it m?fchilv- ou^ly distorts the wording of the crucial resolution of the conference Where the P.A.C. conference had resolved to

» » a decisive positive action" against the Dasqe=i "New Age" report talks of "a final decisive undertaking on the• P e 'IJew A«e" reP°rt deliberately tries to rob d-cision ol its meaning, and to make it nonsensical.

qtuntQ?* d0fS "New Ag!! indulge in these cheap anti-P.A.C.QivSa u1S Publl3h-d by a group of white progres­sives, so-called, who advocate a multi-racial order in SouthAfrica, in which the Africans can have an increasing share

* ^arant»»f» ? ght? ?nd P ^ i ^ g e s of the white! can guaranteed and entrenched in advance.They see in P.A.C.'s theory of a non-racial Africanist

and°th?S'yriv«pJriSUS-^hrea t0 white hegemony in South Africa, nd they diead the idea oi a democratic rule by Africans andabhor tne proposition of self-determination for the vast’

semi-literate masses of South Africa. Hence their stan"ds&fo?n ° relentless war 0n F-A-C. and all what P.A.C.

Now, frora the very beginning "New Age" belittled Africanism ^ L r?pr,?3*ntf he Afrlcanists as villains and thugs.New Ago readers must continue to be fed with the same oldi f L°teWof 1-hf ’ £anati?S and starry-eysd young demagogues. cla?-PJno3?fo undeniable growth of P.A.C., and the increasing clarification and popular appeal of its policies, '’New Age" finds itself under the necessity of having to ke^p up ap ear- tJcae® eveJ XJ? chf face of stark facts which staadily falsify

ew Agc De^-time fairy tales. Because "New Age" had represented tne Africanists as a doomed sectarian and splinterare either continue to make believe that the Africanistsaru tith^r dead or ciying. Because "New Age" had told its

T readers that Africanist policies had been decisively rejected by the people, it must continue making believe that their conferences are "a farce". But in this case, as one can seenotWadmi+ th? S^ P °f Nemesis- can, for instance, ’c Z U f spectacular growth of P.A.C. without exposing orS ° aP xts °™n miscalculations and sometimes deliberate distortions and half-truths and lies, in the immediate pasl.II S C0“Pelled t0 follow the ostritch policy of hidingl5% 5r « t 8S?it!°a ™ tt does not want

*hlB 0stritch policy is dangerous, in that it some­times boomerangs m tho most unexpected ways. What wouldfind6?’A rr Jnsta?ce’ if "New Age" readers wake up one day to

T i n rfa P°werf,ul organisation? Would they not fea that • New Age' misled them by deliberate misinformation misrepresentation and understatement. ’

_ Therein lies a real danger to "New Age" - the danger of being found out, and of being classified with the capitalist Press as a purveyor of distortions, falsifications and lies.

Nobody expects ''New Age" to sup ort causes in which it does not believe. -New Age” has a full right and in fact a duty to

attack / Page seven ....

FEB-MARCH I960. THE AFRICANIST. PAGE S^VEN.

attack P.A.C. as vehemently and as consistently as it pleases. But ''New Age" has just as great a duty (as an organ which professes to champion the cause of libera-cion) to base its criticism and attacks on an honest evaluation of correctly reported facts in the first instance. "New Age" has a duty as a "progress! - e paper" (to use its own description) to be honest to its readers who number men and women of all schools of thought, P.A.C. members included. If more and more people came to regard "New Age" as unreliable and cheaply partizan, its editors will only have themselves to blame. But that is a field in which "New Age" reporters themselves might show a les­ser degree of subservience and a greater degree of intellectual honesty.Conclusion:

The over-all result of the Press "virtual boycott" of the P.A.C. conference has been that the most momentous conference of recent times has passed unnoticed. This is nothing short of treachery to the people of South Africa who are entitled to know through the Press what is happening in this land. Here we find the singular example of a Press imposing a mad cencorship on itself long before the Fascists have clamped down the steel curtain of suppression of free reportage. This situation gives dramatic poignancy to the Pan Africanist Congress challenge:"No Press has built us up and no Press can destroy us".

The Pan Africanist Congress has shown itself quite capable of building its organisation by the use of advanced methods than which there is very little better. Hence the magnitude of their last conference. One rather feels that the time may not be far off when the Press will be bound to report P.A.C. activities whether it likes it or not.

--------------- 0-----------------fr------------------ = - = = = = = = = = = = = = == = = = = = = = === = = = == = = = = = = == = = = =:d):II "

A MESSAGE FROM GHANA - The General Secretary of the it__ Convention People's Party in "

_ , / Ghana has written to the National „forwara^a^ainstasses^ J Secretary of the Pan Africanist tio rW i

Ia ;;ITd

If - Congress as followss-Dear Brave Son of Africa,

it

ft0 ft

I have just received news bearing on the ndeliberations of the First Annual Conference of the "

I „ Pan Africanist Congress. "!! I note with pride the inspired decisions II

p it taken by our brother Freedom Fighters of the South and "0 !i on behalf of my Party, I affirm that the great struggle J! s j{ for redemption of our beloved Africa continues until"' "1 !| victory is achieved. " + "t ii iti h Please convey our hearty congratulations to J|v !! your organisation and say that we here in the West and „e m "khe great C.P.P. stand solidly behind you. n

" Best Wishes, Yours in the service of Africa, "a ,'! ' Sgd. ‘ Taw'ia A d'Sffik'f i c. ’ ' |Jc ;j =_==____ _____________ GENERAL^ SECRETARY C.P.P. „i " are YOU playing your role in the POSITIVE ANDo |j FINAL ACTION AGAINST' THE PASS lfA\7S' ?• -n are Y0U shouldering your share of the burden

REMEMBER ‘ tho' milli onsAporse6§t'^ daily . ‘ ji exploited and banished in isolation.,,n !!

o w

OP

■

ig

CO t-J

05

CA

i*»

hj

FE3-MARCH I960. THI AFRICANIST. PAGE EIGHT.

news-- nev/s HERj_ AND THDRij news-- news.Compiled by : Monde.

Recently back from an extensive organisational tour of the Cape Province, is President Mr. Mangaliso R. Sobukwe, National Secretary Mr. Potlako K. Leballo and National Executive member Mr. H. Ngcobo of Durban. Prom all reports their tour of the Cape was a success, especially in the Peninsula, where mo|e than three thousand people rallied to a mammoth meeting held at Langa township and at which the President and his party outlined the plan of the forthcoming Positive Action by the P.A.C.

Places visited in this tour included, amongst others, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, Grahamstown, King William1stown, East London, Stutterheim. Queenstown and Aliwal North. In the latter half of their tour, th«- party was joined by National Organiser Mr. E. Mfaxa of the Cape._ Commenting on the tour the President said: "One has to see

himself in order to believe and appreciate the amount of ^^urageous devotion to cur noble cause that there is down in the Cape". And, added "P.K." (for Mr. Leballo): "Our pleasant and successful round of that Province has confirmed the fact that the great liberatory creed of African nationalism is sweeping down the continent like an avalanche force - and alas J it has reached even the shores of the southern-most tip of our great continent". Said Mr. Ngcobo, rather philosophically, "P.A.C. organisers down there have shown themselves to be mature and possessed with purposeful discipline".

Mr. A .J . Luthuli is reported, by a Johannesburg Sunday paper, to have said that his organisation (he is president of the A.N.C.) shall not join hands with the Pan Africanist Congress in the latter's POSITIVE AND PINAL ACTION AGAINST THE PASS LAWS due to be launched very soon. Replying to a question by a reporter of that paper, Mr. Luthuli said: "I don't think it would be advisable to join hands with P.A.C., as my organisation has its own programme and P.A.C. its own".

Me and numerous others, who are unable to indulge in Platonic Difccourses, are just beginning to wonder what different kind of oppression is aimed at by the "different kind of programme" of Mr. Luthuli's organisation.

News has reached us that Mr. C. Mlokoti, P.A.C. Regional Chairman of the Western Cape, was arrested at Nyanga township immediately after addressing a crowded meeting recently.Mr. Mlokoti, who is said during his address of the meeting to have appealed to African members of the South African Police to resign because they were being used against their own black people, was charged the following day at the Wynberg Magistrate's Court.Up to the time of going to print no further information is available. Please see stop press. (Last Page).

"I am launching" has found its way into our everyday vocabulary up here. Recently, as I was going do\.n the street, I noticed a friend amongst a group of men netted in the notorious dawn Pass Raids. Apparently something was amiss with his tax payments.Shouted he to me: "Chum, I am launching, and when will you ?""I shall launch", I assured him .... and within me I reflected -by the way the call is still to come.

And 'tis a fact. The call to PINAL AND POSITIVE ACTION AGAINST THE PASS LAWS is coming. Very soon too. And perhaps we shall both ruminate over this last sentence in J^il, but assured

that in 1963 we shall come out into a free, democratic S. Africa.i FEB-MARCH I960. THE AFRICANIST. PAGE NINE.

ROUND AND ABOUT by Chakijana.

The Dilemma of Leadership Not___ so long ago I was insburg on my way from Zoeknokaar. What was my surprise one African who had every appearance of a peasant in the course of a discussion cn the country: "What we common people are the divisions of the top leaderships ’That interests us is something that

Pieter- ? when

said to me, political situation in the interested in are none of of the organisations,

can unite us in action".The man was right. He touched my heart, for I remembered

how pleased I was when the Pan Africanist Congress openly de­clared its support for the A.N.C.'s potato boycott, and also the boycott of goods. I said to myself "here is what we have been waiting for; the unselfish action of unselfish leaders". The truth is that we are sick and tired of pointless and

•i^ticherous partizanship among the leaders.The same could not be said of the past actions of our

organisations. I do not intend to throw mud at any particular bedy. But it will help us to refresh our minds, to mention that during the Defiance Campaign a prominent leader of a Cape organisation was not ashamed tc issue a damaging statement against the A.N.C., and against the Defiance Campaign at its very height. Naturally ho thereby earned the admiration and

That reminds me of another historical It was in 1950, and the masses had

concerted mass action by the big decisions of the 1949 A.N.C. conference. But certain elements within the Leftist movement began to exploit the enthusiasm of the people. They staged a series of demonstrations designed

gratitude of the rulers, tance in recent times, n put on the ready for

to steal the thunder from the A.N.C., to anticipate and distort its programme, stealing some portions of it, and tc attempt to put the Leftists at the lead of the popular movement - even if that meant the disruption and deflection of the A.N.C., and the destruction of its mighty, historic programme of 1 9 4 9 .Thus South Africa witnessed the Freedom of Speech Convention demonstrations of March or April 1950, and the Freedom Day demonstrations of May 1st 1950.Re£LjP.l:’;: When Congress at last swung into action cn June 2b$i 1950, it was not possible to harness the entire mass of the African people. Their militancy and enthusiasm had been blunted by the series of diversionary adventures which preceded June 26th 1950. From that time onward the A.N.C. lost its grasp and meaning of the 1949 Programme, and it sacrificed the building of a powerful African national front at the alter of "multi-racial" agitations and unco-ordinated, unprogrammatic actions,IL____________________________________________________!___________H"'

L O S T

Extremely valuable manuscripts'I?2rI£ing 100

AND 15 "SHORT - UNUSUAL BEAUTY HAV1 THEY WERE BEING KING'S CHAMBERS,

STREET WHEN

ABOUT 25 POEMS LINES EACH,STORIES" OF PI'EN LOST.TYPED PT 52*9 COMMISSI___ ______ ....THEY'Mi'STERI OUSLY DISAPPEARED UNDER VERY SUSPICIOUS CIRCUM­STANCES- THE MSS. BELONG TO MR, MANGALISO R. SOBUKWE. BOTH THE POEMS AND THE STORIES HAVE BEEN PRAISED TO THE SKIES BY BOTH FILERS AS OUTSTANDING, UNUSUAL, RI

The African people have been slow to learn from these decis­ive events. Indeed one fears that even now some of us Afri­cans have not yet learnt much.

I had hardly arrived in Johannesburg when I learnt that a leading African Con- gressite had boasted that the Congress Alliance has the funds, so that if they so wished they could "jam" any action that P.A.C. started. This gentleman might have been expressing hisLITERARY CRITICS AND RANK-AND- ALISTIC AND VERY BEAUTIFUL, see Page ten/ ....... ......

FEB-MARCH I960. THE AFRICANIST. PAG! II ,N

own particular view. Yet at the same time he might have been expressing a view general­ly held by certain individuals within the leadership of the Congress Alliance. If this assumption is correct it means that sc soon as P.A.C. starts its

ANYBODY WHO HAS ANY KNOWLEDGE OF THE '-HEREABOUTS OF THESE MANUSCRIPTS (SEE BOTTOM OF P. NINE), SHOULD PLEASE WRITE TO THE EDITOR, "THE AFRICANIST",

^--P^Q^-BOZ-lfilO*-JOHANNESBURG^-.then the Congresscampaign.

Alliance will immediately swing its tremendous propaganda machine into rapid action, in an effort to destroy or deflect the P.A.C. campaign. If this happens, quite a lot of inter­esting and unexpected things will happen, but none can predict the end-result with any certainty.

On the other hand, the Congress Alliance might decide to anticipate the P.A.C. action, and launch an anti-pass campaign of its own with a hope to steal the thunder from P.A.C. If that happens, then the P.A.C. leadership will..have to do some quick thinking, and whatever they decide upon will, of course, be determin',d not by selfish organisational interests, but by

fundamental interests of the freedom struggle, and more l^ticularly the masses of the Africans themselves.

___ ,__7 __ __ ___ within the Congress Alliancethere are seme shrewd African political strategists, who real­ise that this is not the time for a cheap partlzanship, that the situation in the country requires -clarity and calmness, and that perhaps the time has come for united, peaceful, disciplined mass action in the course of which the African leaders will willy-nilly be forced by the African masses themselves to find a common platform of unity of action over the Pass issue."No bail, no defence, no fine", "/hat does all this amount to ? It amounts "fcc this: Once a campaign is launched on the basis of the P.A.C. programme, then the slogan "No bail, nodefence, no fine" will course of the positive will be in front under fine".

But all this does arrested and charged

be invoked. For example, in the action against the Passes, the leaders the slogan "No bail, no defence, no

political reason,us

hetois no need for

these matters. The slogan a*^ it is strictly limited action at any given time.

not mean that where a P.A.C. member is for any reason whatsoever, including a will invoke or apply the slogan. There become nonsensical and impossible in

has, therefore^, clear limitations, to the field defined for positive Let us take a case like that cf

Mr. P.K. Leballo. He is charged for failing to show a per­mit to be in the Union as a Basutoland-born African. This is a matter in which he has to defend himself if he so choos­es, because it is not immediately vithin the field cf the action contemplated by the Pan Africanist Congress, because P.A.C. has not launched its action.

Another example is the Treason Trial which has held the stage as the central event in South Africa in the last three years. The legal defence cf our fellows in the Treason case must be maintained with unflagging zeal until the end.

Positive Action is launched or not, the Treason Trialof the big leaders of the A.N.C. are they should let others, especially

Whether must go on, and if sometied down by the Trials,the younger fellows, lead the masses in the programmes the A.N.C. conference in Durban foreshadowed.

which

Discipline within Positive Action (see page eleven).

POSITIVE ACTION NOW

FEB-MARCH I960. THE AFRICANIST. PAGE ELEVEN.

Discipline within Positive Action.The matter of discipline is one of vital importance, and

P.A.C. members should take careful note of these remarks.Firstly, we have to realise that we are claiming our

rights from rulers who enjoy a preponderance of power, military and otherwise. Moreover the present government is by no means in a mood to triffle with us. So that we can expect the very worst treatment for our leaders. Let us have no illusions about this. But why do we place our leaders in front ? Indeed, that is the crucial issue;

In a struggle such as ours the most important factor is united disciplined action - mark you, action that is quiet, calm, disciplined, peaceful and relentless. Only the leaders can impart such a coherence and oneness among the people.From the action of the leaders - from their resolute courage, their unbreakable calmness and their unflinching readiness for untold suffering in the common cause - the people will derive the necessary solidarity and purposiveness to carry them ^Jfcward in their struggle for ending the Passes.

Hence there are certain requirements which the people themselves must be ready to carry out, ^nd it is the task of all the layers of leaders, from the top-most to the branches, to impart these on the masses. Firstly, the directives of the leaders must be carried out implicitly. Any deviation must amount to treachery. Secondly, it must by clearly under­stood by all that this is a normal, peaceful action designed to achieve a limited objective, namely, the abolition of the Passes or Pass Laws. Any phoney, second-rate revolutionarism and irresponsibility must be definetly discouraged. The youth have shown in other countries that they are capable of a high degree of discipline. And we shall require a highly discip­lined youth to carry cut the tasks before us.

Secondly, the people's courage must be based on high human ideals. The struggle is not directed against the white minority. The struggle is for clear legitimate rights to which our people are entitled, and which a large section cf the whites have agreed are now overdue - and that is to say the abolition of the Pass Laws. Yes, the struggle has a deep human significance. It is for all those things which all humanity desires. It is for lasting peace and true human ayfations in South Africa. It is for those things which, fK&m an ethical and moral point of view, all men - be they black, white or yellow - can strive for and achieve. ENDED.

NKRUMAH sends a message to the P.A.C. Conference."I, together with the people cf Ghangj wish you success in

your deliberations. Be assured of our unlimited support in your noble struggle to liquidate the forces of imperialism, racialism and foreign domination in Africa".

KWAME NKRUMAH. Ghana.

COALBROOK mine disaster. "The Africanist" joins the whole nation "in mourning for the great loss of life that uccured to over 400 African miners at the Coalbrook colliery in the O.F.S. The men, most of whom came from Basutoland and East Africa, were trapped 500 feet below ground level when a huge rock subsided as a result of earth movements in that area. It is to be hoped that the present judicial commission of enquiry into: the disaster will be able to pin-point the immediate cause, so as to avoid a further recurrence of such great tragedy. ED.

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (

^ B~<URCh * 9 6 0 . THE A ?BIGAHIS$.PAGI t m i | /

"th t follows h.r.und.r v u rtoalmd ri j, +v - Preaidwt of th. R.public of S w T S r s!£™ 4 5 ! occasion of th. first National Conf.i-.nc. of t h J ^ T ’c lii!•t Orlando, Johannesburg, on th. 19th and 20th Dsc!,'l959?

^ ^ o ^ v S S S ^ o l o 10^ ! : p" AFHCABIST « " • » .

* » m a S a m m f f i S M S S

u r a . ju x guinean l o p S m o m a a w i P i S m i m ^ 2 0TH1R_HEARTFELT G R A TIN G S TO YOUR COURAGEOUS CONGRESS STOP th ARLESTLY WISHES THAT IS THr OUTLOOK OF ATOTALREHARTTt t iJthw OF OUR PEOPLES YOUR PROCEEDINGS COULD tE O ISIV ^LY frw T^S IS Sn' • TIC TRIUMPH OF OUR COMMON STRUGGLE STOP? TIC DZMOCRATTT TO

SvrJT ??tjSHINEA D2Ti:H'11^ TO CONTINUE ITS FIGHT UNTIL THE TOTAL LIBERATION OF THE AFRICAN MOTHERLAND PARTICTTLARTV

WANTS TO HasOIISTRATE ITS COMPLETE SOLIDARITY WITH Y0T?a 2 t!

ASSURE YOU OF ITS TOTAL PRATIS^ITY IN Kffi DIFFICUL™ A N B ^

l § LIG m S p i S S ' L YS PROPERTY AND THE RESPECT OFUIONITY STOP. AAAR^ OF THE FACT THAT A T/^YAT prwiT>WDimTnu

t T r u S c ^ i v ^ ^ MUST BE BASED ONLY OH ABSOLUTE EQUALITY OF

t! S J ®N MOST TOTAL MUTUAL RESP2CT THEP.D.G< REAFFIRMS TO YOU ITS DETERMINATION TO REMAIN THW

AFRICAN^OTH?RLA NrT INSTRU^ ENT 0? « E RECONSTRUCTION OF THE AFRICAN MOTHERLAND = SEKOU TOURE + CKS.

Collection Number: AD1812

RECORDS RELATING TO THE 'TREASON TRIAL' (REGINA vs F. ADAMS AND OTHERS ON CHARGE OF HIGH TREASON, ETC.), 1956 1961 TREASON TRIAL, 1956 1961

PUBLISHER: Publisher:- Historical Papers, University of the Witwatersrand Location:- Johannesburg ©2012

LEGAL NOTICES:

Copyright Notice: All materials on the Historical Papers website are protected by South African

copyright law and may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, displayed, or otherwise published in any format, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.

Disclaimer and Terms of Use: Provided that you maintain all copyright and other notices contained therein, you may download material (one machine readable copy and one print copy per

page) for your personal and/or educational non-commercial use only.

People using these records relating to the archives of Historical Papers, The Library, University of the

Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, are reminded that such records sometimes contain material which is uncorroborated, inaccurate, distorted or untrue. While these digital records are true facsimiles of the

collection records and the information contained herein is obtained from sources believed to be accurate and reliable, Historical Papers, University of the Witwatersrand has not independently

verified their content. Consequently, the University is not responsible for any errors or omissions and

excludes any and all liability for any errors in or omissions from the information on the website or any related information on third party websites accessible from this website.

This document is part of a private collection deposited with Historical Papers at The University of the

Witwatersrand.