OCEANOGRAPHIOCEANOGRAPHICC

EXPLORERSEXPLORERSandand

INSTITUTIONSINSTITUTIONS

Ocean Exploration Video

JOHN HARRISON (1693-JOHN HARRISON (1693-1776)1776)

Invented the marine chronometer, making Invented the marine chronometer, making travel at sea safer by allowing longitude to be travel at sea safer by allowing longitude to be accurately calculated.accurately calculated.

““TAINTED DISCOVERER”TAINTED DISCOVERER”BEN FRANKLIN (1706-1790)BEN FRANKLIN (1706-1790)

Published and got credit for a map of Published and got credit for a map of the Gulf Stream that Timothy Folger the Gulf Stream that Timothy Folger developed.developed.

CAPTAIN JAMES COOK CAPTAIN JAMES COOK (1728-1779)(1728-1779)

British explorer, British explorer, navigator, cartographer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the Royal and captain in the Royal Navy.Navy.

In three voyages Cook In three voyages Cook sailed thousands of miles sailed thousands of miles across largely uncharted across largely uncharted areas of the globe. He areas of the globe. He mapped lands from New mapped lands from New Zealand to Hawaii in the Zealand to Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean in greater Pacific Ocean in greater detail and on a scale not detail and on a scale not previously achievedpreviously achieved..

MATTHEW FONTAINE MATTHEW FONTAINE MAURYMAURY

(1806-1873)(1806-1873) Born in Fredricksburg, VA.Born in Fredricksburg, VA. Joined the USN at age 19Joined the USN at age 19 Professor of Meteorology Professor of Meteorology

at VMIat VMI Published Published The Physical The Physical

Geography of the SeaGeography of the Sea, in , in 1855 – called the 11855 – called the 1stst modern oceanography modern oceanography textbooktextbook

FRIDTJOF NANSEN (1861-1930)FRIDTJOF NANSEN (1861-1930)

Designed the first boat Designed the first boat capable of withstanding capable of withstanding ice pressure.ice pressure.

Mapped the Arctic Mapped the Arctic Ocean by purposely Ocean by purposely getting frozen into sea getting frozen into sea ice and drifting across ice and drifting across the ocean for 3 years.the ocean for 3 years.

Invented the Nansen Invented the Nansen Bottle for water Bottle for water sampling.sampling.

ERNEST SHACKLETONERNEST SHACKLETON(1874-1922)(1874-1922)

A polar explorer who A polar explorer who led three British led three British expeditions to the expeditions to the Antarctic.Antarctic.

Attempted to sail the Attempted to sail the continent from sea to continent from sea to sea but his ship, the sea but his ship, the Endurance, got Endurance, got crushed in pack ice – crushed in pack ice – all survived.all survived.

JACQUES COUSTEAUJACQUES COUSTEAU(1910-1997)(1910-1997)

The most famous The most famous undersea explorer in the undersea explorer in the world.world.

Invented SCUBAInvented SCUBA Pioneered unaided deep Pioneered unaided deep

sea diving and sea diving and underwater photography.underwater photography.

Filmed over 150 TV Filmed over 150 TV documentaries and wrote documentaries and wrote over 50 books.over 50 books.

Cousteau Foundation was Cousteau Foundation was founded in 1973.founded in 1973.

SYLVIA EARLE (1935- )SYLVIA EARLE (1935- )

Explorer in Residence at Explorer in Residence at the National Geographic the National Geographic SocietySociety

Former chief scientist of Former chief scientist of NOAANOAA

Called “Her Deepness” Called “Her Deepness” because she is the deepest because she is the deepest diver in the world right nowdiver in the world right now

Has led 70 expeditions and Has led 70 expeditions and has logged over 6,500 has logged over 6,500 hours underwaterhours underwater

ROBERT BALLARD (1942- ROBERT BALLARD (1942- ) )

Among the most accomplished and well known of the world's deep-sea explorers.

Best known for his historic discoveries of hydrothermal vents, the sunken R.M.S. Titanic, the German battleship Bismarck, and numerous other contemporary and ancient shipwrecks around the world.

HISTORICAL SEA VOGAGESHISTORICAL SEA VOGAGESHMS BEAGLE (1831-1836)HMS BEAGLE (1831-1836)

Mission was to map Mission was to map the coastline of the coastline of southern South southern South America and take America and take oceanographic oceanographic measurements.measurements.

Charles Darwin Charles Darwin categorized categorized thousands of species thousands of species during the 5-year during the 5-year voyage.voyage.

HISTORICAL SEA VOGAGESHISTORICAL SEA VOGAGESGLOMAR CHALLENGERGLOMAR CHALLENGER

Launched March of 1968.Launched March of 1968. Deep sea research and scientific drilling vessel Deep sea research and scientific drilling vessel

for oceanography and marine geology studies.for oceanography and marine geology studies. Samples obtained by scientists on this drilling Samples obtained by scientists on this drilling

ship provided confirming evidence for seafloor ship provided confirming evidence for seafloor spreading and plate tectonics.spreading and plate tectonics.

HISTORICAL SUBMERSIBLESHISTORICAL SUBMERSIBLESTRIESTE (1960)TRIESTE (1960)

BathyscapheBathyscaphe Her crew of two reached a record maximum depth of Her crew of two reached a record maximum depth of

about 35,797 ft., in the deepest known part of the Earth’s about 35,797 ft., in the deepest known part of the Earth’s oceans, the Challenger Deep, in the Mariana Trench.oceans, the Challenger Deep, in the Mariana Trench.

HISTORICAL SUBMERSIBLESHISTORICAL SUBMERSIBLESALVIN (1964 – PRESENT)ALVIN (1964 – PRESENT)

Manned deep ocean Manned deep ocean research research submersible.submersible.

Has made over 4,400 Has made over 4,400 dives.dives.

Aided in finding the Aided in finding the sunken Titanic.sunken Titanic.

First observed First observed hydrothermal vents.hydrothermal vents.

RESEARCH INSTITUTIONSRESEARCH INSTITUTIONS

SCRIPPS Institution of OceanographySCRIPPS Institution of Oceanography

San Diego, CASan Diego, CA Research spans the Research spans the

realms of sea, air, realms of sea, air, land, and life in land, and life in efforts to determine efforts to determine how Earth systems how Earth systems work and interact.work and interact.

Over 300 research Over 300 research projects going on projects going on now.now.

RESEARCH INSTITUTIONSRESEARCH INSTITUTIONS

WHOI – Woods Hole Oceanographic WHOI – Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionInstitution

Largest private non-Largest private non-profit oceanographic profit oceanographic institution in the world.institution in the world.

Located in Woods Hole, Located in Woods Hole, MA.MA.

Largest fleet of Largest fleet of research ships and research ships and submersibles.submersibles.

Robert Ballard is Robert Ballard is affiliated with WHOI.affiliated with WHOI.

RESEARCH INSTITUTIONSRESEARCH INSTITUTIONS

VIMS – VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE VIMS – VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCESCIENCE

Part of William & MaryPart of William & Mary Conducts Conducts

interdisciplinary interdisciplinary research in coastal research in coastal ocean and estuarine ocean and estuarine science, educates science, educates students and citizens, students and citizens, and provides advisory and provides advisory services to policy services to policy makers, industry, and makers, industry, and the public.the public.

RESEARCH INSTITUTIONSRESEARCH INSTITUTIONS

NOAA – NATIONAL OCEANIC AND NOAA – NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATIONATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION

Federal agency Federal agency focused on the focused on the condition of the condition of the oceans and oceans and atmosphereatmosphere

Fisheries Fisheries management, climate management, climate monitoring, severe monitoring, severe storm warnings, daily storm warnings, daily weather forecastsweather forecasts

RESEARCH INSTITUTIONSRESEARCH INSTITUTIONS

Office of Naval ResearchOffice of Naval Research

Coordinates, executes, Coordinates, executes, and promotes the and promotes the science and science and technology programs technology programs of the United States of the United States Navy and Marine Navy and Marine Corps.Corps.

Highest-funded Highest-funded institute for institute for oceanographic oceanographic researchresearch

RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS ODU - CENTER FOR COASTAL PHYSICAL ODU - CENTER FOR COASTAL PHYSICAL

OCEANOGRAPHYOCEANOGRAPHY Promote research on the Promote research on the

physical oceanography physical oceanography of the coastal ocean and of the coastal ocean and related oceanographic related oceanographic processesprocesses

The coastal ocean is the The coastal ocean is the focus of increasing focus of increasing research for reasons research for reasons relating to both short-relating to both short-term anthropogenic term anthropogenic impacts and long-term impacts and long-term global change.global change.