oceanographic conversion tables for use by the...
TRANSCRIPT
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>*l-l
.vi
DOCIJfl^LlMT \
.COLLECTION./
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA CENTER
MANUAL SERIES
OCEANOGRAPHIC CONVERSION TABLES
FOR USE BY THE INTERNATIONAL
INDIAN OCEAN EXPEDITION
PUBLICATION M-1
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The National Oceanographic Data Center is sponsored by six
government agencies having an interest in the marine environ-
ment; it is governed by an Advisory Board composed of
representatives of these activities and the National Academyof Sciences. The U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office is assigned
responsibility for management of the National Oceanographic
Data Center.
The sponsoring agencies are:
ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY
DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY
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FOREWORD
This pulDllcation contains tatles of the standardized obser-vational units and codes currently used In conjunction with theNational Oceanographlc Data Center's computer programs. Thesetables have been excerpted fl-om NODC publication "ProcessingPhysical and Chemical Data From Oceanographlc Stations," Publi-cation M-2. It Is Intended that through the use of these tablesInternational Indian Ocean Expedition participants may make thefullest and most expeditious use of the processing facilitiesavailable at the Data Center. Copies of the sample form (page 105
)
and additional copies of this publication may be obtained by vrltlngto the National Oceanographlc Data Center, Washington 25, D. C.
/(./ CyicX^^-6^^W. C. 4^C0BSDirectorNational Oceanographlc Data Center
III
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TABLE OF CONTFNTS
Page
POREWORL ill
LIST OF TABLES vll
INTRODUCTION 1
APPENDIX I - PHYSICAL AND CHEl^aCAL DATA FORM,NHO-NODC-316T/1 (9-61) AND OCEANOGRAPHIC STATIONCARD 105
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLENUMBER PAGE
1. COUNTRY CODE - International Geophysical Year(IGY) Code 23
2. TENTH CONVERSION - Conversion from Seconds (of
Position or Minutes (of Time)to Tenths of Minutes or Hour 26
3. MARSDEN SQUARE CHART 2?
h. TIME - Conversion from Local to Greenwich Mean Time(GMT) 29
5. DEPTH - Conversion from Fathoms to Meters 30
6. DEPTH - Conversion from Feet to Meters (tenths) 32
7. ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS 3^
8. WATER COLOR - Porel-Ule Scale and Conversion fromother Color Scales 35
9. DIRECTION - In Tens of Degrees from vhich Wavesand/or Winds are Coming 36
10. DIRECTION - Conversion from Points, Quarter Points,or a Scale of 32, To a Scale of 36 Points 37
11. HEIGHT - WMO Code 1555 for Recording Height of theDominant Waves 38
12. PERIOD - WMO Code 3155 for Recording Period of the
Dominant Waves 39
13. SEA STATE - Conversion from the Douglas Scale toWMO Code 3700 ^0
1^. WIND SPEED - Conversion from Meters per Secondto Knots ^1
15. WIND SPEED - Conversion from Miles per Hour to Knots ^2
16. WIND SPEED - Conversion from Kilometers per Hour toKnots 43
VII
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LIST OF TABLES (CONT'D)
TABLENUMBER PAGE
17. WIND SPEED - Conversion from Feet per Second to Knots kk
18. WIND FORCE - Conversion from Knots,, Meters per Second,Kilometers per Hour, and Miles per Hourto the Beaufort Wind Scale I15
19. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE - Conversion from Inches ofMercury to Millibars k6
20. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE - Conversion from Millimetersof Mercury to Millibars ^7
21. TEMPEE^TURE - Conversion from Fahrenheit toCentigrade 50
22. PRESENT WEATHER - WMO Code i)-501 for RecordingPresent Weather 58
23. PRESENT WEATHER - Conversion from Beaufort WeatherNotation to WMO Code ^501 59
2k. PRESEJW WEATHER - Conversion from I936 InternationalMeteorological Organization Code
to the WMO Code J^501 60
25. PRESENT WEATHER - WMO Code 4677 for Recording PresentWeather 6k
26. CLOUD TXPE (genus) - WMO Code O5OO for RecordingCloud Type (Genus) 68
27. CLOUD AMOUTW - WMO Code 2700 for Recording CloudAmount 69
28. VISIBILITY - WMO Code ^300 for Recording Visibilityat Surface 70
29. PRECISION OF MEASUREMENT 71
30. SALINITY - Conversion from Chlorinity to Salinity {L) 72
31. OXYGEN - Conversion from Milligrams per Liter toMilliliters per Liter (NTP) 87
VII
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LIST OF TABLES (CONT'D)
TABLENUMBER PAGE
32. OXTGEN - Conversion from Milligram-Atoms per Literto Milliliters per Liter 88
33. PHOSPHORUS - Conversion from Micrograms per Literof Inorganic P to Microgram-Atoms perLiter of P 93
34. PHOSPHATE - Conversion from Micrograms per Literof PO4 to Microgram-Atoms per Liter of
POI4.-P 9k-
35. PHOSPHORUS PENTOXTDE - Conversion from Microgramsper Liter of P2O5 to Microgram-Atcms per Liter of P 96
36. NITRITE - Conversion from Micrograms per Liter of NO2to Microgram-Atoms per Liter of NO2-N 97
37. NITRATE - Conversion from Micrograms per Liter of NO3
to Microgram-Atoms per Liter of NO3-N 98
38. SILICON - Conversion from Micrograms per Liter of Si
to Microgram-Atoms per Liter of Si 100
39. SILICON DIOXIDE - Conversion from Micrograms per Literof SiOg to Microgram-Atoms perLiter of SiOg-Si 102
kO. SILICATE - Conversion from Milligrams per Liter of
SiOo to Microgram-Atoms per Liter of
Si03-Si ,103
IX
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INTRODUCTION
As peirt of the United States' contribution to the InternationalIndian Ocean Expedition, the processing facilities of the NationalOceanographic Data Center (NODC) are made available to the Expeditionso that the observed data and the interpolated and computed valuesmay be furnished for publication at the earliest possible date. Theprocessing and computing techniq.ues currently used by NODC are gearedto a set of standardized observational units and codes. In order toprocess these data efficiently for the oceanographic community, itis desirable that they be reported in the units or codes which arepresently used and programmed for the NODC computers. Submission of
data on the NODC Physical and Chemical Data Form for OceanographicStations, form NODC-EXP 316t/12 (2-62), and conversion to properstandard units or codes (described in a special tri-llngual tableof units) vlll avoid time consuming delays during processing. (See
Appendix I, page 105, for sample Physical and Chemical Data Form.)If the data from a peirticular cruise or group of stations can besupplied in this standard form, the processing to the publicationlisting stage can usually be completed in about three months . Thepublication listing -will contain, in addition to the original obser-vations, the following data: Interpolated temperature, salinity,sigma-t, oxygen, and sound velocity values at standard depths, andcomputed values of sigma-t, sound velocity, specific voliome anomaly,and dynamic depth anomaly. Most of these computations are based onformulas published in "The Oceans, Their Physics, Chemistry, and GeneralBiology" by Sverdrup, Fleming, and Johnson.
During the processing of historical data by NODC, a great varietyof observational units was encountered; tables were required to convertthese units to a series of standard \inits or codes. These tables havebeen reproduced as a publication for the sole use of the InternationalIndian Ocean Expedition participants.
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TABLE 1
Country Code
International Geophysical Year (IGY) Code
CODE NAME
01
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TABLE 1 (Cont'd)
CODE NAME
06
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TABLE 1 (Cont'd)
CODE NAME
73 Romania
29 Spain
76 Sudan
79 Surinam
77 Sweden
78 Switzerland80 Syria
86 Thailand88 Tunisia89 Turkey
91 Union of South Africa
90 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
7^ United Kingdom of Great Britainand Northern Ireland
31 United States of America92 Uruguay
93 Venesuela^k Viet-Nam
95 Yugoslavia
NOTE: 69 and 71 have not been assigned.
COUEOTRT CODE OF COmriRIES PARTICIPATING IN TIE IGY METEOROLOGYPROGRAM AS GIVEN IN "INTERMAIIONAIi GEOPHYSICAL. YEAR 1957-1958"METEOROLOGICAL PROGRAMVCE, OMM/wMO-NO, 58 AGl-IGY-2 1957
25
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TABLE 2
Tenths Conversion
Conversion from seconds (of position) or minutes (of time)to tenths of minutes or hours
Range of
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TABLE 3
MARSDEN SQUARE CHART
H,0. 17041
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TABLE 4
FOLLOWING DAY
Eh
O
0)
o•H
0)
Q)
Uoo-p
aioo
g
o•H
u
oo
Q
to
I/)
<
oo
T
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TABLE 5
Depth
Con-version from fathoms to meters
(1 fathom = 1.8288 meters)
Fathoms
Meters
0.0
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TABLE 5 (Cont'd)
Depth
Conversion frc3m fathoms to meters(l fathom = 1.8288 meters)
Fathoms
300400500
600
700800900
00
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TABLE 6
Depth
Conversion from feet to meters (tenths)
(l foot = 0.30ii8 meter)
Feet
001020
30^0
5060
7080
90
100110120130lifO
150i6o170IBO190
200210220
2302i|0
250260270280290
h- 7
0.0
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TABLE 6 (cont'd)
Conversion from feet to meters (tenths)
(1 foot = 0.3048 meter)
Feet
3004oo
5006oo700800900
1000110012001300li+OO
15001600170018001900
20002100220023002i<-00
25002600270028002900
300031003200
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
91.4
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TABLE 7
Additional Observations
This table is to be added later.
34
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TABLE 8
Water Color
Forel-Ule scale and eonversions from other color scales
Percent
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TABLE 9
Direction
In tens of degrees from which waves and/or windsare coming
Code
00 Calm (no Waves- no motion)
01 5°- 14°
02 15°- 24°
03 25°- 34°
04 35°- 44°
05 45°- 54°
06 55°- 64°
07 65°- 74°
08 75°- 84°
09 85°- 94°
10 95° -104°
11 105° -114°
12 115°-124°
13 125° -134°
14 135° -144°
15 145° -154°
16 155°- 164°
17 165° -174°
18 175° -184°
19 185° -194°
20 195° -204°
21 205° -21 4°
Code
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
49
99
215°
225°
235°
245°
255°
265°
275°
285°
295°
305°
315°
325°
335°
345°
355°
•224°
234°
•244°
254°
•264°
•274°
284°
294°
304°
314°
324°
334°
344°
354°
4°
Waves confused, direction
indeterminate (waves equal
to or less than 4% metres)
Waves confused, direction
indeterminate (waves grea-
ter than 4% metres)
Winds variable, oral! direct-
ions or unknown
Table 9 is a comhlnatlon of WMO Codes O885 and 08T7.
36
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TABLE 10
Direction
Conversion from points, qfuarter points, or a scale of 32, to a sceile of 36 points
POINTS
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TABLE 11
Height
WMO Code 1555 for recording height of the dominant waves
Code
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
X
CodeIf 50 is added to direction
Less than V4 m (1 ft)
1/2 m ( 1 % ft)
1 m ( 3
1 1/2 m ( 5
ft)
ft)
2 m ( 6 1/2 tt)
2 1/2 m ( 8 ft)
3 m ( 9 1/2 ft)
31/2^ (11 ft)
4 m (13 ft)
4 1/2 m (14 ft)
Height not determined
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Code
2
3
4
5
6
7
TABLE 12
Period
WMO Code 3155 for recording period of dominant waves
5 seconds or less
6 or 7 seconds
8 or 9 seconds
10 or 11 seconds
12 or 13 seconds
14 or 15 seconds
Code
8
9
1
X
16 or 17 seconds
18 or 19 seconds
20 or 21 seconds
Over 21 seconds
Calm, or period not determined
Notes
(1) The period of the waves is the time between the passage of two successive wavecrests past a fixed point (it is equal to the wave length divided by the wave speed).
(2) The average value of the wave period is reported, as obtained from the largerwell-formed waves of the wave system being observed.
39
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TABLE 13
Sea State
WMO Code 3700 for Reeording Sea State
Description
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TABLE ih
Wind Speed
Conversion from meters per second to knots(im/sec - 1. 9^+25^4- knots)
m/sec
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TABLE 15
Wind Speed
Conversion from miles per hoirr to knots(l mpti = 0.86839 knot)
mph 00 01 02 03 ok 05 06 07 08 09
00102030^0
50
607080
90100
110
00
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OiABIiE 16
Wind Speed
Conversion from kilometers per hour to knots
(1 km/hr = 0.539593 knot)
km/hr
001020
3040
50
60
7080
90100
110120130i4o150
160170180
00
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TABLE IT
Wind Speed
Conversion from feet per second to knots
(l ft/sec = 0.5921 knot)
ft/ sec 00 01
001020
3040
50
60
7080
90100
110120130lij-O
150
160
02 03 Ok 05 06 07 08 09
00
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TABLE 18
Wind Force
Conversion from knots, meters per second, kilometers perhour, and miles per hour to the Beaufort wind scale
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TABLE 19
Atmospheric Pressiore
Conversion from inches of mercury to millibars*(l inch of H„ = 33-8639 mbs)
Inches
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TABLE 20
Atmospheric Pressure
Conversion from millimeters of mercury to millibars-'^
(1 ram of Hg = 1.33322 mbs)
mm of Hg
708
TO9710
71171271371^TI5
716717718
719720
721722723J2k725
726
727728729730
731
73273373^
735
0.0
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TABLE 20 (Cont'd)
Atmospheric Pressure
Conversion from millimeters of mercury to millibars*(l mm of Hg = 1.33322 mbs)
(Cont'd)
mm of Hg 0.0
736737738
7397ij-0
7^17^27^374^
7^5
lk67^7Jk87k9
750
751752753754
755
756
757758759760
761762763764
765
81.382.6
83.985.386.6
0.1
81.482.784.185.486.7
0.2
81.582.984.285.586.9
0.3
81.783.084.385.787.0
0.4
81.883.184.585.887.1
0.5
81.983.384.6
85.987.3
0.6
82.183.484.786.187.4
0.7
82.2
83.584.986.2
87.5
0.8
82.383.785.086.387.7
0.9
82.583.885.186.587.8
87.9
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TABLE 20 (Cont'd)
Atmospheric Pressure
Conversion from millimeters of mercury to millibars* (Cont'd)(l mm of Hg = 1.33322 mbs)
mm of Hg
766
767768769770
77177277377^775
776
777778
779780
78178278378U
785
786787
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 o.k 0.5 0.6 0.7 0. 0.9
21.222.6
23.925.226.6
27.929.230.6
31.933.2
3h.6
35.937.238.6
39.9
4l.242.6i^3.9
i^5.2
46.6
47.949.2
21.422.724.025.426.7
28.029.430.732.033.4
34.736.037.438.74o.o
41.442.744.045.446.7
48.049.4
21.522.824.2
25.526.8
28.2
29.530.832.2
33.5
34.836.237.538.840.2
4i.542.844.245.546.8
48.2
49.5
21.6
23.024.325.627.0
28.329.631.032.333.6
35.036.337.639-040.3
41.643.044.345.647.0
48.349.6
21.8
23.124.425.827.1
28.4
29.831.132.433.8
35.136.437.839-140.4
41.843.144.445.847.1
48.449.8
21.9 22.0
23.2 23.424.6 24.725.9 26.027.2 27.4
28.6
29.931.232.6
33.9
35-236.6
37.939.240.6
41.943.244.6
45.947.2
48.6
49.9
28.730.031.432.734.0
35.436.738.039.440.7
42.043.444.746.047.4
48.750.0
22.2
23.524.826.2
27.5
28.830.231.532.834.2
35.536.838.2
39.540.8
42.2
43.544.846.247.5
48.850.2
22.323.625.026.327.6
29.030.331.633.034.3
35.637.038.339-64i.o
42.343.645.046.347.6
49.050.3
22.423.825.126.427.8
29.130-431.833.134.4
35.837.138.439-841.1
42.443.845.146.447.8
49.150.4
*rhe hundreds and thousands digits are not recorded. The truerange of this part of Table 20 is 1021.2 mbs. - 1050.4 mbs.
49
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TABLE 21
Temperature
Conversion from Fahrenheit to Centigrade
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.^ 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
5^.4
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TABLE 21 (Cont'd)
Temperature
Conversion from Fahrenheit to Centigrade
0.0
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op
TABLE 21 (Cont'd)
Temperature
Conversion from Fahrenheit to Centigrade
0.0
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TABLE 21 (Cont'd)
Temperature
Conversion from Fahrenheit to Centigrade
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
09.^
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TABLE 21 (Cont'd)
Temperature
Conversion from Fahrenheit to Centigrade
op
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TABI£ 21 (Cont'd)
Temperature
Conversion from Fahrenheit to Centigrade
0.0
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TABLE 21 (Cont'd)
Temperature
Conversion from Fahrenheit to Centigrade
op
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TABLE 21 (Cont'd)
Temperature
Conversion from Fahrenheit to Centigrade
°F 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 o.k 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
-58
59
-60
-61
-62
63
-64
-65
-66
-67
-68
-69
-70
-50.0
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TABKE 22
Present Weather
WMO Code ^501 for recording present weather
Codefigure
Clear (no cloud at any level)
1 Partly cloudy (scattered or broken)
2 Continuous layer(s) of cloud(s)
3 Sandstorm, duststorm, or blowing snow
4 Fog, thick dust or haze
5 Drizzle
6 Rain
7 Snow, or rain and snow mixed
8 Shower(s)
9 Thunderstorm(s)
58
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TABLE 23
Present Weather
Conversion from Beaufort weather notation to WMO Code U501
Abbreviation Description Code
b. Blue sky whether with clear or hazy atmosphere,or sky not more than one-q^uarter clouded.
be. Sky between one-quarter and three-quarters 1clouded.
c. Mainly cloudy (not less than three-quarters 1covered.
)
d. Drizzle or fine rain. 5e. Wet air without rain falling. k
f. Fog. 1+.
fe. Wet fog. kg. Gloomy. 2h. Hail. 9kq.. Line squall. 9
1. Lightning 9m. Mist. ko. Overcast sky (i.e., the whole sky covered 2
with unbroken cloud).
p. Passing showers. 8q.. Squalls
.
9
r. Rain. 6rs. Sleet (i.e., rain and snow together). 7s. Snow. 7t . Thunder
.
9tl. Thunderstorm. 9
u. Ugly, threatening sky. 2V. Unusueil visibility.z. Dust haze; the turbid atmosphere of dry weather. k
59
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TABLE 24
Present Weather
Conversion from 1936 International Meteorological Organization Code to the
WMO Code 4501
Code Underlined WMOCode
ABBREVIATED DESCRIPTION OF SKY AKD SPECIAL PHENOMENA 4501(modified)
GO Cloudless01 Partly cloudy. 102 Cloudy. 103 Overcast. 204 Low fog, on ground or over sea. k05 Haze (but visibility greater than 2,000 m., 2,200 y<ls)
.
k06 Dust devils seen. 407 Distant lightning. 908 Light fog or mist (visibility between 1,000 and 2,000 m., 4
1,100 and 2,200 yds).
09 Fog at a distance, but not at the ship. 410 Precipitation within sight. 611 Thunder, without precipitation at the ship. 912 Dust storm within sight, but not at the ship. 313 Ugly, threatening sky. 914 Squally weather. 915 Heavy squalls, ) ^^ ^^^^ 3 ^^^^^ 916 Waterspouts seen. ) 9
PRECIPITATION IN LAST HOUR BUT NOT AT TIME OF OBSERVATION
20 Precipitation (rain, drizzle, hail, snow, or sleet) \
21 Drizzle \ I 522 Rain ( ^-u ^v i, I 6^_ _, > other than showers / . -, ^ i. ^23 Snow I I i.n last hour J24 Rain and snow or sleet / I but not at 725 Rain shower (s). /time of 8
26 Snow shower (s). I observation. 727 Hail or rain and hail shower (s). I 928 Slight thunderstorm. I 929 HeaAry thunderstorm. / 9
60
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TABLE 2k- (Cont'd)
Conversion from 1936 International Meteorological Organization Code to the
WMO Code if 501
303132
333^^
3536
3738
39
1^0
Ui
k2h3kkh3k6
hikQh9
50
5152
533h
5556
5758
59
DUST STORMS AMD STORMS OF DRIFTING SROW
(Visibility less than 1,000 m., 1,100 yards)
Dust or sand storm.Dust or sand storm, has decreased.Dust or sand storm, no appreciable change.
Dust or sand storm, has increased.Line of dust storms.Storm of drifting sncrw.
Slight storm of drifting snowHeavy storm of drifting snov?-
Slight storm of drifting snowEeavj^ storm of drifting snow
generally low.
generally high.
WMOCode^4-501
(modified)
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
FOG
(Visibility less than 1,000 m., 1,100 yards)
Fog.Moderate fog in last hour K ^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^ observation.Thick fog in last hour J
Ihas became thinner during last hour.
Ino appreciable change during last hour
I
Fog, sky discernibleFog, sky not discernibleFog, sky discernibleFog, sky not discernibleFog, sky discernibleFog, sky not discernibleFog in patches.
has begun or become thicker duringlast hour
DRIZZLE
(Precipitation consisting of numerous minute drops)
DrizzleIntermittent )
Continuous I
Intermittent I
Continuous '
Intermittent )
Continuous '
Drizzle and fog.Slight or moderateThick
slight drizzle.
moderate drizzle.
thick drizzle.
drizzle and rain.
k
k
h
h
kh
k
k
kk
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
61
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TABLE 2k (Cont'd)
Conversion from I936 International Meteorological Organization Code to the
WMO Code i+501
RAIN
60 Rain.61 Intermittent62 Continuous
63 Intermittent6h Continuous
65 Intermittent66 Continuous
67 Rain and fog.
68 Slight or moderate
69 Heavy
slight rain.
moderate rain.
heavy rain.
rain and snow, mixed.
SNOW
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
77
707172
737^
7576
7778
79
8081
82
838^
8586
87
Snow or sleetIntermittentContinuousIntermittentContinuousIntermittentContinuousSnow and fog.
Granular snov (frozen drizzle).
Ice crystals;
Islight snow in flakes
moderate snow in flakes
heavy snow in flakes
ShowerShowerShowerShowerShowerShowerShowerShowerShowerShower
^s)
is)
(s)
is)
(s)
s
SHOWERS (S)
i)
fs) of slight or moderate
s
(s)
of heavyof slight or moderateof heavyof slight or moderateof heavyof granular snowof slight or moderateof heavy
ram
snow
rain and snow.
hail, or rain and hail.
77777
77
7
7
888
7
77777
7
62
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TABLE 2k (Cont'd)
Conversion from 1936 International Meteorological Organization Code to the
WMO Code 4501WMOCode
THUKDERSTOEM ^4-501
(modified)
90 Thunderstorm 991 Rain at time ) thunderstorm during last hour, but not at 9
92 Snow, or sleet at time ) time of observation. 9
93 Thunderstorm, slight vithout hail or soft hall, 9but with rain (or snow)
9k Thunderstorm slight with soft hail \ 9
95 Thunderstorm moderate without hail, but withJ
9rain (or snow) /
96 Thunderstorm moderate with soft hall f ^t time of 997 Thunderstorm heavy without hail, but with / observation. 9
rain (or snow) I
98 Thunderstorm combined with dust stormj 9
99 Thunderstorm heavy with hail/ 9
63
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TABIiE 25
Present Weather
WMO Code hSjJ for recording present weather
(0
>- oO 4^ 0)
o EX o
o
Code figure
WW00
"S
E
Q.
0)
OE(0
ocCO
(O
I
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
characteristic changeof the state of sky
during the past hour
Cloud development not observed or not
observable
Clouds generally dissolving or becoming less
developed
State of sky on the whole unchanged
Clouds generally forming or developing
Visibility reduced by smoke, e.g. veldt or forest fires, industrial smokeor volcanic ashes
Haze
Widespread dust in suspension in the air, not raised by wind at or near
the station at the time of observation
Dust or sand raised by wind at or near the station at the time of observa-
tion, but no well developed dust whirl(s) or sand whirl(s), and no dust-
storm or sandstorm seen
Well developed dust whirl(s) or sand whirl(s) seen at or near the station
during the preceding hour or at the time of observation, but no duststormor sandstorm
Duststorm or sandstorm within sight at the time of observation, or at the
station during the preceding hour
Mist
Patches of | shallow fog or ice fog at the station, whether on land or> sea, not deeper than about 2 metres on land or 10 metres
at seaMore or less
I continuous
Lightning visible, no thunder heard
Precipitation within sight, not reaching the ground or the surface of the sea
Precipitation within sight, reaching the ground or the surface of the sea,
but distant (i. e. estimated to be more than 5 km) from the station
Precipitation within sight, reaching the ground or the surface of the sea,
near to, but not at the station
Thunderstorm, but no precipitation at the time of observation
Squalls1^
at or within sight of the station during the preceding
Funnel cloud(s) **| hour or at the time of observation
* The expression "at the station" refers to a land station or a ship.•• Tornado cloud or waterspout.
64
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TABLE 25 (Cont'd)
ww= 20-29 Precipitation, fog, ice fog or tliunderstorm at the station during the preced-
ing hour but not at the time of observation
Code figure
WW
20 Drizzle (not freezing) or snow grains
21 Rain (not freezing)
22 Snow23 Rain and snow or ice pellets, type (a)
24 Freezing drizzle or freezing rain
25 Shower(s) of rain
26 Shower(s) of snow, or of rain and snow
27 Shower(s) of hail*, or of rain and hail*
28 Fog or ice fog
29 Thunderstorm (with or without precipitation)
not falling as shower(s)
WW =30 -39 Duststorm, sandstorm, drifting or blowing snow
WW
30
31
32
33
34
35
Slight or moderate dust-
storm or sandstorm
- has decreased during the precedinghour
- no appreciable change during the
preceding hour
- has begun or has increased during
the preceding hour
- has decreased during the preceding
hour
- no appreciable change during the
preceding hour
- has begun or has increased during
the preceding hour
36 Slight or moderate blowing snow 1,, , ,. , ,.„,,,,.,. ; generally low (below eye level)
37 Heavy driftmg snow|
38 Slight or moderate blowing snow|^
39 Heavy blowing snow|
Severe duststorm or
sandstorm
generally high (above eye level)
WW = 40 -49 Fog or ice fog at the time of observation
WW40 Fog or ice fog at a distance at the time of observation, but not at the station
during the preceding hour, the fog or ice fog extending to a level above
that of the observer
41 Fog or ice fog in patches
42 Fog or ice fog, sky visible 1 has become thinner during the preceding
Ihour43 Fog or ice fog, sky invisible
Hail, ice pellets, type (b), snow pellets. French : grele, gresil ou neige roulee.
65
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TABLE 25 (Cont'd)
Code figure
44 Fog or ice fog, sky visible\ no appreciable change during the preced-
45 Fog or ice fog, sky invi-sible |ing hour
46 Fog or ice fog, sky visible 1 has begun or has become thicker during
47 Fog or ice fog, sky invisible jthe preceding hour
48 Fog, depositing rime, sky visible
49 Fog, depositing rime, sky invisible
WW = 50 - 99 Precipitation at the station at the time of observation
ww= 50-59 Drizzle
WW50 Drizzle, not freezing, intermittent
(
51 Drizzle, not freezing, continuous f
52 Drizzle, not freezing, intermittent\
53 Drizzle, not freezing, continuous f
54 Drizzle, not freezing, intermittent|
55 Drizzle, not freezing, continuous |
56 Drizzle, freezing, slight
57 Drizzle, freezing, moderate or heavy (dense)
58 Drizzle and rain, slight
59 Drizzle and rain, moderate or heavy
slight at time of observation
moderate at time of observation
heavy (dense) at time of observation
WW =60 -69 Rain
WW60 Rain, not freezing, intermittent
61 Rain, not freezing, continuous
62 Rain, not freezing, intermittent
63 Rain, not freezing, continuous
64 Rain, not freezing, intermittent
65 Rain, not freezing, continuous
66 Rain, freezing, slight
67 Rain, freezing, moderate or heavy
68 Rain or drizzle and snow, slight
69 Rain or drizzle and snow, moderate or heavy
slight at time of observation
moderate at time of observation
heavy at time of observation
WW =70 -79 Solid precipitation not in showers
WW70
71
72
73
Intermittent fall of snow flakes
Continuous fail of snow flakes
Intermittent fall of snow flakes
Continuous fall of snow flakes
slight at time of observation
moderate at time of observation
66
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TABLE 25 (Cont'd)
heavy at time of observation
Code figure
74 intermittent fall of snow flakes\
75 Continuous fall of snow flakes |
76 Ice prisms (with or without fog)
77 Snow grains (with or without fog)
78 Isolated starlike snow crystals (with or without fog)
79 Ice pellets, type (a)
WW = 80 -99 Showery precipitation, or precipitation with current or recent thunder-storm
WW80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
Rain shower(s), slight
Rain shower(s), moderate or heavy
Rain shower(s), violent
Shower(s) of rain and snow mixed, slight
Shower(s) of rain and snow mixed, moderate or heavy
Snow shower(s), slight
Snow shower(s), moderate or heavy
jShower(s) of snow pellets or ice j - slight
pellets, type (b), with or without
rain or rain and snow mixed
Shower(s) of hail*, with or
without rain or rain and snowmixed, not associated with
thunder
Slight rain at time of observation
Moderate or heavy rain at time of
observation
Slight snow, or rain and snow mixedor hail** at time of observation
Moderate or heavy snow, or rain andsnow mixed or hail** at time of
observation
Thunderstorm, slight or moderate,without hail**, but with rain and/orsnow at time of observation
Thunderstorm, slight or moderate,
with hail** at time of observation
Thunderstorm, heavy, without hail**,
but with rain and/or snow at time of
observation
Thunderstorm combined with dust-
storm or sandstorm at time of obser-
vation
Thunderstorm, heavy, with hail**
at time of observation
- moderate or heavy
- slight
- moderate or heavy
thunderstorm during the pre-
ceding hour but not at time of
observation
thunderstorm at time of
observation
* French : grele.** Hail, ice pellets, type (b), snow pellets. French : grele, gresil ou neige roulee.
67
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TABLE 26
Cloud Type (Genus)
WMO Code 0500 for recording cloud type (genus)
Code
Cirrus Ci
1 Cirrocumulus Cc
2 Cirrostratus Cs
3 Altocumulus Ac
4 Altostratus As5 Nimbostratus Ns
6 Stratocumulus Sc
7 Stratus St
8 Cumulus Cu
9 Cumulonimbus Cb
X Cloud not visible owing to darkness, fog, duststorm, sandstorm, or other analog-
ous phenomena
68
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Code
TABLE 27
Cloud Amount
WMO Code 2700 for recording cloud amount
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TABLE 28
Visibility
WMO Code 4300 for recording visibility at surface
Code
Less than 50 metres (less than 55 yards)
(approx. 55-220 yards)
(approx. 220-550 yards)
(approx, 550 yards-5/8 n.m.)
(approx. 5/8-1 n.m.)
(approx. 1- 2 n.m.)
(approx. 2- 6 n.m.)
(approx. 6-12 n.m.)
(approx. 12-30 n.m.)
(30 n.m. or more)
1
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TABLE 29
Precision of Meas\irement
This table is to "be added later.
71
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TABLE 30
Salinity
Conversion from chlorinity to salinity °/oo
CI
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TABLE 30 (Cont'd)
Salinity
Conversion from chlorinity to salinity ( /oo)
CI
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TABLE 30 (Cont'd)
Salinity
Conversion from chlorinity to salinity(,/oo)
CI
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TABLE 30 (Cont'd)
Salinity
Conversion from chlorinity to salinity ( /oo)
CI
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TABLE 30 (Cont'd)
Salinity
Conversion from chlorinity to salinity ( /oo)
CI
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TABLE 30 (Cont'd)
Salinity
Conversion from chlorinity to salinity ( /oo)
CI
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TABUE 30 (Cont'd)
Salinity
Conversion from chlorinity to salinity ( /oo)
CI
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TABLE 30 (Cont'd)
Salinity
Conversion from chlorinity to salinity ( /oo)
Ci
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TABLE 30 (Cont'd)
Salinity
Conversion from chlorinity to salinity ( /oo)
CI
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TABLE 30 (Cont'd)
Salinity
Conversion from chlorinity to salinity ( /oo)
Ci
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TABLE 30 (Cont'd)
Salinity
Conversion from chlorinity to salinity(,/ooj
CI
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TABLE 30 (Cont'd)
Salinity
Conversion from chlorinity to salinity (°/ooj
CI
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TABLE 30 (Cont'd)
Salinty
Conversion from chlorinity to salinity ( /oo)
CI
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TABLE 30 (Cont'd)
Salinity
Conversion from chlorinity to salinity ( /oo)
CI
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TABLE 30 (Cont'd)
Salinity
Conversion from chlorinity to salinity ( /oo)
CI
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TABLE 31
Oxygen
Conversion from milligrams per liter to milliliters per liter (NTP)
(1 mg/l = 0.6998 ulL/i)
Milligramsper
Liter of Or
0.0
0.6
0.70.80.9
.00
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TABLE 32
Oxygen
Conversion from mlUlgram-atcaiis per liter to milliliters per liter(l milligram-atom per liter of = II.I96 milliliters per liter of )
Milligram
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TABLE 32 (Cont'd)
Oxygen
Conversion from milligram-atoms per liter to milliliters per liter(l milligram-atom per liter of O2 = II.I96 milliliters per liter of Op)
Milligrara-
atoms/literof Oo
0.310.320.330.340.35
0.360.370.380.39o.4o
0.4l0.420.430.440.45
0.46
0.4t0.480.490.50
0.510.520.530.540.55
0.560.570.580.590.60
.000
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TABLE 32 CCont'd)
Oxygen
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TABLE 32 (Cont'd)
Oxygen
Conversion from milligram-atoms per liter to milliliters per liter(l milligram-atom per liter of O2 = II.196 milliliters per liter of Op)
Mill igrair
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lABLE 32 (Cont'd)
Oxygen
Conversion from milligram-atoms per liter to milliliters per liter(l milligram-atcm per liter of Op = II.196 milliliters per liter of O2)
Ml 1 1 igram-
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TABLE 33
Phosphorus
Conversion from micrograms per liter of inorganic P
to microgram-atoms per liter of P
(1 Jig of P = 0.032285 ug-at of P)
Microgramsper
Liter of
inotganic P 0.0 0.1 0.2
00
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03
Micrograms perLiter of in-
organic P 0.0
00
10
20
3040
50
60
70
80
90
100
110120
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
0.00
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Microgramsper Literof PO4
00
TABLE 34
Phosphate
Conversion from micrograms per liter of POi,. tomicrogram-atoms per liter of PO^^-P
(1 ug of PO^ = 0.010529 ug-at of PO^-P)
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0,5 0.6 0.7
0.00 0.00 0,00 0.00 0,00 0,01 0.01 0.01
0.8
0.01
0.9
0.01
Microgramsper Literof PO,,
00
1020
304050
60
7080
90100
110120
130
140150
160
170180
190200
210220
230
240250
0.0 1.0 2.0 3,0 4,0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
0.00
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TABLE 34 (Cont'd)
Phosphate
Conversion from micrograms per liter of PO^ to
microgram-atoms per liter of PO^-P
Microgramsper Literof PO4
260
270
280
290300
310320330340350
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9,0
2.74
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TABLE 35
Phosphorus Pentoxide
Conversion from micrograms per liter of P2O5 to microgram-atoms per liter of P
(1 ug of P2O5 = 0.014090 jug-atom of P)
Micrograms
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TABLE 36
Nitrite
Conversion from micrograms per liter of NO2 to microgram-atoms per liter of NO„-N(1 ug of NO2 = 0.0217365 ug - at of NO2-N)
Microgramsper Liter
of NOo
00
10
20
304050
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140150
160
170180190200
0,0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
0,00
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TABLE 37
Nitrate
Conversion from micrograms per liter of NO to microgram-atoms per liter of NO -N^ 3
Micrograms perliter of N0„ 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09
00
10
20
3040
50
60
70
80
90
00.0
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TABLE 37 (Cont'd)
Nitrate
Conversion from micrograms per liter of NO to microgram-atoms per liter of NO--N3 ^
Micrograms per
liter of NO 003
210022002300
2U002500
26002700280029003000
NOTE:
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
33.9
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TABLE 38
Silicon
Conversion from micrograms per liter of Si to microgram-atoms per liter of Si
(1 Ug of Si = 0.0356049 ug-atom Si)
Microgramsper
Liter of Si
000100200
300
400500
600
700
800900
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
000
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TABLE 38 (Cont'd)
Silicon
(1) Interpolation between 4100 and 4200 to nearest whole number, 149;
or (2) Since 4180 = 4100 + 80, find L46 corresponding to 4100 and 003corresponding to 80.
Add 146 and 003 to get 149.
101
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TA3LE 39
Silicon Dioxide
Conversion from micrograms per liter of Si02 to microgram-atoms per liter of SiOg-Si(l iig of SiOg = O.Ol66k3 ;ug-atcm of Si)
MicrogramsperLiter of
Sio„ 00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
000
100200
300400500
600700
800
900
000
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TABLE 40
Silicate
Conversion from milligrams per liter of SiO_ to microgram-atoms per literof SiO -Si (1 milligram of SiO„ = 13.1433 microgram-atoms of SiO^-Si)
Milligramsper Literof SiO,
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
1415
16
17
18
19
20
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
000
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APPENDIX 1
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA FORMFOR OCEANOGRAPHIC STATIONS
HPKIAltY PREP«tD FOR THE
INTERNATIONAL INDIAN OCEAN EXPEDITIONST THE NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA CENTER
WASHINGTON 2S, D C
SURfACE
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