oceanic public goods

8/7/2019 Oceanic Public Goods

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/oceanic-public-goods 1/17

Oceanic Public Goods

Jake Dexter



Outline

Basics± KEY ISSUES

FisheriesCoral ReefsOffshore Drilling

Security Issues± Food and Energy



Basics

The environment must be conceptualized as aglobal public good

Commoditization has occurred throughout allaspects of the environment (soil, timber,oceans, wildlife, etc)Consumerism and Conservation

Globalization, population increase, andtechnological advancements are increasinglytaking their toll



FisheriesFish must be understood as a global public good

Fish have been a dietary staple of both coastline as wellas inland populationsEconomically, fish have always historically provided

income for millions of fisherman. Currently 36 millionpeople rely of fisheries for their livelihood

Technology, lack of preservation, increased catch haveresulted in the depletion of many species

A Case Study

Ecological and economical dangers of overfishing is found inNewfoundland, Canada. In 1992 the once thriving cod fishingindustry came to a sudden and full stop when at the start of the fishing season no cod appeared. Overfishing allowed bydecades of fisheries mismanagement was the main cause forthis disaster that resulted in almost 40.000 people losing theirlivelihood and an ecosystem in complete state of decay.



Cod Decline



As ian domination of the fi s hcon su mptionAsia consumes the most fish world wide

based on diet, location, population, andfishing practices.

During early periods of legislation, (early1980 s) many Asian counties made it apriority to secure fish supply

IN EAST CHINA S EA

in 2006, overfishing and pollutionresulted in the complete destruction of one of the world s great fisheries in theGreat China Sea.

Despite the fishing ban introduced inthe sea area during the fish spawningseason to sustain aquatic species forover a decade long, fishing resources in

the Zhoushan Fishery, one the world'slargest natural fishing farms, is unable tosupport the livelihood of 210,000 localfishermen, according to the fisheryauthorities in east China's ZhejiangProvince



F is hing DownT he F ood Web

Scientists agree that atcurrent exploitation ratesmany important fish stockswill be removed from thesystem within 25 years

It's not only the fish that isaffected by fishing. As weare fishing down the foodweb the increasing effortneeded to catch somethingof commercial valuemarine mammals, sharks,sea birds, and noncommercially viable fishspecies in the web of

marine biodiversity areoverexploited, killed asbycatch.APPROX 44 Billion LBS



Coral Reef s



The oceans mosttaxonomically diverseecosystem, coral reefs, arealso under extreme threat.While it may not beexpected, coral reefs supportof a wide variety of humanneeds.They provide shorelineprotection, opportunities fortourism, house 25 percent of

the world fish population,and yield medicines neededto treat some of the world smost deadly diseases

At least 500 millionpeople rely oncoral reefs for food,coastal protection,and livelihoods

It is estimated that

coral reefs provide$375 billion peryear around theworld in goods and

services



There are 90 World Bankclient countries with coralreefs as part of theirnatural capital. While somehave achieved significant

economic growth fromcoral reef related tourismand fisheries, a third of these countries are amongthe poorest in the world.

There are many othersocio-economicconcerns at play.Many countries thatare in close proximityto reefs are

considered developingnations.This has resulted in aviscous cycle of

increasing poverty andin turn further coralreef degradation, fromover-fishing andunsustainable land use



Offshore Drilling



A steady stream of pollutionfrom offshore rigs causes a widerange of health and reproductiveproblems for fish and other marinelife.

Offshore drilling exposes wildlifeto the threat of oil spills that woulddevastate their populations.

Offshore drilling activitiesdestroy kelp beds, reefs and coastalwetlands.

Over its lifetime, a single oil rigcanDump more than 90,000 metrictons of drilling fluid and metalcuttings into the ocean;Drill between 50-100 wells, each

dumping 25,000 pounds of toxicmetals, such as lead, chromium andmercury into the ocean



This steady growth is a result of new ultra deepwater targets becoming increasinglyviable.

Although the systems have improved, they are far more risky for the environment



Concluding ThoughtsThe fishing industry, which services millions of people, is clearly at aturning point-Cod collapse and East China Sea have shown us fishare a finite resourceCoral reefs absorb the powerful forces of the ocean and in instanceswhere they have been destroyed, such as the Maldives, erosion andflooding became a national security concernThus, state security is compromised by lack of protection from theoceans, as well as competition over food resourcesOffshore drilling is yet another manifestation of resourceconsumption and state security. Control of world oil is an extremelyimportant factor of interstate relations, as well as security.Essentially, the oceans offer opportunity to maximize control overenergy and food and therefore must be protected rather thanexploitedHence the need for understanding of oceans as global public goods

oceanic public goods

Documents