ocean city, maryland maac program.p… · roger w. moeller catholic university [email protected]...

MIDDLE ATLANTIC

ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONFERENCE

MARCH 24 - 26, 2000

OCEAN CITY, MARYLAND

NOTES

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30th Annual Meeting of the MIDDLE ATLANTIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONFERENCE

March 24 - 26, 2000

Princess Royale Ocean City, Maryland

Officers and Organizers

President Christopher Bergman

President-Elect Edward Otter

Treasurer Alice Guerrant

Recording Secretary Douglas W. Sanford

Membership Secretary Faye Stocum

Board Member at Large David Mudge

Journal Editor Roger W. Moeller

Program Chair Roger W. Moeller

Arrangements Chair Kurt Carr

Web sites: www.Siftings.com/maac.html

www. Quad5 0 .com/maac.htm 1

www.American.edu/maac/maac.html

Rebecca J. Morehouse

Melba J. Myers

Paul A. Nevin

Michael M. Palus

Douglas W. Sanford

Dwayne Scheid

Carole Sinclair-Smith

Megan Springate

. Michael Stewart

Michael S. Tomaso

Richard F. Veit

Frank Vento

Stanley L. Walling

Kristin J. Ward

Stephen G. Warfel

Lynn-Marie Wieland

Emily Williams

Lisa Young

Maryland Archaeological Conservation Laboratory [email protected] Virginia Department of Historic Resources [email protected] SPA Chapter 28, ESRARA [email protected] Dept Anthropology, University Of Maryland [email protected] Mary Washington College [email protected] Mary Washington College dscheid.381 [email protected] Monmouth County Historical Association [email protected] Monmouth County Historical Association [email protected] Temple University [email protected] Montclair State University [email protected] Monmouth University [email protected] Clarion University [email protected] Montclair State University [email protected] Mary Washington College kward5 [email protected] The State Museum Of Pennsylvania [email protected]. us Hunter College [email protected] Colonial Williamsburg ewi 11 [email protected] Alexandria Conservation Svcs [email protected]

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William M. Gardner

Brandon Grodnitsky

Lucia Hamett

Phillip J. Hill

Robert M. Jacoby

Gregory M. Katz I

I

Mechelle L. Kerns

Micha�J J. Klein

Darrin Lowery

Ludom ir R. Lozny

James Marine

Bernard Klaus Means

I Patricia Miller

Paula Miller

Paul Frederick Mintz

Roger W. Moeller

Catholic University [email protected] Archaeological Testing And Consulting [email protected] National Museum Of Ireland [email protected] Archaeological Testing And Consulting Louis Berger and Associates [email protected] Temple University [email protected] The Lost Towns Of Anne Arundel Project [email protected] William and Mary Center For Archaeological Research [email protected] Temple University xenndar@shore. intercom. net Louis Berger Associates/hunter College [email protected] KCI Technologies Inc [email protected] Alexandria Archaeology Museum ganapati2@ao I .com KCI Technologies Inc [email protected] CHRS Inc [email protected] The Lost Towns Of Anne Arundel Project pm intz 1 @gl.um bc.edu Archaeological Services [email protected] [email protected]

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Middle Atlantic Archaeological Conference

March 24 - 26, 2000

Ocean City, Maryland

PROGRAM

Friday Morning March 24 9:00- 12:00 JACK CRESSON Lithic Workshop

Friday Afternoon March 24

I :00-l :20

I :20-l :40

1 :40-2:00

2:00-2:20

2:20-2:40

2:40-3:00

3:00-3:20

3:20-3:40

General Session: DOUGLAS SANFORD, chair

META JANOWITZ Stonewares from the African Burial Ground: Not All Spiral L Motifs Come From New Jersey r0� , -fV / DOUGLAS SANFORD _ � Putting Survey Results to Work: Comparing Local and , 0 Regional Models for Site Location CYNTHIA W. AUMAN Excavations Along the State Route 1 Corridor in Delaware KURT CARR and CHRISTOPHER BERGMAN The Use of Bifacial Core Technology and Blade Core Technology in the Middle Atlantic Region JOHN BEDELL The Puncheon Run Site and the Settlement System of the St. Jones Valley

Break

General Session: MICHAEL KLEIN, chair

MARTIN GALLIVAN and MICHAEL J. KLEIN Late Prehistoric Social Transformation in the Southern Middle Atlantic: A Multi-scalar Analysis MICHAEL B. BARBER The Bone Grave Goods from the Shannon Site ( 44MY8), Montgomery County, Virginia: Boniness Versus Symbolic Value

3:40-4:00

4:00-4:20

GREGORY M. KATZ Heat Treatment and Characterization of Pennsylvania's Stony Ridge Chert ROBERT M. JACOBY Come and Get It: A Recipe for Protein Residue Analysis

Friday Evening March 24 7:30 ROGER W. MOELLER

A Post-Apocalyptic View of Archaeology: A Lesson in Current Events

Saturday Morning March 25 General Session: CHRISTOPHER FENNELL, chair

8:00-8:20 DARRIN LOWERY The Paleoindian Period of the Central Delmarva Peninsula: What do the Data Suggest?

8:20-8:40 CHRISTOPHER FENNELL Ethnicities and Material Culture: Inferring Past Identities from Spiritual Beliefs and Practices.

8:40-9:00 MICHAEL J. KLEIN and JOSH DUNCAN The Cabin Run Site (44WR3) and Prestige Goods Exchange in the Southern Middle Atlantic Region

9:00-9:20 PAUL FREDERICK MINTZ and MECHELLE L. KERNS Thriving Trade, Thirsty Traders: A Look at Rumney's Tavern in London Town

9:20-9:40 MATTHEW M. PALUS The Archaeology of Corporate Industry and Absenteeism at Virginius Island, Harpers Ferry National Historic Park, Harpers Ferry, WV

9:40- 10:00 PAULA MILLER and KENNETH J. BASALIK "Grandmother Keen was the Ruler of the House": Gender, Community and Identity in Early Twentieth Century Lancaster County

10:00- 10:20 Break

General Session: VARNA BOYD, chair l 0:20-l 0:40 PHILLIP J. HILL

Data Recovery of the Anthony Holmead Site in N.W. Washington, D.C.

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Presenter's Affiliation and E-mail Address

Cynthia W. Auman

Michael B. Barber

Kenneth J. Basalik

Co Ii n Beaven

Marshall Joseph Becker

John C. Bedell

Christopher Bergman

David Bibler

Varna Boyd

Tammy L. Bryant

Kurt Carr

John Eric Deetz

Josh Duncan

Christopher Fennell

Martin Gallivan

Parsons Engineering Science, Inc [email protected] George Washington and Jefferson National Forests [email protected] CHRS Inc kbasal [email protected] Archaeological Testing and Consulting co Ii n _ [email protected] West Chester University [email protected] The Louis Berger Group jbedel [email protected] 3DE Group Of BGE Environmental [email protected] KCI Technologies Inc [email protected] Greenhome & O'Mara, Inc [email protected] Catholic University

[email protected] Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission kurt _ [email protected] Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities [email protected] W i 1 1 iam and Mary Center for Archaeological Research [email protected] University Of Virginia, Dept Anthropology [email protected] William and Mary Center for Archaeological Research [email protected]

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Lisa Young

New Insights Into Philadelphia's Past: Archaeological Conservation as aScholarly Resource

During an archaeological testing and monitoring phase on Independence Park in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, archaeologists from the National Park Service and John Milner Associates, uncovered thr�e well and privy features. After the initial artifact processing stage, the materials were transferred to the National Park Service, Applied Archeology Center in Silver Spring, Maryland for further examination and analysis. Paul Inashima, Project Director, recognized the need to further conserve many of the materials, and after two years and 3000 objects, conservation efforts are still on-going. This conservation project · provided a unique opportunity for archaeologists, specialists, interns, students, volunteers and archaeological conservators to work together to help piece together the past. This paper will discuss the project, the outcomes of the conservation efforts and relate how the project was used to educate and train interested scholars in archaeological conservation.

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l 0:40-11 :00 BRANDON GRODNITSKY and COLIN BEA VEN Perceptions of the Anthony Holmead Site

l l :00-11 :20 VARNA BOYD Archaeological Investigations of Fort Frederick

11:20- 1 1:40 DAVID BIBLER, PATRICIA MILLER, FRANK VENTO, and JAMES MARINE The Paleoindian and Archaic Periods at Three Stratified Sites on the Susquehanna River Floodplain

11 :40-Noon LUDOMIR R. LOZNY Core Technology and Sedentism

Saturday Afternoon March 25 Session: Archaeological Collections and Conservation:

Implementing Innovative Strategies for a New Millennium BERNARD KLAUS MEANS and LISA YOUNG, Co-Organizers.

1 :00- 1 :20

1 :20- 1 :40

I :40-2:00

2:00-2:20

2:20-2:40

2:40-3:00

3:00-3:20

BERNARD KLAUS MEANS, Chair

BERNARD KLAUS MEANS Mapping a New Future for the Past: Further Insights into Depression-era Archaeological Excavations in Southwestern Pennsylvania LISA YOUNG New Insights into Philadelphia's Past: Archaeological Conservation as a Scholarly Resource REBECCA J. MOREHOUSE The Maryland State Highway Administration and the Maryland Historical Trust: A Cooperative Partnership in Collections Management EMILY WILLIAMS and LUCIA HARNETT Re-Evaluating Treatment Methods for Waterlogged Leather MELBA J. MYERS Conservation Documentation: What You Can Do With a Digital Camera and Off-the-Shelf Software

Break

General Session: WILLIAM M. GARDNER, chair

WILLIAM M. GARDNER and TAMMY L. BRYANT Anonymous Slaves and Alexander Brown, Esq.: 44PW690

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3:20-3:40

3:40-4:00

4:00-4:20

4:20-4:40

7:00 9:00 est.

TAMMY BRYANT and WILLIAM M. GARDNER Way Beyond the Big House: Field Slaves Sites in the Northern Virginia Piedmont JOHN ERIC DEETZ "From Arts, From Trades, From Valour, Honour Springs"

General Session: JAY CUSTER, chair�e:t;;::;J

� V b,w,,t---- , JAY CUSTER � rt,._ fl � I've Got Biases I Don't Even Know About: Rethinking Middle Atlantic Archaeology � 7 MICHAEL STEWART (I �

Indian Territories in the Delaware Valley: Problems and Prospects of Identification

Business Meeting Hospitality Time

Sunday Mornine March 26

8:20-8:40

8:40-9:00

9:00-9:20

Session: I Know What You Did Last Summer RICHARD VEIT, Organizer and Chair

RICHARD VEIT "The Best Lights on the Coast of the United States": Searching for the Original Navesink Twin Lights STEPHEN G. WARFEL Investigating One of America's Oldest Communes -Archaeological Field Schools at the Ephrata Cloister MEGAN SPRINGATE and CAROLE SINCLAIR-SMITH Minors in the Tavern: Summer Camp Excavations at the Allen House, Shrewsbury, NJ.

9:20-9:40 MICHAEL S. TOMASO, STANLEY L. WALLING and RICHARD VEIT Industrial Town, Utopia, Resort or Outdoor Classroom? Preliminary Interpretation of a Field School Conducted at Feltville/Glenside Park, Central New Jersey

9:40- 10:00 KRISTIN J. WARD Archaeological Survey at Menokin

I 0:00- 10:20 Break

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Stephen G. Warfel, Investigating One of America's Oldest Communes --Archaeology Field Schools at the Ephrata Cloister

The Ephrata Cloister Archaeology Project is a multi-year research program designed to discover and record the locations of principal structures that housed and served the 18th century Ephrata religious commune, determine building ages and functions, and interpret lifestyles of community members. From its start in 1993 the project was structured as a student-training program which invites public participation in both the field and laboratory. This presentation will highlight some of the project's accomplishments to date and evaluate the effectiveness of utilizing archaeological field schools to realize research objectives.

Lynn-Marie Wieland lake Kitchawan: A Residential Area For at least 8000 Years

The land surrounding Lake Kitchawan, New York is residential. Houses range from estates, farms, to small summer cottages. Most families have lived here for twenty years or more. Some have occupied their land since 1743 . Even so these people are newcomers. This land has been occupied for at least 8,000 years. For the first time, collections of artifacts found by landowners, twelveyear-olds, avocational archaeologists, and archaeologists are being included in a database and a story of the early inhabitants of this area is emerging. Lithic usewear studies indicate their activities and land use patterns. Diagnostic points suggest occupation from 6000 BC to contact. The lithic debitage suggests three different tool technologies, with different uses for exotic and local materials. As the lithic studies end and ceramic studies begin, the story of the Lake Kitchawan people is coming together.

Emily Williams and Lucia Harnett Re-evaluating Treatment Methods for Waterlogged leather

Castor oil impregnation was used as a treatment for waterlogged leather for many years. Its usage was abandoned in favor of other methods including the use of glycerol and polyethylene glycol. Two paper presented at the 1995 meeting of the ICOM working group on leathercraft and related objects advocated a return to the use of castor oil for the treatment of waterlogged leather. This paper looks at the performance of castor oil treatments over a thirty-year period and the effects of this treatment on the structure of the leather.

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benefits and liabilities of this particular pedagogical method. At the same time, they report on current research at a number of interesting historic sites, dating from the 18th and 19th centuries.

Richard Veit, "The Best Lights on the Coast of the United States": Searching for the Original Navesink Twin Lights

Monmouth University's summer 1999 field school in archaeology focused on identifying the remains of the original Navesink Light Station. The light station, a pair oflighthouses located in Highlands Borough, Monmouth County, New Jersey, marked the southern entrance to New York Harbor from 1828 to 1862. They were the first lights in the United States to employ Fresnel lenses, and during their years of operation were regarded as "The best lights on the coast of the United States." However, throughout their short history they were plagued with structural problems. This paper describes the remains of the lighthouses and auxiliary buildings found during the course of the field school. Particular attention is paid to the structural remains and the insights they provide into the why the lighthouses failed. The paper also discusses some of the benefits and liabilities of carrying out research with students at National Register listed historic site.

Kristin Ward Archaeological Survey Analysis at Menokin

Menokin is a plantation site occupied during the mid-eighteenth century to the late nineteenth century and is located in Richmond County, Virginia, part of the Northern Neck vicinity. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the information gathered from a limited surface survey conducted at the National Register property in 1997. It will assess the data recovered to produce date ranges and examine cultural patterns which can be compared with regional models. The primary focus area will be in the plowed fields adjacent to the main house complex. The overall analysis will determine the character of the sites, and their relation to the plantation layout. The same information will be used to evaluate the utility of predictive models developed for pre-historic and historic settlement patterns in Richmond County.

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General Session: LYNN-MARIE WIELAND, chair

I 0:20- 10:40 LYNN-MARIE WIELAND Lake Kitchawan: A Residential Area for at Least 8000 Years

I 0:40- 1 I :00 MARSHALL JOSEPH BECKER Wampum Revisited Via a Re-Discovered Example in the Vatican Museum

1 1 :00- 1 1 :20 DWAYNE SCHEID Archaeology of Fredericksburg's Market Square

1 1 :20-Noon PAUL A. NEVIN The Safe Harbor Petroglyphs Revisited

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PRESENTATION ABSTRACTS

Cynthia W. Auman Excavations Along The State Route 1 Corridor In Delaware

Along with ushering in a new millennium, the year 2000 also marks completion of many years of archaeological studies along the proposed State Route (SR) 1 corridor in Delaware. Parsons Engineering Science, Inc., working in tandem with the Delaware Department of Transportation, has completed Phase II and Ill investigations of sites located within the right-of-way of a fivemile portion of SR 1, north of Smyrna. Phase II evaluation was conducted for

. over 20 sites, 9 of which continued on to Phase Ill data recovery. While all 9 sites included both prehistoric and historical components, data recovery for 8 of the sites focused on Archaic and/or Woodland occupations, while the remaining site dated from the early 19th century and yielded evidence of one of only two known brick clamps in Delaware. Synthesis of the findings is now underway, and is producing fascinating insights into site formation processes and material culture studies.

Michael B. Barber The Bone Grave Goods Recovered from the Shannon Site (44MY8), Montgomery County, Virginia: Boniness Versus Symbolic Value

During the excavations of the Shannon site, a Late Woodland village at the headwaters of the North Fork of the Roanoke River in Montgomery County, Virginia, 155 bone artifacts were recovered from a burial contexts. The bonified artifacts were analyzed with regard to their differential association per species with particular burials as well as for functional and/or ceremonial values. The age and sex of the individual interments were also considered. Based on the distribution of animal parts, it was hypothesized that at least three clans were operating on-site: Fe/is concolor, Canis lupus, and Ursus americanus. Meleagris gallopavo may also have acted as a totem but evidence was less well defined. Ecological, as well as social, implications were considered.

Marshall Becker Wampum Revisited Via a Newly Re-discovered Example in the Vatican Museum

In 1920 David Bushnell published a photograph and commentary on an important wampum belt then in the ethnographic collections of the museum of

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Michael Stewart Indian Territories in the Delaware Valley: Problems and Prospects of Identification

Site catchment analysis, lithic utilization patterns, and the distribution of pottery styles are used in an attempt to define the territories of Native American groups from 2500 BC until the 1600s AD. These data are compared with ethnohistoric perspectives on territoriality. There is a fluid aspect to how native peoples use the landscape at single points in time and through time. Analysis of frequency distributions of diagnostic Iithic artifacts, the raw materials from which they are fashioned, the location of material sources, and the location of tool production activities provide the best view of potential territories .

Matthew S. Tomaso, Stanley L. Wal ling, and Richard F. Veit Industrial town, Utopia, Country Resort, or Outside Classroom? Preliminary Interpretation of the I 999 Montclair State University Archaeology Field School at Feltville I Glenside Park, New Jersey

The Feltvil le Archaeological Project (FAP) is a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project focused on the material and documentary record of the National Register of Historic Places District of Feltville / Glenside Park in Union County, New Jersey. FAP benefits each year from the involvement of Montclair State University Archaeological Field School students and faculty. The mid 19th century planned industrial community of Feltville, which became the late 19th century country resort of Glenside Park, is historically and geographically complex, providing multiple research environments for subjects as diverse as 19th century utopianism, industrialism, and class segregation. This complexity also allows for education in an array of field methods and techniques, which is unusually diverse and creative for a field school. A review of the field school educational experience and preliminary research findings is presented.

Richard Veit Session Abstract: "I Know What You Did last Summer" Field Schools and the Teaching of Archaeology

Every summer dozens of students from schools, colleges, and universities across the Middle Atlantic participate in the quintessential archaeological rite of passage, the field school. The papers in this session deal with field schools from New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New York. They examine some of the

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Rivers, this study assesses the relative value of comprehensive, Phase I surveys associated with cultural resource management endeavors and site location data developed over the long term through a mixed survey strategy. In particular, regional site information for Richmond and King George Counties is examined and then compared with results from more intensive survey efforts at Dahlgren Naval Surface Warfare Center (3,000 acres in King George County) and Stratford Hall Plantation ( 1,700 acres in Westmoreland County).

Dwayne Scheid Archaeology of Fredericksburg 's Market Square

This paper is based on the analysis of three separate archaeological excavations at the Market Square in Fredericksburg, Virginia. The Fredericksburg Market Square includes a nineteenth century Market House, an open square that represents an area of marketing, and an alley that when excavated revealed foundations from the first Market House. The excavations occurred between 1985 and 1992. Each of the excavations were conducted using different methods of excavation and had varying goals. Through documentary research a model of marketing activities was established. The hypothesis that was tested deals with the Intra-site comparison of three areas that represent two time periods. The analysis of the archaeological artifacts from the three areas should reveal various land uses, patterns of spatial organization and structural features based on whether the artifacts are identified as architectural or domestic and public versus private.

Megan Springate and Carole Sinclair Smith Minors in the Tavern: Summer Camp Excavations at the Allen House, Shrewsbury, New Jersey

This past summer, the Monmouth County Historical Association Conducted their second annual archaeology camp at the Allen House, an 1 8th- 19th century tavern site in Shrewsbury, New Jersey. Open to participants aged 1 2- 15, the camp gave young people the opportunity to participate first-hand in their local history. The excavations have also served to increase our understanding of the uses of the tavern yard and the lives of the tenant tavern keepers at the turn of the 19th century. As well as our preliminary findings from the 1999 excavations, this paper will present some of the challenges and rewards of working with adolescents.

1 8

the Collegio d i Propaganda Fide i n Rome. My search for this belt 25 years ago failed to locate it, but during recent work in the Vatican Museums ethnographic collections this belt was "re-discovered." A detailed study indicates that it may be a precursor to the Chratres belts, and appears to be in the Abenaki or Huron tradition.

John Bedell The Puncheon Run Site and the Settlement System of the St. Jones Valley

The Puncheon Run site is a large prehistoric site on the St. Jones River near Dover, Delaware. The site consists of several distinct activity areas, which appear to have been used at different times in the Late Archaic, Early Woodland, and Middle Woodland Periods. Study of this site, along with a study of previously excavated sites along the St. Jones River, has provided new information about the behavior of prehistoric people in this area in the 2000 BC to AD 1000 period. There is little evidence of a shift from diffuse occupations in Middle Archaic times to focal, riverine, base camp occupations in the Late Archaic and Early Woodland. Instead, there is a complex archaeological record that includes various kinds of sites and features spread out across the landscape. Evidence from sites related to the Delmarva Adena and Webb Phase mortuary complexes and the Late Archaic Barker's Landing complex suggests that there may have also been non-economic influences on site location and function.

David Bibler, Patricia Miller, Frank J. Vento, and James T. Marine The Paleoindian and Archaic Periods at Three Stratified Sites on the Susquehanna River Floodplain

Archaeological data recovery was performed at three stratified sites in conjunction with the widening of Routes 1 1/ 15, a major arterial following the western shore of the Susquehanna River.. One of the three sites contained a Paleoindian component within the thin stratum of cobbles that was present at the base of the alluvium. Two sites contained one or more Early Archaic occupations. The Late Archaic and Transitional Periods were also present in strat ified contexts. Stratigraphically distinct components from the earliest periods of prehistory are rare in the Susquehanna River Valley and will, therefore, contribute information to a number of important research issues related to the prehistory of the region. This paper presents the results of field investigations and preliminary data analysis at the three sites, describing the geomorphological context, as well as summarizing artifacts and features characteristic of the major occupational components.

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Varna G. Boyd Archaeological Investigations of Fort Frederick

Archaeological investigations were conducted during the fall of 1999 at historic Fort Frederick near Hagerstown, Maryland. Fort Frederick was built in 1756-1757 during the French and Indian War and is unique among provincial English forts for its size and free-standing stone walls. It also served as a prison camp during the American Revolution and was briefly occupied by Union troops during the Civil War. As part of the planned reconstruction of structures within the fort, the State of Maryland sponsored archaeological and historical investigations. The goals of the project were to gain new information regarding the construction and appearance of the fort's interior curtain walls and bastions, with a focus on how the walls were defended; the appearance, construction, and location of the powder magazine; and the appearance and function of the Officer's Quarters. This paper will focus on the results of the investigations and present conclusions regarding the continued reconstruction of the historic fort.

Tammy L. Bryant and William M. Gardner Way Beyond the Big House: Field Slave Sites in the Northern Virginia Piedmont

Investigations near Bull Run in both Fairfax and Loudoun Counties revealed two clusters of late 18th/early 19th century field slave sites located on plantations once owned by Carter family descendants. The evidence for the material culture of these clusters as well as their layouts show both differences and similarities. The Fairfax County cluster appears to offer evidence for rows of cabins along a ridgeline, with 35-50 feet separating the individual cabins. In contrast, the Loudoun County cluster represents individual cabins on adjacent ridges. Both have cemeteries in close proximity. The sites have several things . in common. First, preserved material culture was minimal. A second commonality is the presence of large quantities of colonoware. Finally, the sites are on land generally unsuitable for cultivation and adjacent to a surface water source. These common factors have often allowed for the prediction of this type of site in similar topographic areas.

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sites. Four other sites nearby and a rock adjacent to Little Indian Rock, all previously unrecorded, were located and recorded by Nevin from 1989 to 1993. Nevin's fieldwork has determined that charts in Cadzow's documentation contain inaccuracies in shapes and locations of carvings and omit many carved designs. While Cadzow's work documented 167 design elements on Big and Little Indian Rocks, in actuality they contain over 270 design elements. The previously unrecorded sites nearby contain over 170 more carved design elements, making this possibly the largest concentration of petroglyphs still in existence in the northeastern United States.

Matthew M. Palus The Archaeology of Corporate Industry and Absenteeism at Virginius Island, Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia.

Virginius Island is a small parcel of land located on the Shenandoah River, within the town of Harpers Ferry and adjacent to the confluence of the Shenandoah and Potomac rivers. Situated adjacent to the Federal Armory, Virginius comprised some of the only land available for private ownership in Harpers Ferry. The community at Virginius developed a separate identity with its own unique industrial community and landscape characterized by water powered industries. Between 1992 and 1994, archaeological investigations were conducted at three households on Virginius, resulting in the recovery and rediscovery of numerous structural features and intact deposits relating to the occupation of these sites by tenants and employees of two significant island industries, in the latter part of the nineteenth and the early twentieth century. Analysis of the archaeology at Virginius reveals a suite of changes that accompanied the transition from local ownership of the island, tenements, and major industries, to corporate, absentee ownership and operation.

Douglas W. Sanford Putting Survey Results to Work: Comparing Local and Regional Models for Site Location

Archaeologists have long recognized the advantages of large data bases concerning site location. Such compilations permit more informed studies of settlement patterns and systems, whether conceptualized synchronica11y or diachronically, and further the development of predictive models regarding site density and relevant environmental variables. Another contribution to this issue comes from the cmparison of site location models stemming from different scales and methods of survey. Drawing on results from archaeological projects on the Northern Neck peninsula between the Potomac and Rappahannock

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very dark tunnel. I am afraid to look down lest I see tracks; afraid to listen too closely lest I hear a train's sharp whistle.

Rebecca J. Morehouse Maryland State Highway Administration and the Maryland Historical Trust: A Cooperative Partnership in Collections Management

The purpose of this paper is to describe the on-going process for inventorying, assessing, and upgrading collections recovered from archaeological projects investigated for and/or by the Maryland State Highway Administration (SHA) since the mid-I 960s. Federally funded highway projects generate considerable archaeology nationwide at the state level. In Maryland, approximately 25% of the state's archaeological collection have been generated through such work. In 1 997, a partnership was created between SHA and the Maryland Historical Trust (MHT). This partnership is a cooperative effort to improve the condition and accessibility of the SHA archaeological collection. This paper explores how this partnership works and how other states might benefit from lessons learned through this SHA/MHT partnership.

Melba J. Myers "Conservation Documentation: What You Can Do With A Digital Camera And Off-The-Shelf Software. "

This paper illustrates in detail how the Virginia Department of Historic Resources Conservation Lab has adapted Word; Access; an image database program that came free with the digital camera; and a low end color printer; to document conservation treatments. In addition to more comprehensive documentation of treatment processes with paper hard copy of al I records, the system provides a searchable image database of all conserved objects providing artifact images that can be shared: on web sites and in hard copy for exhibit planning or research. Hand-outs with hardware and software specifications will be available.

Paul A. Nevin The Safe Harbor Petroglyphs Revisited

In the early l 930's Donald Cadzow and his team recorded petroglyph designs on Big Indian and Little Indian Rocks. His work has remained to this day as the best documentation of the two sites. Afterward, virtually no significant field work was done at the rocks until 1982 when Paul Nevin began visiting the

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Kurt W. Carr and Christopher A. Bergman The Use of Bifacial Core Technology and Blade Core Technology in the Middle Atlantic Region

Blade technology has been described as an efficient manner in which to produce stone tools, both tool blanks and finished forms. It was almost universally practiced during the Upper Paleolithic of the Old World and it has also been described for Paleoindian assemblages with fluted points. However, in the Middle Atlantic region, we believe that bifacial core technology dominated Clovis assemblages. This paper examines the advantages of both lithic reduction approaches and attempts to describe the benefits of bi facial core technology for the early occupants of North America. A particular focus of the discussion will be an evaluation of the implications for the adaptive strategies of cultural groups using blade core or bifacial core technologies.

Jay Custer / 've Got Biases I Don 't Even Know About: Rethinking Middle Atlantic Archaeology

Interactions with Charles Clark, a Nanticoke, have led me to rethink my interpretations of a pit feature at the Carey Farm site. Although the artifact assemblage associated with human remains in the pit does not resemble "typ ical grave goods," use of a non-materialist perspective and consideration of the artifact's symbolic meaning open up a variety of new insights. The standard materialist perspective leads to nothing new. New views of features call into question basic assumptions of atchaeology carried out in the world of cultural resource management, such as identification of previously unrecognized grave features, sampling and treatment of plowzone assemblages from sites with grave features, and consideration of ancient Native American sites as sacred places and not just sources of data. Our future as archaeologists, and thoughtful human beings, will be determined by our ability to accomodate our Euroamerican biases with Native American concerns about the study and preservation of THEIR past.

Eric Deetz "From arts, from trades, from valour, honour springs."

This line from Ben Jonson's play Eastward Ho refers to what one character believed was the strength of English society in 1605 . It also describes nicely what is being learned from the archaeology of the early period at James Fort. A common image championed in the past by both scholars and legend alike is

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that of a colony made up of ill prepared gentleman languishing away only to die as a result of their own laziness. In reality ev idence is emerging that challenges this notion. Artisans were assaying for precious metals and producing trade goods to help support the colony through trade with the Native Americans. Tradesmen were hard at work searching for raw materials such as minerals and lumber to help make the venture profitable. Soldiers made their contribution, in a sometimes brutal but typically Elizabethan fashion, to the venture's success. The passenger lists of the original settlers as well as subsequent supplies are populated with individuals who had the skills necessary to make real contributions to Jamestown's success. The evidence of these tradesmen, artisans, and soldiers is well represented in the archaeological record at James Fort.

Christopher Fennell Ethnicities and Material Culture: Inferring Past Identities from Spiritual Beliefs and Practices

This paper examines interpretations of folk religion artifacts in archaeological investigations of American colonial period and antebellum sites and related lines of ev idence in various European and African trad itions. In particular, this study analyzes the extent to which these artifacts can serve as diagnostic markers from which one might infer that a site was occupied in the past by persons of particular ethnic groups. This analysis shows that a r igorous examination of multiple ethnic groups as potential sources for such artifacts yields valuable evidence and interpretations, which can then be used as part of a broader investigation of multiple lines of archaeological and documentary evidence.

Martin Gallivan and Michael Klein Late Prehistoric Social Transformation in the Southern Middle Atlantic.A Multi-scalar Analysis

Archaeologists have argued for the importance of analyzing social transformations at several spatial and temporal scales, and through the examination of multiple categories ofarchaeological data. This paper examines changes in regional interaction and local production relations by drawing on evidence of ceramic attributes, prestige-goods exchange, community organization, and household structure of the late prehistoric southern Middle Atlantic. These data suggest that, in at least some areas, social organization at the household, community and regional scales shifted dramatically during the late prehistoric centuries with the creation of relatively large and permanent

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collections is considered, as are strategies for disseminating original field data to make it more accessible to a wider audience.

Paula Miller "Grandmother Keen was the Ruler of the House" Gender, Community and Identity in Early Twentieth Century Lancaster County

Today, a traveler on Route 30 through Lancaster County, PA might miss the small sign just west of Paradise, marking the location of the v i l lage of Leaman Place. However, I 00 years ago Leaman Place was a growing v i l lage With its own post office, general store, hotel, school, telegraph office, and train station. In 1898, 53 year old and newly-widowed Mary Keen and six of her twelve chi ldren moved to Leaman Place from a rural tenant farmstead, and purchased a modest one-and-one-half-story house (now the location of "The Good House site."). Documentary, architectural and archaeological investigations conducted at the early twentieth-century Good House site (36Lal 154) have provided insights into the life of Mary Keen, as she worked to create and assert a new, urban identity whi le maintaining connections to her former rural, farming l ife. This paper examines the Good House site from multiple vantage points, looking at issues of identity, community, and gender within a context of early twentieth-century modernity.

Paul Mintz and Mechelle Kerns Thriving Trade, Thirsty Traders: A look at Rumneys Tavern in London Town

London Town, a thriving commercial port in the early to mid- 18th century on the South River, contained several taverns that catered to both local, landed planters and merchant seamen. The Lost Towns of Anne Arundel Project is currently excavating one of these taverns, Rumneys, for interpretation and eventual reconstruction. This paper examines Acts of Maryland's General Assembly, court judgment records, and excavated material to hypothesize both structural and cultural components of the extinct tavern.

Roger W. Moeller A Post-Apocalpytic View Of Archaeology: A Lesson In Current Events

To appreciate the demise of archaeology from its former state of grace, one needs to view the juxtaposition of anthropological theory, mi l itary h istory, and the real world. During the past year, I have been on a long journey through the dark . recesses of my past. As I look forward, I see a faint point of l ight in a

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to a specific group. The dominance of multidirectional and bipolar cores suggests that an expedient lithic reduction strate_:;y was practiced. Little effort was invested in core preparation. The expedient nature of the lithic reduction activities is directly related to the abundance of raw materials obtainable in the area . • Puncheon Run core technology is primarily based on cobble/pebb1! indust[Y. The shift from curated to expedient technology might suggest some -- --:-:-::----:---:::--"7"':�::--::----::::--....:::.::,,,__-=:._�::::.:::::...-----� fonn of a sedentary lifestyle. Empirical data from various regions confirm significant relationship between availability ofresources, production trajectory, and settlement pattern.

Bernard K. Means and Lisa Young

Session abstract: Archaeological Collections and Conservation : Implementing Innovative Strategies for a New Millennium

With the dawning of a new millennium, we consider it the right time to argue that existing archaeological collections are as important a resource for the future of the discipline as on-going archaeological fieldwork. In fact, by implementing innovative strategies, existing collections could become the most important resource for advancing an archaeological understanding of the human past and for presenting this understanding to the general public. These themes will be woven through the diverse set of papers included in this session. Some papers will present case studies demonstrating the research value of specific collections. The use of digital technology in collections management and conservation is shown to be an important approach to making existing collections more accessible to researchers and the public alike. Other papers · will emphasize that the process of archaeological conservation is not only important to ensuring that there is a future for the material remains of the past, but can also be used to provide others with an understanding and appreciation for preserving the past.

Bernard K. Means Mapping a New Future for the Past: Further Insights into Depression-era Archaeological Excavations in Southwestern Pennsylvania

This paper presents new insights into Depression-era archaeological excavations in southwestern Pennsylvania. These insights follow a complete inventory of collections related to the Somerset County Relief Excavations in The State Museum of Pennsylvania and in the Pennsylvania State Archives. The inventory was conducted through a Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission Scholar in Residence project. The future research potential of the

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village communities. The subsequent em�rgence of regionally distinct social identities and intervening prestige-good exchange networks reflects developments at the core of early colonial political dynamics in the region.

William M. Gardner and Tammy L. Bryant Anonymous Slaves and Alexander Brown, Esq. : 44PW690

Alexander Brown left a record in the archives, his African American slaves did not. Both, however, left their imprint in the ground. Dating from 1787 to I 810, the site contains the remains of Brown's house, two slave cabins and a summer kitchen. The detached kitchen yielded mostly creamware, as opposed to pearlware dominant in all other structures; this appears functionally rather than temporally related. The ceramics and fauna] remains from all units were similar, demonstrating the propositi,on that, in opposition to field. slaves, the closer the slaves were to the owner, the more the material cultural (except houses) and fauna! assemblages from the different classes resemble each other. One slave dwelling contained most (20/23) of the shaped sherd gaming pieces and most of the site's medicine bottles and low fauna) and ceramic remains, suggesting a healer.

Brandon Grodnitzky and Colin Beaven

Perceptions of the Anthony Ho/mead Site

The Anthony Holmead site (51NWI 14) in Mitchell Park, Washington, D.C. contains a late I 8th century house foundation and associated outbuilding foundations and artifact deposits. Using a critical approach, this paper will discuss how the politics of the present have influenced the archaeology and the public presentation of the archaeology and history of the Holmead site. Exploration of why the house was labeled a farmhouse, fa)se portrayal to the public of the house as a Civil War smallpox hospital, and the modem area resident's misconception of the land as a dog park are among the issues to be discussed. Using these issues, . this paper will discuss larger difficulties concerning our duties as archaeologists to present information to the public, regardless of whether or not that information coincides with present politics.

Phillip J. Hill

Data Recovery of the Anthony Ho/mead Site in Northwest Washington, D. C.

Mitchell Park in Northwest Washington, D.C. contains the Anthony Ho knead site (5 I NWI 14), onezpf two District of Columbia archeological sites listed in

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the National Register of Historic Places. Anthony Holmead was a wealthy Washingtonian during the mid-eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. His home was built on this site in 1795, and was situated just north of the then recently defined northern boundary of the new Federal City. The house was razed in 1929. The Anthony Holmead site was identified and evaluated back in 1980. It was nominated and listed in the National Register in the 1990s. Mitchell Park is scheduled to be re-landscaped. Because of the potential impact to the site, a Phase III data recovery investigation was required. This paper will present the process, results, and interpretations of the data recovery.

Robert M. Jacoby Come And Get It : A Recipe For Protein Residue Analysis

Protein residue analysis has been challenged on the grounds of accuracy, context, and validation of methodology. In association with the data recovery program at the Puncheon Run site in Dover, Delaware, a series of blind tests recently demonstrated the appropriateness of a protein residue application to subsistence studies. By testing archaeological samples and replicant bifaces for remnant proteins of fish indigenous to Delaware Bay, we were able to gauge the accuracy of the results, place them within a known environmental context, and validate the analytical procedures.

Meta F. Janowitz Stonewares from the African Burial Ground: Not All Spiral Motifs Come From New Jersey

The excavations that were conducted by Robert Sim at the Morgan pottery in South Amboy uncovered salt-glazed stoneware sherds with a distinctive blue watch spring/spiral motif. Since that time, all vessels with this motif have been assumed to have been made by the Morgan potters. However, recent excavations at the site of the African Burial Ground in New York City have found sherds with the same motif. This concurrence leads us to try to see what we can tell about the organization of production, training of craftsmen, marketing of wares, etc. for eighteenth-century salt-glazed stonewares.

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Mike Klein and Josh Duncan The Cabin Run Site (44 WR3) and Prestige Goods Exchange in the Southern Middle Atlantic Region

The Cabin Run site, a protohistoric to contact-era site in the northern Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, was excavated by members of the Archeological Society of Virginia in the 1960s. Although the artifacts reco�ered from the Cabin Run site included range of lithic, ceramics, floral, and faunal remains, perhaps most notable were artifacts commonly classified as prestige goods. This paper presents information on the shell and copper artifacts recovered from Cabin Run, and investigates the historical trajectory of regional exchange patterns in the southern Middle Atlantic Region.

Darrin Lowery The Paleoindian Period of the Central Delmarva Peninsula : What Do the Data Suggest?

Archaeological research in the Choptank River watershed of Maryland and Delaware indicates that this portion of the Delmarva Peninsula has extensive archaeological data associated with the Paleoindian Period. A regional collection study has provided data on over one hundred fluted Paleoindian type projectile points for the Choptank River watershed. Excavations at two archaeological sites within the Choptank River watershed have revealed intact and buried Paleoindian age components. The data associated with the coastal plain suggests Paleoindian groups were utilizing local secondary cobble outcrops and local silicified ancient marine sediments. In contrast, the regional Early Archaic data suggest that Early Archaic groups were utilizing non-local primary lithic materials and supplementing their tool kits with some local secondary cobble materials. The paper will provide some evidence for the observations noted above and briefly compare these observations with archaeological data associated with other portions of the Middle Atlantic region.

Ludomir R. Lozny Core Technology and Sedentism

The paper aims to model lithic production trajectories recorded at Puncheon Run, Kent Co. Delaware, by examining core technologies. An initial overview of cores recovered from the site allows some preliminary conclusions regarding lithic-reduction strategies. Multidirectional cores are most common, followed by bipolar cores, and other cores. Some exhausted cores could not be assigned

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