Occupationally Deprived Groups in Estonia

Karin Lilienberg, M.D, MSc, OTHead of the Chair/ lecturer of OT

Katrin Viira, 3rd year student of OTBritta Frank, 3rd year student of OT

Tallinn Health College, ESTONIA

Socrates/Erasmus IP “Community Based Occupational Therapy with Occupationally

Deprived Groups” (Towards Social Inclusion) Ankara, 9th of October 2006

Occupationally Deprived Groups in Estonia

Karin Lilienberg, M.D, MSc, OTHead of the Chair/ lecturer of OT

Katrin Viira, 3rd year student of OTBritta Frank, 3rd year student of OT

Tallinn Health College, ESTONIA

Socrates/Erasmus IP “Community Based Occupational Therapy with Occupationally

Deprived Groups” (Towards Social Inclusion) Ankara, 9th of October 2006

Estonian educational structureESTONIAN EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURE

University

Age

24232221 study University university college

20 University

19

Vocational secondaryeducation

Vocational education institution

1817 General secondary education Vocational secondary education16 Gymnasium

151413121110987

65

Pre- primary educationPre- primary childcare institution

Master´s study

Basic education

Vocational education institution

Basic school

Doctor´s study

Bachelor´s andMaster´s study

Integrated curriculum forBachelor´s and Master´s

Applied higher education institution

Applied higher education or VET institution,

Applied higher education

Tallinn Health College http://www.ttk.ee

Tallinn Health College

• 1940 – Nurses School• 1964 - Tallinn Medical School• 2005 - Tallinn Health College

– Applied higher education level - studying over 1200 students

– Vocational education level – 30 students– Seven study programmes– Foreign relations, project work

SOCRATES/ERASMUS, Tempus, Interreg, Leonardo da Vinci

Study programmes

• On the level of applied higher education Nurse - study period 3,5 years Midwife – study period 4,5 years Optometrist – study period 3,5 years Pharmacist – study period – 3 years Occupational therapist – study period 4 years Dental technician – study period 3,5 years

• On the level of vocational education Practical nurse – study period 2 years

Occupational therapist

Occupational therapist

Occupational therapist

Geographical and historical figures of ESTONIA

• Area: 45.227 km²• Population: 1.35 million• Gender ratio Male: 46 % female: 54 %• Urban: 69 % rural: 31 %

Employment status of working-age

people (15 – 65 yrs) in ESTONIA

• Employed: 595 500 people• Unemployed: 63 600 people• Inactive: 388 700 people

Estonian Statistical Office’s Labor Force Survey 2004

Occupationally deprived

MudlarksHandicappedRefugeesUnemployed

Unemployment risk groups

young peoplethe long-term unemployeddisabled peoplenon-Estonians not

speaking Estonianjob seekers with a low

education level jobseekers aged over 45

MUDLARK, URCHIN, STREET CHILDRENchildren <18yrs old living on the

streets and bulevardscompanions and social connections

are on the streetsvery little connections or contacts

with adults, parents, school, childcare institutions, social servises

Identification features of mudlark (street children) Clothing – filthy clothes, never been

washed, don’t respond to the weather conditions. Common that child is grown out of its clothes that forces to go home for winter. But in spring with warm weather they are back on the streets again

Identification features of mudlark (street children) Homeless –In Estonian weather

the mudlark need a place that can be called home. Home might be a cellar of a big house, abandoned building or a shed. Socialworkers and police are not noticing the children on the streets. Despite that the mudlark remark their existence in public places, which are streets, shops, all night open shops etc.

Identification features of mudlark (street children) Inadequate nutrition - children are

starving. Younger kids ask food from neighbours and by passers. When they are older they ask rather money than food. If they succeed to get money they rather buy candies and sweet, they don’t have habit to eat warm food

Why do children leave home? Condition of the family – conflicts

with parents, parents not succeeding in life (poverty, lack of work, alcoholism, drug addiction. The environment that the child lives in is important (where he or she lives, who are her or his friends etc.)

How many children are on the streets in Estonia ? Nobody knows. Many children are

not filed or registered. They change places where they live – usually to the worse contition. Frequent moving is causing the loss of documents and the loss on registration and loss of legal earnings – social security

Identification for mudlarks (street children) Mudlark earns money for surviving Prostitution Juvenile crime Living on the streets Forming/ combination of group, gang Using toxical stuff

Goals of streetwork

Establish contact with children who are escaped from home and children who are in danger

Get friends with the youngsters, help them to fit in Make new contacts with youngsters, based on trust and

reliability Offer information, consultation, advices and guiding Guide young people to the services they need Collaborate with different institutions Get a view of the children who are on the streets Document the operation with street children Help to create the services that are necessary for children

who are in streets (Schickle 1997, 22,23).

Services for street children

CHILDCARE – children’s protection, helping and lookout – assured by government, municipal government and social institutions

ORPHANAGE – an institution/ replacement home for orphans and children with out parents care.

DAYCENTER - an institution for slight managing and less insured families

FOSTER HOME– officially home for one or many kids for short or long term staying. There are no relations between the kid and the family. The parents get contributions from the government and if it is necessary the family collaborates with the children’s biological parents

HOSPICE - a temporary custody institution for abandoned kids and for those kids and women who are escaping from home violence