X. Risk Factors and Pathophysiology

Precipitating Factors:Bacteria: Staphylococcus Pneumoniae

Predisposing Factors:Age: 79 y/oTobacco Use: From age 20-50 y/oNutritional State: High Intake of Sodium, alcohol usedObesity

Organism enters to the respiratory tract

Infection

Irritation of airway and release of goblet cells

Bacteria go to the alveoli

Activation of Defense Mechanism: Inflammation process

Colonization and multiplies

Loss of effectiveness of the immune system

Increase mucus production

Occluded Airways

Exudates from the bacteria and WBC erode the lung Chronic Inflammation

Loss of elasticity of the alveoli

Inflamed and fluid filled air sacsDead Space happen

Decrease CO2

Lung consolidation

Hypoxia and hypoxemia

OBSTRUCTIVE PNEUMONIA

Cough crackles, hyperventilation, airway constriction and DOB

Impaired O2 and CO2 exchange

Narrowing and obstruction of the blood flow

Pulmonary artery vasoconstriction

Predisposing Factors:Age: 79 y/oTobacco Use: From age 20-50 y/oNutritional State: High Intake of Sodium, alcohol usedObesity

Increase Pulmonary Artery Pressure

Intimal fibrosis and hypertrophy of smooth muscle layers of pulmonary arteries

PULMONARY HYPERTENSION

Obstruction of a bronchus

Displacing the surrounding structures and mediastinal shift towards the atelactic area

Uninvolved surrounding lung tissue distends

Retraction of the right lung

Circulating blood absorbs gas in the peripheral alveoli

Diaphragm is elevated and chest wall flattens

RIGHT ATELECTASIS

Predisposing Factors:Age: 79 y/oTobacco Use: From age 20-50 y/oNutritional State: High Intake of Sodium, alcohol usedObesity

Predisposing Factors:Age: 79 y/oNutritional State: High Intake of Sodium, alcohol usedObesityExposure to atmospheric pollutants: Dust, Carcinogens

Injury to columnar cells

Susceptible to absorption of carcinogens

Proliferation of basal cells

Hyperplasia f basal cells

Metaplasia Invasion of bronchi walls BRONCHIOGENIC CANCER