ObservationofGamma-rayEmissionAbove10TeVfromtheSuperNovaRemnantG106.3+2.7

withtheTibetAirShowerArrayandtheMuonDetectorArray

T.K.SakofortheTibetASγ Collaboration26July,2019@ICRC2019

GAI4b 1

M.Amenomori(1),Y.-W.Bao(2),X.J.Bi(3),D.Chen(4),T.L.Chen(5),W.Y.Chen(3),XuChen(3),Y.Chen(2),Cirennima(5),S.W.Cui(7),Danzengluobu(5),L.K.Ding(3),J.H.Fang(3,6),K.Fang(3),C.F.Feng(8),ZhaoyangFeng(3),Z.Y.Feng(9),QiGao(5),Q.B.Gou(3),Y.Y.Guo(3),Y.Q.Guo(3),H.H.He(3),Z.T.He(7),K.Hibino(10),N.Hotta(11),HaibingHu(5),H.B.Hu(3),J.Huang(3),H.Y.Jia(9),L.Jiang(3),H.-B.Jin(4),F.Kajino(12),K.Kasahara(13),Y.Katayose(14),C.Kato(15)

S.Kato(16),K.Kawata(16),W.Kihara(15),Y.Ko(15),M.Kozai(17),Labaciren(5),G.M.Le(18),A.F.Li(19,8,3),H.J.Li(5),W.J.Li(3,9),Y.-H.Lin(3,6),B.Liu(2),C.Liu(3),J.S.Liu(3),M.Y.Liu(5),W.Liu(3),Y.-Q.Lou(20),H.Lu(3),X.R.Meng(5),H.Mitsui(14),K.Munakata(15),H.Nakada(14),Y.Nakamura(3),H.Nanjo(1),M.Nishizawa(21),

M.Ohnishi(16),T.Ohura(14),S.Ozawa(22),X.L.Qian(23),X.B.Qu(24),T.Saito(25),M.Sakata(12),T.K.Sako(16),Y.Sengoku(14),J.Shao(3,8),M.Shibata(14),A.Shiomi(26),H.Sugimoto(27),W.Takano(10),M.Takita(16),Y.H.Tan(3),

N.Tateyama(10),S.Torii(28),H.Tsuchiya(29),S.Udo(10),H.Wang(3),H.R.Wu(3),L.Xue(8),K.Yagisawa(14),Y.Yamamoto(12),Z.Yang(3),Y.Yokoe(16),A.F.Yuan(5),L.M.Zhai(4),H.M.Zhang(3),J.L.Zhang(3),X.Zhang(2),

X.Y.Zhang(8),Y.Zhang(3),YiZhang(3),YingZhang(3),S.P.Zhao(3),Zhaxisangzhu(5)andX.X.Zhou(9)

TheTibetASγCollaboration

Correlation Between Solar Activity and the Sun’s Shadow Observed by the Tibet Air Shower Array

Kazumasa Kawata

ICRR, University of Tokyo, Japan

For the Tibet ASJ Collaboration

32nd ICRC, Aug.ust 17, Beijing 1

(1)DepartmentofPhysics,HirosakiUniversity,Hirosaki036-8561,Japan(2)SchoolofAstronomyandSpaceScience,NanjingUniversity,Nanjing210093,China(3)KeyLaboratoryofParticleAstrophysics,InstituteofHighEnergyPhysics,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100049,China(4)NationalAstronomicalObservatories,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100012,China(5)PhysicsDepartmentofScienceSchool,TibetUniversity,Lhasa850000,China(6)UniversityofChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100049,China(7)DepartmentofPhysics,HebeiNormalUniversity,Shijiazhuang050016,China(8)DepartmentofPhysics,ShandongUniversity,Jinan250100,China(9)InstituteofModernPhysics,SouthWestJiaotongUniversity,Chengdu610031,China(10)FacultyofEngineering,KanagawaUniversity,Yokohama221-8686,Japan(11)UtsunomiyaUniversity,Utsunomiya321-8505,Japan(12)DepartmentofPhysics,KonanUniversity,Kobe658-8501,Japan(13)ShibauraInstituteofTechnology,Saitama337-8570,Japan(14)FacultyofEngineering,YokohamaNationalUniversity,Yokohama240-8501,Japan(15)DepartmentofPhysics,ShinshuUniversity,Matsumoto390-8621,Japan(16)InstituteforCosmicRayResearch,UniversityofTokyo,Kashiwa277-8582,Japan(17)InstituteofSpaceandAstronauticalScience,JapanAerospaceExplorationAgency(ISAS/JAXA),Sagamihara252-5210,Japan(18)NationalCenterforSpaceWeather,ChinaMeteorologicalAdministration,Beijing100081,China(19)SchoolofInformationScienceandEngineering,ShandongAgricultureUniversity,Taian271018,China(20)PhysicsDepartment,AstronomyDepartmentandTsinghuaCenterforAstrophysics,Tsinghua-NationalAstronomicalObservatoriesofChinajointResearchCenterforAstrophysics,TsinghuaUniversity,Beijing100084,China(21)NationalInstituteofInformatics,Tokyo101-8430,Japan(22)AdvancedICTResearchInstitute,NationalInstituteofInformationandCommunicationTechnology,Koganei184-8795,Japan(23)DepartmentofMechanicalandElectricalEngineering,ShandongManagementUniversity,Jinan250357,China(24)CollegeofScience,ChinaUniversityofPetroleum,Qingdao,266555,China(25)TokyoMetropolitanCollegeofIndustrialTechnology,Tokyo116-8523,Japan(26)CollegeofIndustrialTechnology,NihonUniversity,Narashino275-8576,Japan(27)ShonanInstituteofTechnology,Fujisawa251-8511,Japan(28)ResearchInstituteforScienceandEngineering,WasedaUniversity,Tokyo169-8555,Japan(29)JapanAtomicEnergyAgency,Tokai-mura319-1195,Japan

2

Tibet Air Shower Array

3

p  Tibet, China (90.522oE, 30.102oN) 4,300 m a.s.l. p  scintillation counters 0.5 m2 x 597 p  area　　 ~65,700 m2　 p  angular resolution　 ~0.5°@10TeV ~0.2°@100TeV

p  energy resolution　　 ~40%@10TeV ~20%@100TeV

2nd particles timing ➡︎ arrival direction 2nd particles energy deposit ➡︎ primary energy

Water Cherenkov Muon Detector Array

MD ~3400m2

4

ü  2.4m underground (515g/cm2 ~19X0) ü  7.35m x 7.35m x 1.5m-deep water cell x 64 ü  20”ΦPMT (HAMAMATSU R3600) ü  Concrete pools + Tyvek sheets

Soil & Rocks 2.6m

Waterproof & reflective materialsReinforced concrete

eγµ

1.0m

PMT

7.3m

Water 1.5m

Cherenkov lights

20 inchAir 0.9m

Measurement of number of muons in air showers ➡︎ γ／CR discrimination

)��log(1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

)�

N�

log(

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

-310

-210

-110

1

10

210

�=0�N�

(a) Photons MC

)��log(1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

)�

N�

log(

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

-110

1

10

210

310

�=0�N�

(b) CRs Data

)��log(1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

)�

N�

log(

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

-310

-210

-110

1

10

210

�=0�N�

(a) Photons MC

)��log(1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

)�

N�

log(

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

-110

1

10

210

310

�=0�N�

(b) CRs Data

Event selection by MD

5

100TeV10TeV

log(Σρ)fromAS

log(ΣΝ

µ)fromM

D

Survivalra

tio ΣNµ=0

Optimization of muon cut γ : MC sample (Crab orbit & Crab flux） CR：Data (excluding Crab & Galactic Plane)

Σρ(Sum of particle densities by all AS counters)

~99.9% CR rejection ~90% γ efficiency @ 100 TeV

ΣNµ=0log(Σρ)fromAS

log(ΣΝ

µ)fromM

D

γMC

CRMCData

M.Amenomorietal.,arXiv:1906.05521(2019),AcceptedbyPRL

Σρ (fromASarray):3256ΣΝµ (MD):2.3zenithangle:29.8°Erec:251TeV

+46-43

Kawata+,ExperimentalAstronomy,44,1(2017)

Crab: γ-like event display

circlesize∝log(#ofdetectedparticles)circlecolor∝relativetiming[ns]

Distance from the shower axis [ m ]1 10 210 310

] 2

Part

icle

den

sity

[ pa

rtic

les/

m

-210

-110

1

10

210

310Relative position [m]

-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150

Rel

ativ

e po

sitio

n [m

]

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

Rel

ativ

e tim

ing

[ns]

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

(a)

(b)

fittingwithNKGfunction➡︎Erec(S50,θ)

Distance from the shower axis [ m ]1 10 210 310

] 2

Part

icle

den

sity

[ pa

rtic

les/

m

-210

-110

1

10

210

310Relative position [m]

-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150

Rel

ativ

e po

sitio

n [m

]

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

Rel

ativ

e tim

ing

[ns]

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

(a)

(b)lateraldistribution

S50

6

M.Amenomorietal.,arXiv:1906.05521(2019),AcceptedbyPRL

Ø  Data： Feb. 2014 ー May 2017

Ø  Equi-Zenith-Angle Method — Search window radius ⎯  : number of events observed in ON-source window ⎯  : average of numbers of events in 20 OFF sources ⎯  Excess =

7

(∼0.7°tolowerlimit0.5°,variableas)RSW = 6.9�/p

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Ø  Standard event selection conditions for AS analysis & muon cut by MDLive time: 720 days

Excess count estimation

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ONsourceOFFsource

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Num

ber o

f eve

nts

050

100150200250300350400

MC Data>10 TeVE(a)

)2 (deg2φ0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Num

ber o

f eve

nts

02

4

68

1012

14>100 TeVE(b)

φ2 distributions: consistent with point source

>10TeV

>100TeV

DatavsMCγ-ray emission from Crab

E>10TeV

E>100TeV

Data

MC

8M.Amenomorietal.,arXiv:1906.05521(2019),AcceptedbyPRL

significancemap

9

Relative number of muons > 100 TeV

Ø  FirstDetectionofsub-PeV γ

✓Rµ =

observed ⌃Nµ

cut value of ⌃Nµ

◆

<latexit sha1_base64="H/pXcCPqpLthueTHb7TOZyChFKA=">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</latexit>

ERec(TeV)aftermuoncut

NON/<NOFF> σ

>10.0 1691/1031 18.3

>15.8 915/472.7 17.5

>25.1 417/159.1 16.4

>39.8 169/46.9 13.2

>63.1 69/14.6 9.8

>100 24/5.5 5.6

>251 4/0.8 2.4

Number of events (integral)

DataBG

γMC

DataON

muoncut

M.Amenomorietal.,arXiv:1906.05521(2019),AcceptedbyPRL

Ø Highest-energyphoton∼450TeV(Seeposter:PS1-75)

Crab

Relativenumberofmuons

10

γ-ray energy spectrum from Crab

M.Amenomorietal.,arXiv:1906.05521AcceptedbyPRL(Seeposter:PS1-75)

ICmodelnormalizedtoHEGRA

E>100TeV:5.6σ

A.U.Abeysekaraetal.,arXiv:1905.12518SubmittedtoApJ

E>100TeV:3.3σ

Aharonian+, ApJ, 614, 897 (2004)

TibetAS+MD HAWC

spectrumconsistentwithHAWCrecentresults

11

SNR G106.3+2.7Excesscountmap>0.63TeVbyVERITAS

BoomerangPWN

PSRJ2229+6114

Ø  age10kyr,distance0.8kpc,size14pcx6pc,　　ifSNRisassociatedwithBoomerangPWNØ  AtTeVenergies,firstobservedbyMilagro(MGROJ2228+61)andthenbyVERITAS(VERJ2227+608)Ø  γ-rayemissioncentroidcoincidentwithamolecularcloudØ  spectrumseemstoextendtoward35TeVwithoutcutoff

Kothesetal,ApJ,560,236(2001)

A.A.Abdoetal.,ApJL,700,L127(2009)V.A.Acciarietal.,ApJL,703,L6(2009)

VERITAS

Milagro

R.A. (deg.)

60

61D

ec. (

deg.

)

1−

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

336338340

>40TeV>10TeV

>10TeV

PSFsmoothing

PSF

Declination(deg.)

(68%containment)

12

Ø  TibetemissioncentroidcoincidentwithmolecularcloudindicatedbyCOemissioncontours※consistentwithVERITASØ  spectrumunderanalysis

PSRJ2229+6114

significance map by Tibet AS+MD

VERJ2227+608

SNR G106.3+2.7

13

Ø  MuoncutbyMD:∼99.9%CRrejection,∼90%γefficiency@100TeVØ CrabNebula

⎯  FirstDetectionofSub-PeVγ(5.6σabove100TeV)⎯  Highestenergyphoton∼450TeV(Seeposter:PS1-75)⎯  spectrumconsistentwithICmodel⎯  spectrumconsistentwithHAWCresults(3.3σabove100TeV)

Ø SNRG106.3+2.7

⎯  emissioncentroid>10TeVcoincidentwithmolecularcloudconsistentwithVERITAS

⎯  spectrumunderanalysis

Summary

CrabNebula&SNRG106.3+2.7observedbyTibetAS+MD

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Thankyouforyourattention!

Backupslides

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Energyresolutionenergydeterminedasafunctionofθ andS50 (particledensityat50mawayfromshoweraxis)

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secθ =1.1➡︎θ=24.6°secθ =1.2➡︎θ=33.6°secθ =1.3➡︎θ=39.7°

M.Amenomorietal.,arXiv:1906.05521(2019),AcceptedbyPRL

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Crab:eventlist>250TeVM.Amenomorietal.,arXiv:1906.05521(2019),AcceptedbyPRL

Kothesetal.,ApJ560,236(2001) Kothesetal,ApJ,638,225(2006)Ifleptonic,whereisthesourceofelectrons?

Densematerial Boomerang

PWN

SNRG106.3+2.7

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G106.3+2.7:observationbyMilagro

emissioncentroid(R.A.,Dec)=(337.18°,61.17°)error0.165°※consistentwithVERITAS

A.J.Smithetal.,arXiv:1001.3695(2010)