Objetivos del Programa

Coffee: Not easy to go and get your own!!

Fortress - Exclusionary

Participatory

Fortress Conservation

Buffer zones

Turtle refuge

CERTIFIEDOrganic Farming

InternationalBans targetingCommodity-chains

Ivory,RhinoHornBansParks

Land-use Management

CooperativeLand Management

Private Game Reserves

FacebookShamingShark fin Soup

GeographicallyDispersed

Territorially-Focused

Using Commodity Chains to Enhance Environmental Protection:Case Study of organic coffee: between participation and exclusion

Coffee: Where Does ThatStuffCome From?

How can it be used for environmental conservation?

Shortening the Commodity-Chain ���…more $ to producers? -- Less Energy Use?

Coffee Commodity Chain: coffee roaster?

Environmental Services

Sao

Fondo Bioclimático

Falls Brook Centre

Clean WaterSpecies ConservationCarbon SequestrationLess Energy UsePesticide Free

Why produce organic products?

$-

$50

$100

$150

$200

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$350

$-

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$4,000

$6,000

$8,000

$10,000

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$14,000

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FT-Org PESOS -- Inflation Adjusted

Fairtrade-organic Price (since 1989)

New York C Price (yearly average)

Dean

Maria

Another way to think of the Commodity-Chain…as a Global Value Chain

La Itundujia

Morelos Coffee Warehouse

Women’s Land and Farmstead Control Increased

Coffee Work

Nuyoo

Nuyoo

Certification, traceability and Exclusion

How did a social movementbecome certified?

In other words, how did a PARTICIPATORY grassroots conservation movement become ?

Café-Direct: traceability – tree to sack. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cGn-PlOSf98

Conservation on two axes

Fortress conservation

Regulatory strategies

Participatory conservation

Grassroots interventions

Exclusionary

Participatory

Territorially Focused

Geographically Dispersed

“Top-down”Excludes people

Includes people “Bottom-up”

(Reserves/Parks) (Commodity Chains)

A Story about Organic Agriculture: Early organizations: Biodynamic Agriculture, healthy soils, biocide-free crops:IFOAM: The International Farm Organic Agriculture Movement

Bonn GermanyFounded 1972:Rodale (US)Soil Association (Brittish)Nature et Progrès (French)

Biodynamic Agriculture

PARTICIPATORY ORGANIC AGRICULTUREOrganic Crop Improvement Association: Lincoln Nebraska

Norms

QualitySeal

Organic Farm Plans:SHARING

European Food Safety Crisis:e.g., Mad Cow Disease

Organic Agriculture and Transnational Certification: ���The International Context

Rise of Transnational Instituional Regulatory Agencies:���ISO / WTO / TBT Legislation

EU 2092/91 EN 45011 ISO Guide 65

Rationalization of Transnational OrganicProduct Certification: Naturland, OCIA

Global Organics: Early Inspections 1990s: Beautiful place, no chemicals, it’s Organic!

2000s: Rise of Transnational Certification organizations

Neoliberalisms

Rollback, Roll-Out, Social Movements

& Governmentatilty

International Organization for Standardization

concentration

USDA: National Organic ProgramWas Participatory, Now must be certified by lawSo what does this mean in practice?

Conservation on two axes

Fortress conservation

Regulatory strategies

Participatory conservation

Grassroots interventions

Exclusionary

Participatory

Territorially Focused

Geographically Dispersed

“Top-down”Excludes people

Includes people “Bottom-up”

(Reserves/Parks) (Commodity Chains)

Inspections Using Geographical Positioning & Programmed Cell Phones

Mapping key to���certified organic���monitoring

Peasant technical documents

Peasant inspectors/���Community Technical officers training

Expensive, lots of work and burnout, Confusing! Undercuts Participatory Action

The downside of Certification:

"I was giving a talk to a new group of [certified] organic producers. I was explaining how they would have a producer number…. Suddenly an elderly individual stood up and said that the ‘number is the beast’. At first I didn’t understand, but then I realized that he was talking about the beast in the bible, that he thought that [the producer number] was some terrible thing…. ������Now you see what we [inspectors] have to confront." —Organic Certification Inspector 22 July 2000

���[certification] is a class of ecological neocolonialism….." —Organic extension agent 31 January 2000

¿¡¿ CONFUSING !?!: WHO does WHAT?

CONFUSING: HOW MUCH will I get PAID??

Estimated Extrinsic Quality Costs

Village-level Administration and Extension Labor Costs Three Village & Regional Organization Leaders: (80 total days)

Peasant (Internal) Inspectors: doing internal inspections (ORGANIC)

Inspector training seminar attendance (Required under ISO Guide 61: Accreditation)

(24 days)

300 producers, 3 inspectors USD$300 per annum

Village Technical Officers: village extension work and training seminar attendance (ORGANIC)

(24 days organic/5 days fairtrade = 30 days)

Monthly Oaxaca visits: transport y per diems USD$300 per annum

Farmer (Household-level) Costs Producer families:10 meetings / warehouse

processing / paperwork (10*3hrs*300= 1000 days)

Tequios (collective work obligations): e.g., shade-tree nursery, infrastructure,

maintenance and cleanup (of warehouse, trucks)

(1 day/member/yr = 300 days)

Union (Statewide) costs CEPCO extension and office staff manages

fairtrade-organic databases and international liasions: cost $40,000/annum (80% ORGANIC)

300 members, 8% of organic producers. USD$3000

Total Labor Days – 300 member organization

Total Cash – 300 member organization

1434 days @ prevailing wage rate = USD $4302@$3(31 pesos)/day

$ USD 12,906@$9 (97 pesos)/day USD$3600.00

Labor + cash = USD$7902.00 – 16,506.00

EXPENSIVE Triple Whammy

BREAKING UP SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS

19 January 2015

Protests at Mexican GovtCoffee Crop Support Office

“What Help??The broth costs moreThan the meatballs”

Fin

Questions:

1.  How does organic agriculture remedy the environmental concerns of conventional agriculture?

2.  What environmental services does organic agriculture provide?

3.  What are some of the drawbacks of organic agriculture?

4.  What is ecological neocolonialism? BONUS

Conclusions•  The certification process stands to transform

peasant economies, organization and perception

•  The monitoring structure complicates the commodity chain –  Monitoring is very costly for farmers!!–  Transnational certification norms disrupt peasant

unions•  The Number is the Beast: Changes in

governance and economic management ���elicit resistance/ resistance complicated by ISO norms

Analytical approach: comparative study of three coffee producing

villages in Oaxaca, Mexico•  Within the Oaxacan statewide peasant

confederation•  Certified by OCIA (USA) and ���

Naturland (EU) certifier/labelers•  Within different regional organizations•  Differ in terms of property, wealth,���

and production relations

•  i. peasant livelihoods –  a. peasant households–  b. village organizations

•  ii. peasant organizations–  a. regional organizations–  b. state-level organizations

•  iii. certification organizations–  a. Mexican national certifiers–  b. Mexican certifier unions–  c. Mexican governmental organizations–  d. International Certifiers

FetishCapitalism:A NeoliberalCreed?

Race to Quality:OrganicFairtradeGourmet

Xanica

Prison Lecture

Traditional

On-Farm inputs:•  Manure•  Weeding•  Tillage, Mules/

Horses•  Inter-planting•  Seeds held

back from year previous

Corn

Output:Local BuyerOrSubsistence:Corn bread/Tortillas

Conventional

Purchased Inputs:•  Fertilizer•  Pesticide/Herbicide•  Tractor/Diesel Fuel•  Hybrid Seed

Grain Elevator: Gas Drying

Agro-Processor

High-Fructose Corn SyrupOils, Waste

Organic

Purchased or On-FarmInputs:Compost, manure, potashBiodegradable pesticidesNon-Genetically Modified SeedInspections!

Organic Processor

Tortilla Chips, etc.

Factory

Three types of food production systems

Organic Coffee

Fairtrade Coffee

Coffee Production in Practice:Oaxaca, Mexico

Área de influencia del programa

‘The Number is the Beast’: ������

A Political Economy of Certified Organic Coffee and

Producer Unionism ���in Oaxaca, Mexico

Does Organic Agriculture ���use less energy than ���Conventional Agriculture?

Wheat Potatoes Carrots

Xanica

OrganicWorld

,

Certified organic foods sector•  $20 billion in worldwide sales in 2002���

10.5 million hectares •  $60 Billion 2010���

30 million hectares (75 million acres)���Products traced from producer field to retail store: transport and way-stations must be certified organic.

•  Surprise! (Not.) Farmers get very little of the returns from organic production

•  Product Certifiers: ���88 in the US (OFRF 2000), ���~200 internationally ���8 in Mexico