OBJECTIVE:

Understand how FDR tried to expand its Relief, Recovery, and Reform programs

1. The National Industrial Recovery Act was initiated by (Hoover/FDR).

2. FDR’s most unpopular action was his bill to reform the ______________ _____________.

3. FDR’s wife was named ______________.

4. The right to collectively bargain was guaranteed in the W___________ Act.

5. Old-age insurance for retirees and aid to children and the disabled was created by the __________ ___________ Act.

Why was a “Second New Deal” and a “Second Hundred Days” needed?

Some gains made by First New Deal,

but modest Unemployment still high Democrats increased hold on Congress in

1934 elections More needed for “forgotten man” at

bottom of social ladder

Forgotten WomanPresident Franklin D. Roosevelt campaigned on helping the "forgotten man." As shown in this political cartoon Eleanor Roosevelt, the First Lady, did not forget women. She worked diligently to ensure that they benefited from the New Deal and had access to government and the Democratic Party. (Franklin D. Roosevelt Library)

Forgotten Woman

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Eleanor Roosevelt visits West Virginia Coal Mine, 1933A New Yorker cartoon of 1933 portrayed one coal miner exclaiming to another: "Oh migosh, here comes Mrs. Roosevelt." But reality soon caught up with humor, as the First Lady immersed herself in the plight of the poor and the exploited. ( (c) Bettmann/Corbis)

Eleanor Roosevelt visits West Virginia Coal Mine, 1933

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Election of 1936 Landon (Republican), Gov. of Kansas FDR (Democrat), incumbent

ISSUE: “waste” and radicalism of New Deal

OUTCOME: 523 to 8 for FDR

ANALYSIS: FDR built a new coalition of South, blacks, urbanites, poor and “New Immigrants”

http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/elections/maps/1936ec.gif

“Second” Hundred Days& Later Reforms

“Second” Agricultural Adjustment ActHelp sharecroppers, small farmers, migrant workers

Works Progress Administration (WPA)Employed 8 million between 1935 & 1943

National Youth Administration (NYA)PART time work for youth (vs. FULL time in CCC)

Wagner ActRight to collective bargaining for workersNational Labor Relations Board – for workers

Minimum Wage (1938) Social Security Act (1935) 21st Amendment – Repeal Prohibition

HELP FOR FARMERSRecovery starts with the first AAA, but the Supreme Court strikes it and other New Deal programs down as unconstitutional in 1936 because it contained taxes for subsidies.

1938- Congress passes “Second” Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), without the subsidies tax.Helps sharecroppers, small farmers, migrant

workers

NOTE!!! 2nd AAA targets aid for the groups that get FDR re-elected and which did not get help in the 1st AAA

HELP FOR PROFESSIONALS, YOUTH, AND ARTISTS

Works Progress Administration (WPA)Employed 8 million between 1935 & 1943

FOCUS: Unskilled workers construct public works;

Skilled workers (artists, teachers, architects) hired to create cultural, literary, and intellectual “common goods.”

National Youth Administration (NYA)PART time work for youth (vs. FULL time in CCC)

Ansel Adams – WPA employee

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Ansel_Adams_-_Farm_workers_and_Mt._Williamson.jpg

WPA artist Alfred Castagne painting WPA construction workers, May 19, 1939The Works Progress Administration not only built roads and buildings, but also provided employment for teachers, writers, and artists. A common theme among WPA artists and writers was the strength and dignity of common people as they faced their difficult lives. Here, a Michigan WPA artist sketches WPA workers. (National Archives)

WPA artist Alfred Castagne painting WPA construction workers, May 19, 1939

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http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/S?ammem/mesnbib:@field(AUTHOR+@od1(Lycurgas,+Edward))

Young harvester by Walker Evans in the fields of Westmorland County, Pennsylvania

(Library of Congress)

Young harvester by Walker Evans in the fields of Westmorland County, Pennsylvania

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Early Labor Relations NIRA receives broad “legislative” powers Writes codes of “fair competition” Receives cooperation of labor and business – at first Continuing economic stagnation erodes voluntary

nature of codes Supreme Court kills NIRA with Schechter decision

unconstitutional delegation of legislative powersregulation of INTRA-state commerce unconstitutional

PWA (Public Works Administration) replaces NRA

and proves more successful and more constitutional.

A. L. A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United StatesCERTIORARI TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUITNo. 854 Argued: May 2, 3, 1935 --- Decided: May 27, 1935

[*] 1. Extraordinary conditions, such as an economic crisis, may call for

extraordinary remedies, but they cannot create or enlarge constitutional power. P. 528.

2. Congress is not permitted by the Constitution to abdicate, or to transfer to others, the essential legislative functions with which it is vested. Art. I, § 1; Art. I, § 8, par. 18. Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan, 293 U.S. 388. P. 529.

3. Congress may leave to selected instrumentalities the making of subordinate rules within prescribed limits, and the determination of facts to which the policy, as declared by Congress, is to apply; but it must itself lay down the policies and establish standards. P. 530.

4. The delegation of legislative power sought to be made to the President by § 3 of the National Industrial Recovery Act of June 16, 1933, is unconstitutional (pp. 529 et seq.), and the Act is also unconstitutional, as applied in this case, because it exceeds the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce and invades the power reserved exclusively to the States (pp. 542 et seq.).

Help for Retirees:Social Security

1935 Unemployment insurance Support for retired workers Financed by payroll taxes Disability provisions as well for blind,

orphans, etc.

NOTE!!! Had to be employed to get coverage!!!

Social Security posterEnacted in 1935, Social Security has been one of the most enduring of all New Deal programs. This poster urges eligible Americans to apply promptly for their Social Security cards. (Library of Congress)

Social Security poster

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In what ways did the Tennessee Valley Authority benefit the region of the

Tennessee River Basin?

How many states were affected?

Map: The Tennessee Valley Authority

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OBJECTIVE: to learn how the New Deal affected various social and ethnic groups