Project Readiness Package Rev 7/22/11

INTRODUCTION:The primary objective of this Project Readiness Package (PRP) is to describe the proposed project by documenting requirements (customer needs and expectations, specifications, deliverables, anticipated budget, skills and resources needed, and people/ organizations affiliated with the project. This PRP will be utilized by faculty to evaluate project suitability in terms of challenge, depth, scope, skills, budget, and student / faculty resources needed. It will also serve as an important source of information for students during the planning phase to develop a project plan and schedule.

In this document, italicized text provides explanatory information regarding the desired content. If a particular item or aspect of a section is not applicable for a given project, enter N/A (not applicable). For questions, contact Mark Smith at 475-7102, mark.smith@rit.edu.

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION:

Project Name (tentative): Portable multiuse, single person shelter Project Number, if known: P13414

Preferred Start/End Quarter in Senior Design:

Faculty Champion: (technical mentor: supports proposal development, anticipated technical mentor during project execution; may also be Sponsor)

Name Dept. Email PhoneSarah Brownell various sabeie@rit.edu 585-330-6434 cell, no txtBeth DeBartolo ME eademe@rit.edu 585-475-2152

For assistance identifying a Champion: B. Debartolo (ME), G. Slack (EE), J. Kaemmerlen (ISE), R. Melton (CE)

Other Support, if known: (faculty or others willing to provide expertise in areas outside the domain of the Faculty Champion)

Name Dept. Email PhoneMatt Marshal (human factors)

ISE mmmeie@rit.edu 9-1591

Carl Lundgren (interest) ME tech

calite@rit.edu 585-475-2450

Project “Guide” if known: (project mentor: guides team through Senior Design process and grades students; may also be Faculty Champion)

Sarah Brownell, sabeie@rit.edu, 585-330-6434 cell, no txt

Primary Customer, if known (name, phone, email): (actual or representative user of project output; articulates needs/requirements)

Sarah Brownell, sabeie@rit.edu, 585-330-6434 cell, no txt

Sponsor(s): (provider(s) of financial support)

Name/Organization Contact Info. Type & Amount of Support Committed

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Fall/Winter Fall/Spring Winter/Spring

Project Readiness Package Rev 7/22/11

KGCOE Mark Smith

PROJECT OVERVIEW: 2-3 paragraphs that provide a general description of the project – background, motivation, customers, problem you’re trying to solve, project objectives.

The goal of this project is to design a single person shelter that can be transported easily to its location, installed with few or no tools, and used for various activities such as showering, changing clothes, medical consultation, and using the bathroom. The design must be capable of withstanding strong winds without permanent damage and protect the person inside from rain and sun. The idea for this project came from Sarah Brownell’s experience in Haiti where she faced challenges finding private locations to shower and use the bathroom—something the locals deal with on a daily basis. However, the design could be applicable to camping expeditions in remote areas, festivals with a carry-in/carry out requirement (like Burning Man), or natural disaster situations.

Every 20 seconds a child dies from a preventable illness caused by unsafe drinking water, poor hygiene and inadequate sanitation1. Although the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for water access have been met ahead of schedule, the world is not on track to meet goals for access to sanitation by 20152. Nearly half of the people living in developing regions still lack improved sanitation3. Haiti is one of the few countries where sanitation coverage has declined between 1990 and 2010 from 24% to 17%4. It has a large rural population, with a relatively high population density, subsisting on small plots of land scattered throughout its many mountains. Only 10% of rural Haitians currently have any form of improved sanitation such as a latrine4. Haiti embodies the difficult sanitation challenges faced by many countries--poverty, poor infrastructure, and low levels of education—that keep the world from meeting its sanitation goals, and finding a solution that works there could have worldwide impact.

Very inexpensive sanitation technologies are essential to helping those who live on less than $2/day achieve coverage. The ratio of financial investment in sanitation by households vs. public works departments is 10:15, suggesting that the bulk of the cost of meeting the MDG for sanitation coverage will likely fall on users. Peter Morgan’s arborloo, a movable slab over a shallow pit, is one of the simplest and most affordable (under $50) sanitation technologies (figure 1). It has the added advantages of being constructed from common materials with local labor using simple tools, and once the toilet is moved a fruit tree or a small garden can be planted in the pit, reclaiming the nutrients from human wastes to generate food or income for the user. Arborloos cannot be used in all environments, but are appropriate solutions for rural areas where water tables are low, water sources are remote, and the infrastructure needed to support more technically sophisticated approaches is lacking.

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Figure 1: The arborloo developed by Peter Morgan

However, many people in need of sanitation in these areas are not familiar with the arborloo, and the improved systems that they do know, such as latrines and septic tanks, cost hundreds of dollars to build and empty. Rural Haitian families have limited cash resources, and many needs go unmet, including sanitation.

In 2006, 20 arborloos with a concrete base, a ½ sheet of corrugated steel roof, and a shelter made of wooden poles covered with sleeping mats woven from palm fronds with were constructed in Borgne, Haiti by Sustainable Organic Integrated Livelihoods (SOIL) (see figure 2). Each arborloo cost $40-$50 including transportation and labor. Ten were built as public facilities to be managed by a community organization on a beach regularly used as a “toilet” and 10 were built as family arborloos at people’s homes.

Figure 2: Borgne arborloos, public beach Figure 3: Modern arborloo.

Within a year, all the public arborloos had been abandoned or had succumbed to hurricane winds. The community organization (unpaid volunteers) did not clean them adequately and failed to move them when they became full. The location on the beach was also subject to high winds during hurricanes that blew down the simple structures. However, the arborloos built at individual homes were maintained, moved when full, and repaired after hurricanes. The success of the household arborloos suggests that household arborloos are more likely to be valued, used, and maintained than public ones. Interestingly, other

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households in the area did not take it upon themselves to build their own arborloos, despite the simple design. Another observation made by SOIL workers was that Haitians seemed to prefer a corrugated metal version of the arborloo designed to be more hurricane resistant to the standard wood and thatch version because it was more modern looking (figure 3). The disadvantage of the metal arborloo is that it costs twice as much as the standard version and requires a drill to assemble. Remi Kaupp found that, at least in Haiti, people install toilets “for the visitors’ use” or “for comfort and convenience”6 more often than “health”, suggesting that a toilet is viewed as a sign of status rather than a necessity.

The goal of this project is to redesign the arborloo into an affordable, status conferring “product” that can be promoted, sold, installed quickly, and maintained by local entrepreneurs. One disadvantage of the current design is that it takes 2 days to install because of the wait for the concrete to set. If the arborloo could be installed in a shorter time, an entrepreneur could install multiple in one day after recruiting households to participate in a given area. A design that leverages the benefits of both manufactured parts and local materials is preferred such that the arborloo is transformed into a modern-looking, desirable product. A leading question for the team might be “How can we make Haitians WANT to purchase and install an arborloo at their home?”

DETAILED PROJECT DESCRIPTION:The goal of this section is provide enough detail for faculty to assess whether the proposed project scope and required skills are appropriate for 5th year engineering students working over two quarters. The sequence of the steps listed below may depend on your project, and the process is usually iterative, so feel free to customize. Emphasis is on the “whats” (qualitative and quantitative), not the “hows” (solutions), except for the section on “potential concepts,” which is necessary to assess the appropriateness of required skills and project scope. Not all of the information in this section may be shared with students. (Attach extra documentation as needed).

Customer Needs and Objectives: Comprehensive list of what the customer/user wants or needs to be able to do in the “voice of the customer,” not in terms of how it might be done; desired attributes of the solution.

Customer Needs and Objectives: Customer Need #

Importance Description The new arborloo….

CN1 9 Is low cost ( $50).CN2 9 Does not physically harm the user (reduces risk of falling into the pit,

slipping, tripping, tipping over, etc.).CN3 9 Safely covers an 18-20 inch diameter pit, 3-4 ft deep.CN4 9 Assembles and disassembles easily with hand tools.CN5 9 Is easy to move a short distance to a new location when the pit is full by 2-4

men.CN6 9 Has a modern aesthetic.CN7 9 Is inexpensive to repair.CN8 9 Survives a hurricane or is easy to repair after a hurricane.CN9 3 Provides full privacy.CN10 3 Is comfortable to use.CN11 3 Is made of materials that can be transported long distance by a donkey or

person.CN12 3 Is made of materials that are either locally available or easily transported

internationally by air or ship.CN13 3 Can be installed in ½ day.CN14 3 Is easily to clean and maintain.CN15 3 Inhibits flies.CN16 3 Protects user from sun, rain, and excessive heat.CN17 3 Has a modular design (people can buy it in pieces, for example, buy the base,

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then add the shelter, then add a seat at a later time for additional fee)CN18 1 Provides lighting for use.CN19 1 Minimizes odor.CN20 1 Can be installed by 2 people (technician and helper).

Functional Decomposition: Functions and sub-functions (verb-noun pairs) that are associated with a system/solution that will satisfy customer needs and objectives. Focus on “what” has to be achieved and not on “how”it is to be achieved – decompose the system only as far as the (sub) functions are solution independent. This can be a simple function list or a diagram (functional diagram, FAST (why-how) diagram, function tree). 

Provide sanitation to rural Haiti using the arborloo model:

Provide support for user over hole (base) Separate user from wastes/ground

Support user's weightIndicate proper mode of useStay in place over holeKeep user safe Protect children from falling in hole

Protect user from slippingProtect user from trippingReduce possibility of hole collapseClean easilyInhibit fliesBe light weight enough for moving to new nearby location by 2 peopleShow "full" status clearly

Provide comfortable mode for doing business

Provide comfortable interface for squattingProvide comfortable interface for sitting (may be modular)Inhibit insects/animals in holeInhibit odorsFacilitate night use

Interface with shelter/super-structureFacilitate composting

Provide protection for user (shelter) Provide privacy

Protect user's comfort and safety Provide lightingAvoid excessive heat gainProtect from rain/sunResist tippingFacilitate night use

Be light weight enough for moving to Page 5 of 12

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new nearby location by 2 peopleInterface with baseWithstand/survive hurricanes

Facilitate distribution in remote areas and poor rural communities

Be lightweight for international shipping (non-local parts)Be able to be transported on a donkey's backFit in standard size shipping box (non local parts)Be inexpensive Be inexpensive to purchase

Be inexpensive to maintainAllow for modular construction

Be easy to build/install on siteBe easy to repair

Resist damageResist environmental damage (wind, water, salt, mold, animals)Resist damage from user errorResist normal wear and tear

Be desirableBe aesthetically pleasing/status symbolEvoke a feeling of modern sanitationProvide tangible benefit to user

Specifications (or Engineering/Functional Requirements): Translates “voice of the customer” into “voice of the engineer.” Specifications describe what the system should (shall) do in language that has engineering formality. Specifications are quantitative and measureable because they must be testable/ verifiable, so they consist of a metric (dimension with units) and a value. We recommend utilizing the aforementioned functional decomposition to identify specifications at the function/ sub-function levels. Target values are adequate at this point – final values will likely be set after students develop concepts and make tradeoffs on the basis of chosen concepts. Consider the following types of specifications:geometry (dimensions, space), kinematics (type & direction of motion), forces, material, signals, safety, ergonomics (comfort, human interface issues), quality, production (waste, factory limitations), assembly, transport/packaging, operations (environmental/noise), maintenance, regulatory (UL, IEEE, FDA, FCC, RIT).

Customer Needs

Spec Number Specification Direction Units Marg. Ideal Notes

CN1 S1 Cost in lots of 1000 minimize $ 100 50

CN1, CN17 S2

Cost of most expensive component minimize $ 30 20

design to be modular/cheap to repair

CN2, CN10 S3

Force supported by floor over hole in the ground maximize N >1200 >2000

95th Percentile of Male Weight: 116 kg at Peak Weight is 1137N [http://www.halls.md/chart/men-weight-w.htm] Is jumping a concern?

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CN3 S4

Maximum hole size (in ground) safely covered by base maximize m 0.3 0.5

CN9, CN10 S5 Provides privacy yes

binary yes yes

CN2, CN10 S6

Maximum assembled squat hole diameter m <=0.21 <=0.21

To prevent children from falling in (hole doesn't have to be round, could be keyhole shape) For safety guidelines, see http://playgroundsafety.org/standards/cpsc

CN2, CN8, CN10 S7

Minimum torque required to begin tipping maximize Nm 1200 2200

Person pushing w/ 1000 N at 2 m high (y), 1 m horizontal from pivot (x)--push is perpendicular to line through pivot. Prevent people/wind from tipping the arborloo (depends on center of gravity) (check numbers?)

CN2, CN10 S8

OR Static coefficient of friction target >0.5 >0.6

ASTM C-1028-96 (Standard Test Method for Determining the Static Coefficient of Friction of Ceramic Tile and Other Like Surfaces by the Horizontal Dynamometer Pull-Meter Method) May not be able to actually test, but consider: http://www.stonesource.com/stone-source/techinfo/slip-resistance-what-specifiers-should-know

CN2 S9

Meets playground safety criteria for toddlers or keeps them out

Exact specifications depend on design, see: http://playgroundsafety.org/standards/cpsc

CN2 S10Tripping hazards inside shelter minimize

only behind

sit/ squat plate 0

CN2 S11Tripping hazards outside shelter minimize

none in access path 0

CN4, CN13 S12

Time to assemble on site minimize hrs <6 <4

CN4, CN17, maybe CN8 S13

Assembles/ disassembles with hand tools yes

binary yes yes

CN5 S14

Weight of largest assembled piece to move during relocation minimize N 4320 2160

2 or 4 person lift at 110 kg ea., may be able to be dragged…

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CN5 S15provides hand holds to facilitate moving yes yes yes

helps the user easily move the arborloo

CN8 S16

Wind speeds withstood/accommodated (estimated) maximize mph >75 >115

category 1 - 3 hurricane (based on hurricane history in Haiti)

CN6 S17

% of those surveyed rating the arborloo as aesthetically pleasing maximize % >50 >60

CN7, CN14 S18

Minimum lifespan of a component (estimate) maximize years 1 3

assume category 3 hurricane once a year in estimate

CN7 S19

Cost of most expensive replacement part with a lifespan <3 years minimize $ <10 <5

CN10 S20

% of users who rate the sit or squat plate a 4 or above out of 5 for "comfortable to use" maximize % 60 80

CN8, CN14, CN17 S21

Time to disassemble and reassemble (for repair) minimize hrs 8 4

CN11 S22

Maximum mass of each individual component before assembly on site minimize kg 200 40 For transportation

CN12 S23

Component availability for one unit NA

some parts must come

by special

air freight

or contain

er

parts are

local or ship by standar

d air

Ideally, no special shipping circumstances: parts for a single unit are locally available and/or ship by air. Parts for multiple units can ship by pallet or container.

CN1, CN12 S24

Cost per unit to ship imported parts to Haiti by ocean container minimize $ <20 <10

cost of container ($5000)/number of arborloos inside

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CN14 S25

Ease of cleaning (need to get standard?) maximize

cleans with soap,

water, and

abrasive sponge

cleans with

water and

cloth

Or check ASTM C756 - 87(2011)e1 Standard Test Method for Cleanability of Surface Finishes

CN15 S26

Inhibit fly entry--largest open hole to pit minimize mesh 10 18

or use other fly inhibition (wind/light) method

CN16 S27

Maximum inside temperature above ambient in direct sunlight (4 hours with minimal wind) minimize oC 7 4

or another method?? Modeling? Use experimental results in Rochester to model results for Haiti? Use solar simulator?

CN16 S28 Resists rain maximize

level passe

d ? 4?IEC60529* digit 2 Level 0-8 not sure which level is for rain

CN18 S29light available during daytime maximize lux 50 100

see http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/light-level-rooms-d_708.html, do we have a meter?

CN18 S30Light available at night maximize lux 0 20 (not required)

CN19 S31 Minimize odor

not sure how to test this one…could be more a factor of ventilation and/or cover material

CN20 S32Number of people required to install minimize # 3 2

Constraints: External factors that, in some way, limit the selection of solution alternatives. They are usually imposed on the design and are not directly related to the functional objectives of the system but apply across the system (eg. cost and schedule constraints). Constraints are often included in the specifications list but they often violate the abstractness property by specifying “how”.

Cost less than $50 in lots of 1000 Designs that can be purchased modularly are preferred. Consider odor reduction Utilizes local and/or easily shipped parts Consider the possibility of parts being manufactured in Haiti at a later time Prototype completed by end of MSDII

Project Deliverables: Expected output, what will be “delivered” – be as specific and thorough as possible.

o Working Prototypeo Bill of Materialso Design Drawings for manufacturing or modifying all partso Assembly Plano User Manual for installers

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o Test Plan o Clearly documented Test Resultso Technical Papero Poster

Budget Estimate: Major cost items anticipated.

Benchmarking: $100Prototyping: $400Testing: $100TOTAL: $600

Intellectual Property (IP) considerations: Describe any IP concerns or limitations associated with the project. Is there patent potential? Will confidentiality of any data or information be required?

Open source design.

Other Information: Describe potential benefits and liabilities, known project risks, etc.

The challenge is designing something that works but meets cost, transportation, and assembly time criteria.

Continuation Project Information, if appropriate: Include prior project(s) information, and how prior project(s) relate to the proposed project.

DPM Team R12401 conducted research and benchmarking on arborloos in Spring 2012. https://edge.rit.edu/content/R12401/public/Home

STUDENT STAFFING:

Skills Checklist: Complete the “PRP_Checklist” document and include with your submission.

Anticipated Staffing Levels by Discipline: Team of 5-6 students

Discipline How Many? Anticipated Skills Needed (concise descriptions)

EE 0

ME 3-4 DFMA, CAD, materials and process selection. Structural analysis, failure analysis. Part lifetime estimates. Minor heat transfer modeling.

CE 0

ISE

1-2 Ergonomics of the sitting/squatting human interface and carrying mechanism for relocating the arborloo, safety considerations especially for toddlers/children and for relocating, materials selection and manufacturing processes, DFMA, and logistics (transport) considerations.

Other 1 Mech Eng. Tech. for expertise on materials and manufacturing processes, if available.

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OTHER RESOURCES ANTICIPATED:Describe resources needed to support successful development, implementation, and utilization of the project. This could include specific faculty expertise, laboratory space and equipment, outside services, customer facilities, etc. Indicate if resources are available, to your knowledge.

Category Description Resource Available?

Faculty Sarah Brownell

Beth DeBartolo (ME)

Carl Ludgren (ME Tech)

Matt Marshall (ISE)

Environment MSD Area

Outdoor area with hole

Equipment Brinkman Lab, CNC, and rapid prototyping equipment (possibly)

Light meter

Slip measurement equipment (Matt Marshal)

Thermocouples

Solar simulator (Carl Lundgren)

Basic tools in MSD labs (hand tools, scale, tape measure, etc)

Heavy duty sewing machine (for tarp/canvas/plastic-depending on design…)

Materials Plastics, metal, natural materials (bamboo, wood poles), canvas, tarp, etc. (purchase)

Other

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1 Estimated with data from The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)/World Health Organization (WHO). (2009). Diarrhoea: Why children are still dying and what can be done. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241598415_eng.pdf

2 World Health Organization. March 2012. Millennium Development Goal drinking water target met. Accessed 6/9/12 at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2012/drinking_water_20120306/en/

3 WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation. (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water, 2010 Update. http://www.unicef.org/media/files/JMP-2010Final.pdf

4 World Health Organization. 2010. Interactive Charts. http://gamapserver.who.int/gho/interactive_charts/mdg7/atlas.html?indicator=i3&date=2008

5 George, Rose. The Big Necessity. (2008) Metropolitan Books Henry Holt and Company, LLC. New York, New York.

6 Kaupp, Remi. Sanitation in urban and peri-urban areas of Cap-Haitien, Haiti: The promotion of different latrine options through a social marketing approach. (2006) A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree of MSc in Engineering for Development, University of Southampton.

Prepared by: Date:

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