[object xmldocument]matreilal types
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The Engineering metals play an important role in an
industry, because the process of all manufacturing starts with the raw
materials. The materials, mainly used in actual practice may be
broadly divided into the following Two Groups:
Aluminum , Copper , Zinc , Brass & Etc.
The metals, which contain a metal
other than iron as their main constituent, are called Non-Ferrous Metals. The various Non-Ferrous metals used in
industry are
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The metals, which contain iron as their main
constituent, are called Ferrous Metals. The various ferrous
metals used in industry are
Pig Iron,
Cast Iron.Wrought Iron and
Steel
Steel is the generic term for a large family of Iron-Carbon alloys, which are malleable, within some
temperature range, immediately after solidification form
the molten state. The principle raw materials used in steel
making are Iron ore, Coal, and Limestone
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Is steel that owes its distinctive properties chiefly to the carbonis contains.A steel qualifies as a Carbon Steel while it contains the
following materials at the rated percentage.
Manganese - 1.65 % (maximum)
Silicon - 0.60 % (maximum)
Copper - 0.60 % (maximum)
CLASSIFICATION OF CARBON STEEL :
Carbon Steel can be subdivided roughly into Three groups :1. LOW CARBON STEEL : Carbon - 0.05 To 0.25 %
2. MEDIUM CARBON STEEL : Carbon - 0.30 To 0.55 %
3. HIGH CARBON STEEL : Carbon - 0.60 To 1.30 %
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Is steel that owes its distinctive properties chiefly to same
element or elements other that carbon, or jointly to such other elements
and carbon. Alloy steels posses high yield point and high strength. Theyare more stronger, tougher and fatigue resistant than carbon steel.
CLASSIFICATION OF ALLOY STEEL:
Alloy Steel can be subdivided roughly into Three groups:
1. LOW ALLOYSTEEL 2. MEDIUM ALLOY STEEL
3. HIGH ALLOY STEEL
1. LOW ALLOY STELL :
Alloy steels contain one or more alloying agents to improve
mechanical and corrosion - resistant properties over those to carbon
steel. A typical low - alloy grade containsCarbon : 0.40 %
Manganese : 0.70 %
Nickel : 1.85 %
Chromium : 0.80 %
Molybdenum : 0.25 %
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STAINLESS STEEL :
Stainless steels are high-alloy steels and have superior corrosion
resistant to the carbon and conventional low-alloy steels because they
contain relatively large amount of Chromium.
Stainless steels are iron base alloy containing Chromium as the
main alloying element with a minimum content of 10.5% to make it
resistant to staining, rusting, scaling in most of the corrosive
environments.
Several other alloying elements like Nickel, Molybdenum,
Manganese,Copper, Titanium, etc. are also added in different grades
in order to improve its Metallurgical, Physical and Mechanical
Properties to suit typical and use requirements.
Most of metals and alloys loose their strength and start scaling
when heated to high temperature and become brittle at low temperature.
Stainless steel retain its strength to great extent and do not scale at high
temperature, and at the same time they maintain their toughness and
ductility even at subzero temperature.
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CLASSFICATION OF STAINLESS STEEL :
In the broadest sense the Stainless steels can be divided into
Three basic groups based on their structures:1. AUSTENITIC
2. FERITIC
3. MARTENSITIC
The crystal structure of the metal depends upon the
configuration of its atoms to form unit cell.
# In austenitic steel metal atoms are arranged in
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
# In ferritic steel metal atoms are arranged in
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
# In martensitic steel metal atoms are arranged in
Body Centered Teragonal (BCT)
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Alloying
Elements
Chromium
Nickel In
Pearlite
Nickel In
Austenite
Molybdenum
Manganese In
Pearlite
Manganese In
Austenite
Nitrogen
Silicon
Phosphorous
Sulphur
Hardness Strength Yield Point Elongation Corrosion
Resistance
EFFECT OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS ON THE PROPERTIES OF STEEL
n
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ENGG.MATERIALS
METALSCERAMIC ORGANIC
FERROUS METALS NON-FERROUS METALS
PIG IRON CAST IRON WROUGHT STEEL WROUGHT IRON
CARBON STEEL ALLOY STEEL STAINLESS STEEL
LOW C.S MEDIUM C.S HIGH C.S
LOW A.S MEDIUM A.S HIGH A.S
AUSTENITI FERITIC MARTENSITIC