Obj- SWBAT- Describe how the reform movements of the 1800s affected life in the United States

DO NOW- When and how did women receive the right to vote?

The Second GreatAwakening

The Second GreatAwakening

“Spiritual Reform From Within”

[Religious Revivalism]

Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality

Temperance

Asylum &Penal

Reform

Education

Women’s Rights

Abolitionism

Revivalism

Charles G. Finney

PROBLEMS TO SOLVELack of Faith &

Personal Responsibility

• Challenged the belief that God had predestined your salvation (Heaven/Hell)

• Stressed personal responsibility—your actions matter

METHODS USED

• Held large, public revival meetings (religious gatherings)

• Influential speakers used moving sermons to motivate followers

Second Great AwakeningRevival Meeting

Second Great AwakeningRevival Meeting

The ranges of tents, the fires, reflecting light…; the candles and lamps illuminating the encampment; hundreds moving to and fro…;the preaching, praying, singing, and shouting,… like the sound of many waters, was enough to swallow up all the powers of contemplation.

Charles G. Finney

(1792 – 1895)

Charles G. Finney

(1792 – 1895)

“soul-shaking”

conversionR1-2

The leaders of the Second Great Awakening preached that their

followers had a sacred responsibility to improve life on Earth through reform, especially

for the disadvantaged

Transcendentalism

Ralph WaldoEmerson

PROBLEMS TO SOLVEPersonal Responsibility for actions • Believed that

faith could be found without large, loud, public revival meetings.

METHODS USED

• Stressed individual strength & a simple life

• Truth found in nature

• Used literature to call for human rights (wanted to end slavery, reform institutions & prisons)

Transcendentalist ThinkingTranscendentalist Thinking Man must acknowledge a body of

moral truths that were intuitive and must TRANSCEND more sensational proof:

1. The infinite benevolence of God.

2. The infinite benevolence of nature.

3. The divinity of man.

They instinctively rejected all secular authority and the authority of organized churches and the Scriptures, of law, or of conventions

Transcendentalism(European Romanticism)

Transcendentalism(European Romanticism)

Therefore, if man was divine, it would be wicked that he should be held in slavery, or his soul corrupted by superstition, or his mind clouded by ignorance!!

Thus, the role of the reformer was to restore man to that divinity which God had endowed them.

Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers

Concord, MA

Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers

Concord, MA

Ralph WaldoEmerson

Henry DavidThoreau

Nature(1832) Walden

(1854)

Resistance to Civil

Disobedience(1849)

Self-Reliance (1841)

“The American Scholar”

(1837) R3-1/3/4/5

The Transcendentalist AgendaThe Transcendentalist Agenda Give freedom to the slave.

Give well-being to the poor and the miserable.

Give learning to the ignorant.

Give health to the sick.

Give peace and justice to society.

School & Prison Reform

Horace Mann

Dorothea Dix

PROBLEMS TO SOLVELack of Education • Few received a

formal education beyond 10 yrs

Inhumane treatment of Mentally ill and Prisoners • Mentally ill were

jailed with prisoners, both treated harshly

METHODS USED

• Fought for public schools for all

• Published fact finding reports, spoke out publicly, stressed rehabilitation for prisoners

Educational Reform Educational Reform

Religious Training Secular Education

MA always on the forefront of public educational reform * 1st state to establish tax support for

local public schools.

By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites. * US had one of the highest literacy rates.

“Father of American Education”

Horace Mann (1796-1859)

Horace Mann (1796-1859)

children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officialschildren should be “molded” into a state of perfectiondiscouraged corporal punishment

established state teacher- training programs

R3-6

The McGuffey Eclectic Readers

The McGuffey Eclectic Readers

Used religious parables to teach “American values.”

Teach middle class morality and respect for order.Teach “3 Rs” + “Protestant ethic” (frugality, hard work, sobriety)

R3-8

Slavery & Abolition Frederick Douglass

William Lloyd Garrison

PROBLEMS TO SOLVE1.Slavery in the

South

2.Apathy toward slavery in the North

METHODS USED

• Douglass toured the north to speak out against slavery

• Both Douglass &

Garrison published anti-slavery newspapers

Women & Reform

Susan B. AnthonyElizabeth Cady Stanton

PROBLEMS TO SOLVE1.Women’s Rights

2.Temperance (alcohol abuse)

3.Abolition of Slavery

METHODS USED

• Held large public protests

• Held Women’s Rights convention 1848 (Seneca Falls)

• Spoke out through rallies & various writings

Women’s rights advocates seek to break the Cult of Domesticity

The belief that women should only work in the home to perform domestic duties (children, house, family)

Women call for property rights, custody rights for their children

The right to vote, and sit on juries

Campaign for equal political rights

Women’s Rights

Early 19c WomenEarly 19c Women1. Unable to vote.2. Legal status of a minor.3. Single could own her own

property.4. Married no control over her

property or her children.5. Could not initiate divorce.6. Couldn’t make wills, sign a

contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

Public Drunkenness remained a serious problem

Women believed that alcohol use by men was hurting families and society

Women became the leaders of the temperance movement.

Temperance Movement