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Obituary.PROFESSOR CARL LUDWIG.

THE death of Professor Carl Ludwig has deprived theworld not only of its greatest teacher of physiology, but ofone whose labours in this department of science have beenof the utmost service to practical medicine. Numerous and

important as the discoveries which Ludwig and his scholarshave made, the most important work of his life will never-theless be his introduction of self-recording instrumentsinto the domain of physiology. With characteristic gene-rosity he was always careful to bring prominently forwardthe works of his predecessors, and he venerated StephenHales, the English country clergyman who first measuredthe pressure of the blood in a glass tube, as the pioneerwho first estimated physiological processes quantitatively.Ludwig’s invention

of recording the oscilla- tions of blood pressuretions of blood pressurein animals by a pen swimming on the sur-face of a manometerwas followed in a fewyears by the sphygmo-graph of Vierordt andthe elaborate apparatus- af Helmholtz for esti-mating the rate atwhich a stimulus travelsalong nerves. All therecording instruments-and they are now verynumerous - by whichthe various movementsof living beings writetheir own record auto-matically are directlydescended from thecymograph of Ludwig.The great object of hislife was to withdrawthe phenomena of phy-siology from the hazeof fancy and incertitudein which they were upto his time more or

less enveloped, and tobring them into a linewith the well-knownphenomena of physicsand chemistry. To thisend his three friends,to whom he dedicated -his Text-book of Physio-logy-Professor Brucke,Professor Helmholtz,and Professor Dn Bois Raymond—also worked, and theeffect of the labours of this band upon physiological scienceit would be impossible to over-estimate. To this objectLudwig devoted the whole of a long life of tireless industry,working almost to the last with wonderful vigour. AHessian by birth, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig studiedat Marburg and Erlangen. He graduated at Marburg in1839 at the age of twenty-two, and after holding minor postsin that quiet university town he was appointed Professorof Comparative Anatomy in 1846. In the following year heinvented the kymograph, and not only occupied himself inoriginal researches, but initiated in the work several pupils,amongst whom may be mentioned Adolf Fick and Conrad Eck-hard, now Professors of Physiology in Wutzburg and Giessenrespectively. The reputation he acquired caused his stay inthe small town of Marburg as Professor to be short, for in1M9 he was called to the much more important position ofProfessor in Zurich. Hither his scholar Fick followed him,and here also he trained, amongst other distinguished pupils,Lathar Meyer (the distinguished chemist), Westphal (theneurologist), and Cloetta (Professor of Materia Medica). In1355 he was called to a still wider sphere, and went to

PROFESSOR CARL LUDWIG.

Vienna as Professor in the Josephinum. Amongst his pupilshere were Professors Czermak, von Recklinghausen, W. guhne,Politzer, Leber, Stephan, Kupffer, Schwanda, Jendrassik,Setschenow, Einbrodt, Holmgren, Kowalewsky, MacGillavry,Preyer, and others, through whom his teaching was spreadand his influence extended throughout Austria, Hungary,Germany, Russia, Sweden, and Holland. After ten years’work in Vienna he was called to Leipzig, where, under hisdirection, the Physiological Institution soon became a centreof attraction to which physiologists flocked from all parts ofthe world. Hither he came in April, 1865, and here in April,1895, he died.These thirty years were a time of steady work, hardly broken

even by autumn holidays, for the annual vacation was thetime chosen by professors in other universities to come toenjoy Ludwig’s genial society, to see what new work he wasdoing, to learn from him new methods, and sometimes tomake a short research under his direction. The list of thosewho worked with him at Leipzig is too long to quote.Amongst his English and American pupils may be mentionedin the order of time, Lauder Brunton, Coats, Bowditch,Rutherford, Moseley, Ray Lankester, Stirling, Minot,

Gaskell, Ward, Cash,Sewall, Meade Smith,

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Wooldridge, Walton,- Buckmaster, Carslaw,

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F. S. Lee, F. Mall,W. H. Thompson, andVaughan liarley. Thenumber of his pupilsaltogether was consider-ably over two hundred,and by pupils we under-stand not those whohad simply listened tohis lectures, but menwho had worked withhim and been trainedby him to plan out

original researches forthemselves as well as toperform the experi-ments necessary tocarry them out. Thepatience, the kindness,the self - sacrifice heshowed in the trainingof his pupils can hardlybe imagined. Thoughmuch of the work wasdone by his own hand,he published it underthe name of his pupils,and there is conse-

quently a tendency tounder-estimate its vastamount. It would beas impossible to enume-rate his researches as to

name all his pupils ; allthat can be done here isto indicate the general

lines of work. These were a systematic investigation of thecirculation of the blood and lymph, the alterations in thecomposition of these fluids as they flowed through the organsand tissues of the body, the secretion of glands and excretionby the kidneys. To him and his pupils we owe most of ourknowledge regarding the conditions which affect the forceand frequency of the heart, the contractility of the vessels,the position of the vaso-motor centre, the distribution of bloodthroughout the body, and the flow of lymph. The secretionof the saliva was shown by him to occur in the severe ihead of an animal provided the lymphatics arcund theglands were full so as to supply material for secretion.To his researches on the secretion of urine we owe ourcomprehension of why the urine is abundant in the hightension of gout, why it is scanty in mitral disease, andwhy the secretion becomes less copious when the goutyheart begins to fail and the arterial tension to fall.In order to study accurately the changes in the blood andlymph he devised the plan of keeping up an artificial circula-tion in individual organs, such as the lungs, kidneys, andliver. By this method new knowledge was also gained re-garding the contractile power of the bloodvessels apart from

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any nervous centre. The methods introduced by Ludwig into the study of physiology have also proved fruitful in pharmaco- logy, and it is through their employment that any exact i

knowledge of the action of medicines on the heart and circulation which we now possess has chiefly been obtained.When we compare our present knowledge of the conditionswhich affect the circulation and of the means by which we can influence it with what it was when Ludwig began hiswork, we can guess, though we can hardly estimate exactly,how much practical medicine owes to him. His personalcharacter was such as is very rare in any countryand at any time, for to extraordinary insight andmental power he united a charm of manner, kindness,and courtesy which made all those who worked withhim his life-long friends; while the example he showed ofdevotion to the search after truth, of self-sacrifice, and ofgenerosity was such that they could hardly do otherwisethan try to follow in his footsteps. His death will be deeplymourned all the world over, and the only consolation is thathe died, as he would have wished, before his eye was so dimor his natural strength so abated that he could no longerengage in the work which was to him at once a duty and adelight.

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ARTHUR EDWARD DURHAM, F.R.C.S.THE annus medicus has so far been sadly remarkable for

the number of deaths among leaders in medicine and surgery.Already the profession has had to lament the loss of a reigningand a past president of the Royal College of Surgeons ofEngland, a leader in the field of State medicine has laid downhis arms ; and the whole scientific world is the poorer for thedeath of that master in physiology, Carl Ludwig. Followingthese comes the news of the death of one who, if not so

prominently before the world as those already mentioned, wasever ready, by his skill, his sympathy, and his purse, to helpthe affiicted or the needy.

Arthur Edward Durham was born in 1833 at Northampton.He was not originally intended for the medical profession,and was at first employed in a bank. This occupation,however, proving distasteful to him, he entered at Guy’sHospital as a medical student when about the age oftwenty-a late age in those days at which to commence.He also studied at the University of London, being a

prizeman in 1854 and passing his first M.B. examination in1857. For Mr. Hilton, whose favourite pupil he was, he didmany excellent and elaborate dissections to show the nervesupply of joints. These were undertaken to illustrate thenow well-known lectures on "Rest and Pain, " in which Mr.Hilton alludes to his colleague’s painstaking work as

follows: "The first edition, in which I had the kindlyand liberal help of my personal friends, Dr. Daldy andMr. Durham, was soon out of print." Among Mr. Durham’searliest work were researches on the physiology of sleep.He trephined the skulls of dogs and inserted glass intothe opening so as to reproduce, as far as possible, thephysical conditions during life. Observations made afterthis procedure convinced him that the cortex of the brainwas anæmic durirg sleep, not congested, as had been generallysupposed. The results of these researches were embodied ina paper published in the Guy’s Hospital Reports for 1860,as was also an excellent paper on Movable Kidneys, whichmay still be consulted with profit. With regard to hishandiwork as a surgeon he was bold, prudent, andskilful ; he particularly excelled in operations for recto-

vaginal fistula, harelip, lithotomy, and abdominal sur-

gery. His remarkably long fingers, that seemed to have

eyes in their tips, his flexible wrist and sinuous move-ments of the hand made him powerful, searching, andgraceful in all his manipulations, while his invention of thelobster-tail tracheotomy-tube has proved of great value.Throughout his hospital career, whether as student, dresser,or teacher, his kindliness of heart and willingness to assistothers endeared him to many, while as a teacher oianatomy he was unrivalled. To his patients, whether rictor poor, be was always the same, ever unsparingof himself and his skill. Neither did he only look after hispatients simply as a surgeon, but always endeavoured to givethem mental comfort as well as physical by supplying thenwith interesting books or by helping v;ith his purse thosewho their breadwinners being laid aside, would otherwisehave felt the pinch of poverty. Dr. Hilton Fagge, whl

was long associated with him as editor of the Guy’sHospital Reports, shortly before his death said to a

olleague, "Durham has just been to see me. I thinkhe is the kindest man I ever knew," and this judgmentwas amply justified after his premature decease. Mr.Durham was never a strong man, and for many yearssuffered from attacks of vomiting, the cause of which wasnever discovered. He was also exceedingly deaf, an afflictionwhich was a great trouble to him, but which, so far as hisprivate practice went, was greatly mitigated by the unselfishand never-failing labours of his brother Frederic. Forseveral years he was subject to frequent attacks of bronchitis,which ended in considerable pulmonary emphysema. Daringthe last winter he had more than one attack, but with hisindomitable spirit was ready for work again and again,On the Saturday before his death he enjoyed a long drivewith his wife and on Sunday afternoon took a walk with anold friend. That evening, however, he was very ill, and aftera restless night, with much coughing and distress, wasfound by a colleague, who was then sent for, to havepneumonia of the right lung. Darirg the whole ofMonday his condition became more and more hope.less, and he died early on Tuesday morning (May 7th).The funeral service will be held to-day (Friday) atSt. George’s, Hanover-square, at 1 P.M., and a special trainwill leave Waterloo at 2.45 P.M. to convey the remains toWoking, when they will be cremated. Mr. Durham leaves awidow and one son, who has already made his mark in hisfather’s profession.

Mr. Durham held the following appointments and offices:-At the Royal College of Surgeons of England he was electedas a member of the Council in 1884, and held that office atthe time of his death ; he was vice-president in 1892-3, but wasnever an examiner. At Gay’s Hospital he was demonstratorof anatomy ; assistant surgeon in 1861 ; full surgeon in 1872;and consulting surgeon in 1894. He was president of theStudents’ Club and used to attend nearly every meeting. Hewas interested in every movement connected with thewelfare of students, and was always ready to take the chairat any of their meetings or to put himself to any incon-venience to be of use to them, He was president of theClubs’ Union until last year, when he retired. Guy’s Hospitalwas the first to start a union to amalgamate the various socialinstitutions connected with the hospital. The Students’ Clubis the largest constituent institution of the Union, andMr. Durham as its president was brought into contact withevery student. He was also president of the cricket club,Almost the last meeting he attended was the ordinarygeneral meeting of the Students’ Club, held on March 26th,when three hearty cheers at the end of the meetingtestified to his popularity.

In addition to the literary work alluded to above he con-tributed articles on Intestinal Obstruction to "Quain’sDictionary of Medicine " ; articles on Diseases of the Noseand the Larynx to "Holmes’ System of Surgery," secondedition ; and, amongst others, a valuable paper in the Trans-actions of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society ?"Section of Laryngeal Cartilages for Removal of MorbidGrowths."

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SIR G. BUCHANAN, M.D. LOND., LL.D. EDIN, F.R.S.THE somewhat sudden and unexpected death of Sir

George Buchanan, late medical officer to the Local Govern-ment Board, has removed from our midst one of the mostdistinguished leaders in that branch of medicine which hasto do with the prevention of disease and the promotion ofpublic health. Conscious of failing health, he resigned hi’official post early in 1892, and recently under the advice ofDr. Ringer and Mr. Pollard he underwent an operationperformed by the latter. The operation was quite success-ful, and convalescence seemed all but established, when onSunday morning last, the 5th inst., he suddenly expired fromheart failure at the age of sixty-four. Sir George Buchanan wasa student of University College, where he greatly distinguished

E himself, and of which body he became a Fellow in 1864. Atithe London University he graduated B.A. in 1854 and M.D. in 1855, having at his M.B. taken three gold medals and two

scholarships. He became physician to the London Fever3Hospital and to the Hospital for Sick Children. Great Ormond-street, and for many years he held the post of medical Officer of health to St. Giles. It was with credentials such as thesoa that he first commenced work in the Medical Department cfo the Privy Council under Sir John Simon-a chief whom 1.e

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always held in highest veneration. For eight years thiswork was technically occasional only, but it took up mostof his time. One of his earliest inquiries was into the

working of the Vaccination Laws, and he then acquiredthat profound belief in the protective power of that

operation which he maintained to the end of hiscareer. He also reported on typhus fever and other ques-tions arising out of the Cotton Famine, and it was at

this period of his life that, whilst studying the influenceupon mortality of large works of public health that hewrote his classical reports to show how the death-rate fromphthisis had been reduced in proportion to the lowering ofthe subsoil water by means of works of sewerage. In 1869Sir George Buchanan permanently joined the public healthservice of the State, and in December, 1879 he succeeded tothe post of principal medical officer formerly held by Sir John’Simon and Dr. Seaton. From that date his work was mainlyadministrative, and it included the organisation of a CholeraSurvey of the country during the Earopean epidemic of 1884-85,which was renewed with such success in 1892-94. But theannual reports which he issued as medical officer show thatbe was ever at work at the scientific aspects of preventivemedicine, and they abound in introductory papers from hispen which placed him in the rank of the foremost sani-tarians of the world. When he resigned his official positionhe was still glad to work to the utmost of his ability. Hehad duties as a Member of the Senate of the University ofLondon ; he took an active interest in the work and welfareof the Court of Assistants of the Society of Apothecaries; headvised the Grocers’ Company as to their Research Scholar-ships ; and he served on the Royal Commission on Taber-culosis. When Lord Basing, the chairman of that Commission,died, Sir George Buchanan was asked to take his place; andat this juncture he had to decide between at once submittingto an operation to relieve the serious progress of his maladyand his desire, as he himself put it, to serve the Queen aslong as he could. The latter motive overcame all other con-siderations, and only the other day he submitted toHer Majesty the report of the Commission. This littleincident is, indeed, the key to his life’s history. He lovedwork for work’s sake, and this, above all, when it tended tothe welfare of others. He was never self-seeking, but healways aimed to promote the advancement and welfare ofthose who worked with and under him. Though the Statedid but little to recognise his merits, others sought to honour’him as best they could. The University of Edinburgh con-ferred on him the honorary LL. D. ; and his numerous friendsestablished the "George Buchanan" Gold Medal of the

Royal Society. It was on his retirement only that he received the honour of knighthood. The first part of the service connected with his burial was I

conducted by the Rev. Llewellyn Davies at St. Martin’s-in-the-Fields on Thursday, and the second part at the BrookwoodCemetery in Surrey. At one or other of these services many ,,

of his friends were present. Most of his colleagues at White- tall, including Dr. Thorne Thorne, C.B., F.R.S., and Mr. W. H. Power, F.R.S., were present. The President of theLocal Government Board was represented by his private ’,secretary, Mr. H. C. Monro ; the secretarial department and ’’

the general staff were represented ; and amongst otherspresent were Sir Anthony Home, V.C , K.C.B., and Professor ’,Michael Foster, Secretary to the Royal Society.

CARL VOGT.

THis distinguished German biologist died at Geneva onMay 6th at the advanced age of seventy-eight. He was bornat Giessen on July 5th, 1817, and was the son of PhilippFriedrich William Vogt of Bern, a well - known Swiss

pharmacologist. He studied under Valentin, and early devotedhimself to physiology. In 1839 he went to Neufcbatel andassisted Agassiz in various zootomical researches, in

particular contributing the whole of the first part of Agassizand Desor’s great work on I ’Freshwater Fishes of CentralEurope." In addition, he wrote at this period his work "OnMountain and Glacier " (1843), " Text-book of Geology andPaleontology (1846), the last edition of which was publishedin 1879, and Physiological Letters " (1845). In 1844 hewent to Paris, where he remained for two years, then visitedItaly, living at Rome and Nice, and returned to Germanyin the summer of 1847. He was appointed privat-docent at Giessen, but the revolution of 1848 arrested his

professional career. He threw himself with ardour into themovement as a democrat, was elected Colonel of the CivicGuard of Giessen, and became a Deputy to the GermanNational Assembly, where he distinguished himself as a

brilliant orator and an untiring advocate of democraticprogress. He followed P Mliament on its transfer to Stutt-gart, and was one of the ablest as well as one of the lastsupporters of the National party. He was compelled, how-ever, to fly from Germany, and returned to Bern and Nice,where he resumed his zoological studies, the fruits of whichwere contained in his " Ocean and Mediterranean Sea." In1852 he was nominated Professor of Geology at Geneva,and was subsequently appointed to the chair of Zoologyin that city. He from this time identified himselfwith the civic life of Switzerland, becoming a member bothof the Federal and National Councils. He was a voluminouswriter, as, in addition to the works quoted above, he wrote" Pictures of Animal Life," "Researches upon Animal Com-munities," which contained much covert satire on politicallife; "Superstition and Science," a book advocating strongma,terialistic ideas and directed against the views of Wagner,Zoological Letters," "Artificial Fish Culture," "Lectureson Useful and Noxious Animals," and many others. In 1861he conducted a scientific expedition to the North Cape. Hewas one of the earliest men of standing and science inGermany to accept the views of Darwin, and was a consistentand zealous supporter of them.

GEORGE LAFFAN, M.D., M.Ch. R.U.I,SURGEON-MAJOR, ARMY MEDICAL STAFF.

WE regret to announce the death of Surgeon-Major Laffan,which took place on April 27th in the Presidency of Madras.He was born in county Coik in 1845, and studied medicinein Qaeen’s College, Cork, graduating as M.D. in 1876. In

the following year he entered the Army Medical Service, andbecame surgeon-major in 1889. Surgeon-Major Laffan tookpart in the Soudan Expedition of 1884-85, and in the ManipurExpedition of 1891, his services in each of these operationsgaining him the award of a medal with clasp.

SAMUEL DAVIDSON, M.D. ABERD., M.R.C.S. ENG.BY the death of Dr. Samuel Davidson of Meikle Wartle,

Aberdeenshire, which took place on April 30th, our profes-sion loses a venerable and highly respected member. Thedeceased gentleman, who had attained his eighty-third yearand was the oldest medical practitioner in the county,having outlived most of his early contemporaries, became aMember of the Royal College of Surgeons of England as farback as 1834, and graduated as M.D. at Aberdeen in 1857.For the greater part of his life he resided at Meikle Wartleand enjoyed a considerable practice carried on throughout anextensive rural district, where he was regarded by all classesas a sound adviser and a trusty friend.

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Medical News.UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD: EXAMINATIONS IN

MEDICINE AND SURGERY, TRINITY TERM, 1895.-The RegiusProfessor of Medicine gives notice that the following exami-nations will take place in Trinity Term on each day at10 A.lsz. :-Final Examinationfor the Degree of Bachelor of Medicine.-To com-mence on Monday. June 10th, in the examination schools.

Examination for the Degree of Master in Surgery.-To commence onWednesday, June 19th.

First Examination for the Degree of Bachelor of Medicine.-To com-mence on Friday, June 28th.

The secretary to the Board of Faculties gives notice thathe will receive the names of candidates-either by letter, atany time not later than the under-mentioned days respectively,or from the candidates in person-at his office in the

Clarendon-building as follows :—1. Final Examination for the Degree of Bachelor of Medicine.-Fee

£1 11s. 6d. On Saturday, May 25th, from 9.30 A.M. till 10.30 A.M.2. Examination for the Degree oj hsaater in Surgery.-Fee £5. On

Wednesday, June 5th, from 9.30 A.M. till 10.30 A.M.