ob 6 - monthly variations in arsenic, cadmium and lead

8/9/2019 Ob 6 - Monthly Variations in Arsenic, Cadmium and Lead

1/23

MONTHLY VARIATIONS IN ARSENIC,

CADMIUM AND LEAD CONCENTRATIONSOF THE BROWN ALGAE, Sargassum

stolonfolium FROM BATU FERRINGGHI,PENANG, MALAYSIA

Omar Ahmad

1

and Misni Surif

1&2

1.Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies (CEMACS), 11800Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia

2.School of Distance Learning, 11800 Universiti Sains Malaysia,

Penang, Malaysia


2/23

INTRODUCTION Biomonitoring: mean of assessing relative

contamination of marine ecosystems (Roberts et al.(2008)

Usage of macroalgae as biomonitors of heavy metals

-Bryan and Hummerstone (1973), Rai et al. (1981)Rainbow and Phillips (1993), Brown et al. (1999),

Phang and Murugadas (2004)

Macroalgae: Sedentary

- able to accumulate and tolerate high

levels of heavy metals


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INTRODUCTION

Phaeophyta (Brown algae) good and efficient

biomonitors(Culinane, 1987, Amado Fillo et al, 1999)

Davis et al. (2003) most effective for biosorption

Fucus vesiculosus. Fucus serratus, Ascophyllum

nodosusTrophicsSargassum spp

Tagawa and Kojima, (1976), Ganesan et al. (1991),

Kureishy (1991), Ramachandran et al. (1994), Mazlin

etal. (1997), Phang and Murugadas (2004)


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INTRODUCTION

Single one off collection

Not viable to evaluate temporal trend

None yet address temporal trend in Malaysia

OBJECTIVES1. Determine temporal variations of arsenic,

cadmium and lead concentrations in S.

stolonifolium2. lamina or stem accumulate more

3. correlation between concentration and lengthclasses


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MATERIALS AND METHOD

2.1 Sampling locationCEMACS

BatuFerringghi

USM


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7/23


8/23


9/23

2.2 Sample Collection and Treatment> 10 healthy looking similar length (5-10 cm) collected

during low tide3 replicates from various locations

cleaned and rinsed with ambient seawater

Packed in acid washed plastic bags

Additional samples collected for various length classesin

October and November 2005

Rinsed with ultra-pure water

Lamina and stem separatedDried at 105C

Water temperature, Salinity, Conductivity, pH, Total

Suspended Solids, Total Dissolved Solids


10/23

2.3 Sample Analysis

Samples grounded, stored in PE bottles

0.25 g digested in Teflon vessels5.0 ml Ultra-pure nitric acid + 1ml Hydrogen Peroxide

Digested in ETHOS 900 Microwave Digestor

Reagent blanks and Certified Reference Material

BCR No. 279Ulva lactula

Volume adjusted to 25 ml

Samples analysed by Graphite Furnace Atomic

AbsorptionSpectrophotometer (SIMAA 6000 Perkin Elmer)

Performance check

Results expressed as dry weight (ug/g)


11/23

RESULTS

Table 1: Results of Certified Reference Materials

(mean SD)

Metal BCR 279 (Ulva lactula) (g/g dry weight)

Certified Found

Arsenic 3.09 0.20 3.45 0.55

Cadmium 0.274 0.002 0.295 0.116

Lead 13.48 0.36 14.27 1.57


12/23

RESULTS

Table 2: Physico-chemical parameter at collection sites

Month Temperature

(C)

Conductivity

(mS)

Salinity

()

pH

Jun 2005 30.1 0.1 49.80 0.15 31.6 0.2 7.40 0.05

July2005 30.2 0.1 48.96 0.20 31.5 0.3 7.29 0.03

August 2005 30.1 0.1 49.43 0.19 31.4 0.2 7.39 0.04

September

2005

29.7 0.2 48.71 0.14 31.6 0.3 7.41 0.05

October 2005 29.6 0.1 48.47 0.12 31.5 0.3 7.24 0.04

November 2005 29.5 0.1 47.44 0.13 30.9 0.2 7.23 0.05

December 2005 29.5 0.1 47.85 0.19 29.0 0.2 7.35 0.02

January2006 29.5 0.2 47.84 0.13 30.3 0.1 7.52 0.01

February2006 29.6 0.3 47.60 0.12 30.2 0.2 7.53 0.01

March 2006 29.5 0.1 47.50 0.25 30.0 0.2 7.51 0.02

April 2006 29.7 0.2 46.90 0.20 29.9 0.2 7.42 0.02

May 2006 29.8 0.2 49.80 0.15 30.9 0.1 7.43 0.01


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RESULTSMonth Total Suspended Solids

(mg/L)

Total Dissolved solids

(x103 mg/L)

Jun 2005 68.67 18.77 49.44 8.67

July 2005 97.33 8.50 52.67 5.59

August 2005 91.33 7.57 52.62 11.16

September 2005 144.00 23.00 45.05 12.50

October 2005 110.67 14.57 37.13 3.91

November 2005 76.66 11.52 56.67 10.35

December 2005 85.67 9.45 47.77 6.59

Januari 2006 82.00 10.15 39.48 4.21

February 2006 100.67 6.66 49.88 12.84

March 2006 87.33 6.67 62.12 3.18

April 2006 117.00 7.00 55.71 9.42

May 2006 104.00 7.55 55.44 9.09

Table 2: Physico-chemical parameter at collection sites


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RESULTS

Figure 1: Mean monthly variations of arsenic concentrations (g/g dry weight) in the

lamina and stem ofSargassum stolonifolium from June 2005 to May 2006

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May

Month

Concentratio

n

(ug/g)

lamina

stem


15/23

RESULTS

Figure 2: Mean monthly variations of cadmium concentrations (g/g dry weight) in the


0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5


Month

Concentration(ug/g)

lamina

stem


16/23

RESULTS

Figure 3: Mean monthly variations of lead concentrations (g/g dry weight) in the


0

2

4

6

8

10

12


Month

Concentration

(ug/g)

lamina

stem

RESULTS


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RESULTS

Table 3: The concentration of arsenic, cadmium and lead of

S. stolonifolium of various size classes

Length

(cm)

Arsenic

(g/g dry weight)

Cadmium

(g/g dry weight

Lead

(g/g dry weight)

5 28.61 2.82 2.41 0.07 8.91 0.61

10 37.57 1.14 2.27 0.05 7.33 0.51

15 36.20 3.54 2.21 0.14 7.41 0.35

20 38.64 0.91 1.10 0.05 7.36 0.44

25 37.84 1.46 1.26 0.04 5.01 0.85

30 36.24 0.54 1.28 0.08 6.70 1.62

35 45.36 1.44 1.97 0.35 3.87 0.13

40 44.45 0.38 1.17 0.09 2.60 0.40

45 41. 05 1.01 1.12 0.40 3.31 0.59

50 48.42 0.69 1.39 0.30 3.41 0.19

55 50.28 2.46 1.23 0.08 4.96 0.50

60 52.20 1.69 1.69 0.48 4.92 0.62

65 49.12 0.94 1.27 0.38 6.18 0.90

r2

+ 0.92 - 0.57 - 0.64


18/23

DISCUSSIONFactors influencing metal uptake in seaweeds:

(Phang & Murugadas, 2004; Brown et al., 1999; Rai et

al., 1981)- Growth rates ( & age)

- Temperature

- Light

- Salinity- ph

- Position on shore

- Water turbidity

- Nutrient supply- Metabolism

- Metals interaction


19/23

DISCUSSION

Table 4: Selected references of metal concentrations (g/g dry weight) of

various Sargassum spp. (mean values and ranges).

Species Locality Arsenic Cadmium Lead Reference

S. stolonifolium

S. thunbergii

S. grevillei

S. binderi

S. bovenum

Penang,

Malaysia

Yamaguchi

Bay, Japan

Penang,

Malaysia

Qatar coast

Qatar coast

20-60

66 -194

1.0 3.8

6.4

0.2-0.6

0.2-0.4

5.0-9.0

5.2

0.8-2.1

1.6-7.3

This study

Tagawa &

Kojima (1976)

Sivalingam

(1978)

Kureishy

(1991)

Kureishy

(1991)


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DISCUSSION

Species Locality Arsenic Cadmium Lead Reference

S.

heteromorphum

S. baccularia

S. siliquosum

S. stenophyllum

Sargassum sp.

Qatar coast

Negeri

Sembilan,

Malaysia

Negeri

Sembilan,

Malaysia

Melaka,

Malaysia

Sepetiba

Bay, Brazil

Aegean Sea,

Greece

0.5-0.6

2.5

1.5

1.0

0.3-2.01

0.07

0.8-2.1

8.5

5.0

9.0

0.02

Kureishy (1991)

Ramachandran et

al. (1994)

Ramachandran et

al. (1994)

Ramachandran et

al. (1994)

Amado Filho

(1999)

Sawadis et al.

(2001)


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DISCUSSION

Complex interactions

- monsoons, growth rate, age, metal uptake

- no adequate explaination

- problems of uniformity- meaningful comparison ?

- best biomonitor ?


22/23

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

1.Universiti Sains Malaysia Short Term Grant

(305/PPANTAI/622151)

2. Director, CEMACS

3. Director, Pusat Racun Negara


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ob 6 - monthly variations in arsenic, cadmium and lead

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