oats and buckwheat intakes and cardiovascular disease risk factors in an ethnic minority of china

8/14/2019 Oats and buckwheat intakes and cardiovascular disease risk factors in an ethnic minority of China

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36 6 A m J C /in N u tr 1995 ;61 :36 6 -72 . P r in te d in USA . 1995 Am e ric an So c ie ty fo r C lin ic a l N u trit ion

O ats and buckw hea t in takes and ca rd io vascu la r d iseaserisk fac to rs in an e thn ic m ino rity o f C h in a13J iang H e , M ichae l J K /ag , P au l K W helto n , Jing -P ing M o , Jun-Y un C hen , M in g-C h u Q ian ,P e i-Sheng M o, and G uan-Q ing H e

ABSTRACT The re la tio ns h ip o f oa ts a nd bu ckw hea t in -ta ke to ca rd io vascu la r d isease r isk fa c to rs w as s tud ied in 850Y i peop le , an e thn ic m ino r ity in sou thwes t C h ina . B lood p res -su re w as m easu red on 3 consecu tiv e days . S e rum to ta l cho le s-teno l, h igh -dens ity - lip op ro te in (H D L ) cho les te ro l, and tn ig lyc -en ide s w ere m easu re d a fte r a 14 -h fas t. O a ts a nd bu ckw hea tin ta ke s we re a sse ssed by que s tio nna ire . In m u ltip le -re g re ss io nana lys is , o a ts in take (1 00 g /d ) w a s a sso c ia te d w ith low er b od ym ass in de x (-0 .2 5 , in kg /m 2 ; P < 0 .0 5 ), s ys to lic (-3 .1 mmHg, P < 0 .001 ) and d ias to lic (- 1 .3 m m H g , P < 0 .01 ) b loodpre ssu re , a nd H D L cho le s te ro l ( -0 .1 3 mm o l/L , P < 0 .001 ) .B uckwhea t in tak e (1 00 g /d ) w as a sso c ia ted w ith low e r se rumto ta l c ho le s te ro l (-0 .07 mm o l/L , P < 0 .0 1) a nd lo w-d en sity -l ip op ro te in cho le s te ro l (-0 .06 mm o l/L , P < 0 .0 5 ) and a h igh e rra tio o f HD L to to ta l ch o les te ro l (0 .0 1 , P < 0 .05 ). T h e sefind in g s sugge s t a ro le fo r oa ts a nd bu ckw hea t con sum p tio n inth e p rev en tio n and trea tm en t o f b o th hype rten s ion and hypen -cho les te ro lemia . Am J C /in N u tr 1995 ;61 :366 -72

KEY WORDS Oa ts , buckw hea t, d ie ta ry fibe r, b lood p res-su re , se rum cho le s te ro l

In troduc t ion

Although m o rta lity from ca rd io vas cu la r d ise a se ha s dec line dp rog re ss iv e ly in the U n ited S ta te s d u rin g th e pas t th re e de -ca de s , it is s ti ll th e le ad in g cau se o f d e a th . In 1989 an e s tim a te d944 688 U S re s ide n ts d ie d o f ca rd iov ascu la r d isea se , a lm o s t a sm any a s from a ll o th e r c au se s o f de a th com b in ed (1 ). In m an yeconom ic a lly d eve lo p in g coun trie s , in c lu d in g C h ina , ca rd io -va scu la r d ise a se m or ta lity h as in c re a sed rap id ly and ha s be -com e the lead ing cause o f dea th (2 ).

E le va tions o f b lood p ressu re ( 3 - 5 ) and se rum cho les te ro l(6 -8 ) a re w ide ly re cogn ize d a s m a jo r m od ifiab le ris k fac to rsfo r ca rd io va scu la r d ise ase . In add itio n , ph a rm aco log ic th e ra pyo f hype rtens ion and hypen lip idem ia has been w e ll e s tab lis hedas a m ean s to p re ven t ca rd iova scu la r d isea se (9 -1 4 ). H ow eve r,i t h as a lso becom e increas ing ly appa ren t tha t a lte red qua lity o flife , m ed ica tion tox ic ity , and cos ts o f m ed ica l ca re lim it theu se fu lne ss o f life lon g d rug th e ra p y fo r hy pe rten s ion and hy-pe rlip idem ia (15 ). L ifes ty le m od ifica tion s , espe c ia lly d ie ta ryin te rve n tion s , co ns titu te a n im po rtan t an d com p lem en ta ry a p -p ro ach to th e the rap y fo r hype rten s io n and hype rlip idem ia inth e in d iv id ua l (1 5 , 16 ). D ie ta ry in te rven tio ns as sum e an evenm ore im po rtan t ro le in th e popu la tio n -b a sed app ro ach to ca r-

d io va scu la r d ise ase ris k red u c tio n . H e re , th e goa l is to a ch ie ve asm a ll dow nw ard sh ift in th e popu la tio n d is tr ib u tion o f b lo odp r e ssu r e and cho les te ro l b y a lte ring env ironm en ta l e xposu res (15 ).

O a ts , a g ra in ric h in wa te r-so lub le fibe r, has been shown tolow e r se rum lip id s in an im a l and hum an expe rim en ts . D e G roo te t a l (17 ) rep o rte d in 1 963 tha t 2 1 m a le vo lu n te e rs w ho a te 140g ro lled oa ts da ily fo r 3 w k expe rie nced a de cre ase in th e ira ve ra ge se rum cho le s te ro l from 6 .4 9 to 5 .77 m m o lfL . S in ceth en , m os t (1 8 -30 ) b u t n o t a ll (3 1 , 32 ) c lin ica l tr ia ls ha vedem ons tra te d tha t in ta ke o f o a ts low e rs se rum cho le s te ro l inh ype rlip id em ic pa tie n ts (1 8 -26 ) a s we ll as in h ea lth y a du lts(2 7 -2 9 ) a nd ch ild re n (30 ). T h e re la tion sh ip b e tw een oa ts in tak eand se rum lip id s has no t been w e ll s tud ied in popu la tion -basedsamp le s . In add ition , the e ffe c t o f buckwhea t, ano the r ce rea lh igh in w a te r-so lub le fibe r (33 ), on se rum lip id s and b loodp ressu re has no t be en e s tab lish ed .

T he p re sen t s tud y in ve s tig a te d th e re la tio ns h ip be tw een oa tsand buckw hea t in ta kes and ca rd io vascu lar d isease r isk fa c to rsin an e thn ic m ino rity in C h ina -the Y i peop le .

Sub jec ts an d m eth od sSub jec ts

The Y i M ig ra n t S tu d y is a popu la tio n -ba sed ep id em io lo g icin ves tiga tion o f ca rd io vascu la r d isease r is k fa c to rs in the L i-angshan Y i P eop le A u to nom ous P re fec tu re in so u thw es t C h ina .As pa rt o f th is s tudy , se rum lip id s and lipopno te in s , b loodpre ssu re , b od y we ig h t, d ie ta ry h ab its , p hy s ic a l a c tiv ity , sm ok-in g , and a lcoho l consum p tion we re m easu red in 857 Y i m enran dom ly se lec te d from th e com m un ity . D e ta ils o f th e s tud y

1 F rom the W elc h Cen te r fo r P rev en tio n , E p idem io log y , an d C lin ica lRe sea r c h , th e Joh ns Hopk ins U n iv e rs ity M ed ica l Ins titu tion s , Ba ltim ore ; th eD epa rtm en t o f E p id em io lo g y , P e k ing U nio n M ed ic a l C o lle ge and Ch in e seA cadem y o f M ed ica l S c ie nces an d the Na tio na l C en te r fo r C lin ica l L abo ra -to r ies , B e ijing ; a nd L ian gsha n Y i P eop le Au ton om ou s P re fe c tu re An ti-e p i-dem ic S ta tion , X ichang C ity , S ich uan P rov inc e , P eop le s R epub lic o f Ch ina .

2 Supported by th e M in is try o f P ub lic H ea lth , Pe op le s R epub lic o fC hin a ; O utpa tie n t G ene ra l R esea rch C en te r g ra n t 5M 01RR 00722 from th eN a t ion a l In s ti tu te s o f H ea lth ; th e Q ua ke r O a ts C om pany ; and N a tiona lIn s ti tu te s o f H ea lth g ra n t RR 00035 .

3 Addre ss rep rin t re ques ts to J H e , T he W elch Cen te r fo r P re ven tio n ,E p id em io log y , an d C lin ica l R e se arch , 20 24 Ea st M onum en t S tree t, S u ite2-600 , B alt im ore , M D 21205 -22 23 .

R ec eiv ed A pril 5, 1994 .Accep te d fo r p ub lica tio n A ugus t 29 , 1 99 4 .


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OATS A N D C A R D IO V A S C U LA R D IS E A S E 3 6 7

p o p u la tio n a n d m e th o d s h a v e b e e n d e s c rib e d e ls e w h e re (3 4 ).B rie fly , th e Y i p e o p le a re a n e th n ic m in o rity o f C h in a w h o liv ep rin c ip a lly in a re m o te m o u n ta in o u s a re a in s o u th w e s t C h in aa n d w h o a re m a in ly e n g a g e d in s u b s is te n c e a g ric u ltu re . Y ifa rm e rs a re re la tiv e ly is o la te d fro m th e o u ts id e w o rld a n d h a v ep re s e rv e d th e ir o w n la n g u a g e a n d life s ty le . T ra d itio n a lly , th e irm a in c ro p s h a v e b e e n o a ts , b u c k w h e a t, a n d p o ta to e s . B e c a u s eo f lim ite d la n d re s o u rc e s , Y i fa rm e rs n o w g ro w a n d c o n s u m eric e a n d c o rn a s w e ll. C o n s u m p tio n o f m e a t is lim ite d tow e d d in g s , fu n e ra ls , a n d s e m ia n n u a l c e le b ra tio n s . L e s s s a lt isc o n s u m e d th a n in o th e r a re a s o f C h in a . S ta rtin g in th e 1 9 5 0 s ,Y i fa rm e rs b e g a n to m ig ra te to X ic h a n g C ity , th e c a p ita l o f th eL ia n g s h a n Y i P e o p le A u to n o m o u s P re fe c tu re , a n d to th ec o u n ty s e a ts o f c o u n tie s in th e P re fe c tu re . T h e s e u rb a n m i-g ra n ts p rim arily e a t ric e , m e a t, a n d fre s h v e g e ta b le s w ith littleo a ts a n d b u c k w h e a t in ta k e .

T h e p ro to c o l fo r th is s tu d y w a s re v ie w e d a n d a p p ro v e d b yth e C h in e s e A c a d e m y o f M e d ic a l S c ie n c e s , B e ijin g , P e o p le sR e p u b lic o f C h in a , a n d th e C o m m itte e o n H u m a n R e s e a rc h ,J o h n s H o p k in s S c h o o l o f H y g ie n e a n d P u b lic H e a lth , B a lti-m o re . In a c c o rd w ith c u s to m a ry p ra c tic e in C h in a a t th e tim e o fth e s tu d y , in fo rm e d c o n s e n t w a s n o t o b ta in e d .Methods

O u r s tu d y w a s c o n d u c te d d u rin g M a rc h , 1 9 8 9 . A b lo o ds a m p le w a s o b ta in e d in th e m o rn in g a fte r a 1 4 -h fa s t. S e ru mw a s s e p a ra te d in th e fie ld a n d s e n t to th e c o u n ty h o s p ita lla b o ra to ry w h e re it w a s s to n e d a t -2 0 # {1 7 6 }Cn til it w as a ir-m a ile dto th e N a tio n a l C e n te r fo r C lin ic a l La b o ra to rie s , B e ijin g . S e -ru m to ta l c h o le s te ro l, h ig h -d e n s ity -lip o p ro te in (H D L) c h o le s -t e ro l , a n d trig ly c e rid e s w e re m e a s u re d b y a n e n z y m a tic m e th o d(3 5 , 3 6 ) ( IL M o n a rc h 2 0 0 0 , In s tru m e n ta tio n La b o ra to ry , La x -in g to n , M A ). HD L c h o le s te ro l w a s s e p a ra te d fro m s e ru m b yp re c ip ita tio n a fte r th e a d d itio n o f p h o s p h o tu n g s tic a c id a n d m ag -n e s iu m io n . T h e s e a n a ly tic p ro c e d u re s w e re s ta n d a rd iz e d a n d m e tth e p e rfo rm an c e re q u ire m e nts o f th e L ip o p ro te in S ta n d a rd iz a tio nP ro g ram o f th e C e n te rs fo r D is e a s e C o n tro l, A tla n ta .

S ta rtin g o n th e d a y th a t th e b lo o d s a m p le w a s c o lle c te d ,b lo o d p re s s u re w a s m e a s u re d o n 3 c o n s e c u tiv e d a y s . B e fo re th eb lo o d p re s s u re m ea s u re m en t, p a rtic ip a n ts re fra in e d fro m s tre n -u o u s a c tiv ity , s m o k in g , a n d e a tin g fo r 3 0 m m . A fte r a m m -im u m o f5 m m o fq u ie t s ittin g , b lo o d p re s s u re w a s m e a s u re d o nth e rig h t a rm a n d re c o rd e d to th e n e a re s t 2 m m H g b y s p e c ia llytra in e d p h y s ic ia n s u s in g s ta n d a rd m erc u ry s p h y g m om an o m e-te n s . S y s to lic b lo o d p re s s u re w a s re c o rd e d a t th e a p p e a ra n c e o fth e firs t s o u n d a n d d ia s to lic p re s s u re a t th e d is a p p e a ra n c e o fs o u n d s (K o ro tk o ff p h a s e 5 ) . T h re e m e a s u re m e n ts o f b lo o dp re s s u re w e re o b ta in e d e a c h d a y , a n d th e m e a n o f th e n in eb lo o d p re s s u re re a d in g s o b ta in e d o v e n th e 3 -d p e rio d o f s tu d yw a s u s e d in th e a n a ly s is . T h e o b s e rv e rs w e re tra in e d b y u s in gtra in in g ta p e s fro m th e N a tio n a l H e a rt, L u n g , a n d B lo o d In s ti-tu te o f th e N a tio n a l In s titu te s o f H e a lth . A fte r th e tra in in gp e rio d , th e o b s e rv e rs w e re c e rtifie d b y c o m p a rin g th e ir b lo o dp re s s u re re a d in g s o n e ig h t p e rs o n s (th re e re a d in g s p e r p e rs o n )to th o s e ta k e n b y a n e x p e rie n c e d o b s e rv e r (J H ). T h e d iffe r-e n c e s in m e a n re a d in g s b e tw e e n o b s e rv e rs w e re a ll 0 .9 5 ). D u rin g th e fie ld w o rk , q u a lity c o n tro l w a sm a in ta in e d b y h a v in g a s u p e rv is o r re p e a t th e b lo o d p re s s u rem e a s u re m e n t o n a 1 0 % ra n d o m s a m p le o f s u b je c ts e v e ry d a y .If th e m e a n o f th e th re e re a d in g s d iffe re d fro m th o s e ta k e n b yth e firs t o b s e rv e r b y 5 m m H g fo r e ith e r s y s to lic o r d ia s to lic

b lo o d p re s s u re , b lo o d p re s s u re d e te rm in a tio n s w e re re p e a te dfo r a ll th e s u b je c ts m e a s u re d b y th a t o b s e rv e r o n th a t d a y . H e ig h ta n d w e ig h t w e re m e a s u re d a n d b o d y m a s s in d e x [w e ig h t (k g )/h e ig h t (m 2 )] w a s c a lc u la te d a s a n in d e x o f o b e s ity (3 7 ) .

A g e , ra c e , s e x , e d u c a tio n le v e l, s m o k in g , m e d ic a l h is to ry(in c lu d in g a n tih y p e rte n s iv e m e d ic a tio n u s e ), a n d in ta k e s o fo a ts a n d b u c k w h e a t w e re a s c e rta in e d b y lo c a l p h y s ic ia n s flu e n tin b o th th e Y i a n d C h in e s e la n g u a g e s . T h e in ta k e o f o a ts (a n db u c k w h e a t) w a s a s s e s s e d b y a s k in g H o w m a n y J in o f o a ts( b u c k w h e a t ) d id y o u e a t in th e p a s t y e a r? . A J in is a C h in e s eu n it o f m e a s u re e q u iv a le n t to 5 0 0 g . In fo rm a tio n o n d ie t w a sa ls o o b ta in e d b y m e a n s o f a 2 4 -h d ie ta ry re c a ll a d m in is te re d o n3 c o n s e c u tiv e d a y s . A g re e m e n t b e tw e e n th e e s tim a te s o b ta in e db y th e s e tw o m e th o d s w a s m o d e ra te , w ith a c o rre la tio n c o e f-fic ie n t o f 0 .4 1 (P < 0 .0 0 1 ) fo r o a ts a n d 0 .6 1 (P < 0 .0 0 1 ) fo rb u c k w h e a t. T h is d is a g re e m e n t is p rim a rily d u e to v a ria b ility inin ta k e o f th e s e g ra in s . A m o n g th e 4 2 4 p a rtic ip a n ts w h o re -p o rte d e a tin g o a ts d u rin g th e p re c e d in g y e a r, o n ly 6 5 (1 5 % )c o n s u m e d o a ts a t th e tim e o f th e 3 -d d ie ta r re c a ll. L ik e w is e ,only 2 8 6 (5 4% ) o f 5 3 1 p a rtic ip a n ts w h o a tt b u c k w h e a t in th ep a s t y e a r a ls o in c lu d e d it in th e ir d ie t a t th is tim e . T h e a n a ly s e sw e re b a s e d o n a n n u a l in ta k e o f o a ts a n d b u c k w h e a t, in s te a d o f2 4 -h d ie ta ry re c a ll, to re d u c e th e v a ria b ility in th e e s tim a te s o fo a ts a n d b u c k w h e a t in ta k e s . In ta k e s o f to ta l e n e rg y , p ro te in ,fa t, s a tu ra te d fa tty a c id s (S FA s ) , m on o u n s a tu n a te d fa tty a c id s(M UFA s ), p o ly u n s a tu ra te d fa tty a c id s (P UFA s ), c h o le s te ro l,a n d to ta l fib e r w e re c a lc u la te d b y u s in g th e S ic h u a n P ro v in c es e c tio n o f th e C h in e s e F o o d C o m p o s itio n T a b le s (3 3 ). Ina d d itio n , o a ts a n d b u c k w h e a t s p e c im e n s w e re c o lle c te d a n dth e ir fib e r c o n te n t a n a ly z e d a t th e J o h n S tu a rt R e s e a rc h La b o -ra to n ie s , Q u a k e r O a ts C o m p a n y , B a rrin g to n , IL . A s s e s s m e n t o fu s u a l p h y s ic a l a c tiv ity w a s b a s e d o n o c c u p a tio n a l a c tiv ityb e c a u s e le is u re -tim e a c tiv ity w a s a lm os t n o n e x is te n t.

T h e 8 5 7 Y i p e o p le in th e p re s e n t s tu d y in c lu d e d 5 1 5 Y ifa rm e rs a n d 3 4 2 Y i m ig ra n ts . S e v e n Y i m ig ra n ts w e re e x c lu d e dfro m th e a n a ly s is b e c a u s e th e y h a d b e e n d ia g n o s e d a s h a v in gh y p e rlip id e m ia a n d to o k o a ts fo r th e ra p y . D is trib u tio n s o f b o d yw e ig h t, b lo o d p re s s u re , a n d s e ru m lip id s w e re e x a m in e d , b yin ta k e o f g ra in s . In ta k e s o f o a ts a n d b u c k w h e a t w e re d iv id e din to fo u r g ro u p s : n o in ta k e a n d lo w , m id d le , a n d u p p e r te rtile so f in ta k e . F o r e x a m p le , o a ts in ta k e w a s c a te g o riz e d a s n o n e ,9 C g /d . B u c k w h e a t in ta k e w a sc a te g o riz e d a s n o n e , 2 0 0 g /d .

Statistical analysisT h e d iffe re n c e s in c a rd io v a s c u la r d is e a s e ris k fa c to rs a n d

d ie ta ry n u trie n ts a m o n g th e o a ts a n d b u c k w h e a t in ta k e g ro u p sw e re e x a m in e d b y a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e . U n iv a n ia te a n d m u lti-v a ria te lin e a r-re g re s s io n a n a ly s e s w e re u s e d to e x p lo re th ere la tio n o f o a ts a n d b u c k w h e a t in ta k e s to c a rd io v a s c u la r d is -e a s e ris k fa c to rs . B e c a u s e a n y b e n e fic ia l e ffe c ts o f th e s e g ra in so n c a rd io v a s c u la r d is e a s e ris k fa c to rs w e re h y p o th e s iz e d to b em ed ia te d th ro u g h th e ir s o lu b le fib e r c o n te n t, th e re la tio n o f ris kfa c to rs to fib e r in ta k e w a s a ls o e x a m in e d . T o a c c o u n t fo r ap o s s ib le c o m m u n ity e ffe c t, a d d itio n a l m u ltiv a n ia te a n a ly s e sw e re p e rfo rm e d b y a d ju s tin g fo r tw o u rb a n a re a s : X ic h a n g C itya n d th e c o u n ty s e a ts a n d ru ra l a re a o f re s id e n c e (Y i fa rm e rs ).A ll a n a ly s e s w e re p e rfo rm e d b y u s in g th e SAS s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l -y s is p a c k a g e (3 8 ).


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36 8 HE ET ALResu l ts

The age s o f the 850 pa rtic ip an ts ra nged from 15 to 77 y , w itha m ean of 34 y . The s tudy pa rtic ipan ts w e re lean , w ith anave rage body m ass index o f 20 .8 . T he m ean sys to lic andd ias to lic b loo d p res su res we re 107 .2 and 66 .9 mm H g, re spec -tive ly . O n ly 2 1 (2 .5% ) pa rtic ip an ts had an e le va te d b lo o dp ressu re as de fined by a m ean sys to lic o r d ia s to lic b loodpressure 140 on 90 mm H g, respe c tive ly , a nd none o f thes tud y pa rtic ip an ts w ere ta k in g an tihyp e rte n s iv e m ed ica tio ns .M ean se rum to ta l ch o le s te ro l (3 .8 6 mm o l/L ) an d trig ly ce r id e(1 . 55 mm o lfL ) va lues w e re in the low no rm a l range , by W est-e rn s tanda rds . S even ty fiv e (8 .8% ) pa rtic ipan ts had a to ta lcho les te ro l co ncen tra tio n >5 .20 m m o l/L . T he m ean HDL -cho les te ro l concen tra tion w as 1 .43 mm o l/L and the ra tio o fHD L to to ta l ch o les te ro l w a s re la tive ly h ig h a t 0 .3 9 .

F o rty - fo u r p e rc en t o f the sam p le had con sum ed oa ts and55 % had con sum ed bu ckw hea t d u rin g th e p reced in g yea r. O fth o se w ho had consum ed the se fo o ds , th e m ean da ily in takewas 70 .3 g fo r o a ts a nd 137 .7 g fo r b u ckw hea t.

D is tr ibu tions o f the cova r iab le s fo r oa ts and buckw hea tconsum p tion a re summ arized in Tab les 1 and 2 . M ean age andd ie ta ry in take s o f fa t, ch o le s te ro l, a n d sod ium te nded to below e r in pe rsons w ho a te oa ts on buckwhea t, w he reas the ird ie ta ry ra tio o f po lyunsatu ra ted to sa tura ted fa tty ac ids , po tas-s ium in take , and a lcoho l consum p tion w ere h ighe r. In add ition ,d ie ta ry ene rgy in ta ke was s ign ific an tly g rea te r in those w ho a tebuckw hea t than in those who d id no t (Tab le 2 ).

A verage body m ass index , b lood p ressu re , and lip id p ro fileby oa ts and buc kw hea t in tak e a re p res en ted in T ab le s 3 an d 4 .A t h ighe r oa ts in ta ke , m ean body m ass index and b lood pnes-su re w e re lowe r, in a dose -response pa tte rn (Tab le 3 ). M eanserum t ot al c ho le ste ro l and low -dens ity - lip opno te in cho le s tero lw ere a lso low e r in those w ho a te oa ts , a lthough m ean concen -tra tions we re som ew ha t h ighe r (P > 0 .05 ) in th o se w ho a te>9 0 g/ d com pa red w ith the ir c oun terpa rts who a te 26 -90 g /d .C onsum p tion o f 25 g oats /d w as assoc ia ted w ith low e r m eanHD L -cho les te ro l c oncen tra tions . T he ra tio o f HD L to to ta lcho le s te ro l v a ried little by oa ts in ta ke .

A verage va lues fo r body m ass index , s ys to lic and d ias to licb lood pressu re , and HD L cho les te ro l a ls o va ried in a s ta tis ti-

c a lly s ign ifican t fa sh ion across ca tego rie s o f buckw hea t in ta ke ,bu t d id no t dem onstra te a dose -response re la tionsh ip (T ab le 4 ).In co n tras t, m ean low -dens ity -lip op ro te in (LD L ) c ho le s te ro l con -c en tra tion s w ere m arked ly low er , an d the ra tio o f HD L to to ta lcho les te ro l h ighe r, w ith success ive ly h ighe r buckw hea t in ta kes .

T he resu lts o f un ivan ia te and m ultivan ia te linea r-reg ress ionana ly ses o f oa ts a nd buc kw hea t in ta kes on ca rd io va scu la r d is -e ase risk fa c to rs a re show n in T ab le 5 . A fte r a d jus tm en t fo r thecovan iab le s lis ted in the tab le , oa ts in ta ke con tinued to beinve rse ly assoc ia ted w ith a low e r body m ass index , as w e ll a sw ith lowe r sys to lic and d ias to lic b lood p ressure , se rum HD Lcho les te ro l, ra tio o f H D L to to ta l cho le s te ro l, and se rum tn -g lyce r ide . B uckwhea t in take w as assoc ia ted w ith low e r le ve lso f se rum tota l and LD L cho les te ro l, a s w e ll a s w ith a h ighe rra tio o f HD L to to ta l ch o les te ro l. In a n ana lys is a d jus ted fo rcom mun ity o f re s idence , oa ts in ta ke (100 g /d ) was s ign ific an tlyre la ted to body m ass index (/ 3 = - 0 .28 , P = 0 .01 ), sys to lic(1 3 = -2 .4 mm Hg , P < 0 .0001 ) and d ias to lic (/ 3 - -1 .0 mmH g, P = 0 .04 ) b lood p ressu re , H D L cho les tero l c oncen tra tion(1 3 = -0 .1 2 m m o l/L , P < 0 .0001 ), the ra tio o f H DL to to ta lcho les tero l (/ 3 = -0 .04 , P < 0 .0001 ), and trig ly ce ride con -cen tra tio n (/3 = -0 .09 m mo l/L , P = 0 .0 5 ) , w h ere as bu ckw hea tin ta ke (100 g /d ) w as assoc ia ted w ith to ta l cho le s te ro l concen -tration (1 3 = -0 .05 mm o l/L , P < 0 .0 5 ) , the ra tio o f H DL toto ta l cho le s te ro l (/3 = 0 .01 , P = 0 .004 ), and LDL cho les te ro lconcentra t ion (/ 3 = -0 .05 mm o l/L , P = 0 .03 ) .

Y i fa rm ers ten ded to ea t m ore oa ts and bu ckw hea t th a nm ig ran ts . Fo r exam p le , 49 . 1 % o f those w ho d id no t ea t oa tsw e re Y i farmers com pa red w ith 91 .1% o f those w ho a te > 90 g /d .In sepa ra te ana ly ses in the u rban and ru ra l g rou p s , h oweve r,s im i la r pa tte rns o f assoc ia tions of g ra in in ta ke w ith ca rd io vascu la rd ise a se risk fa c to rs w ere seen in bo th g ro up s (da ta n ot s ho wn ).

B ecause it has been suggested tha t a th resho ld e ffe c t m ayex is t fo r the effe c t o f oa ts on the lip id p ro file , pe rsons whoa te 25 g oa ts /d w e re com pa red w ith those who a te


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OATS A N D C A R D IO V A S C U LA R D IS E A S E 3 6 9T ABL E 2A g e a n d in ta k e o f d ie ta ry n u trie n ts in 8 5 0 s tu d y s u b je c ts b y b u c kw h e a t in ta k e

B uc kw he a t in ta ke sG ro u p 1 , 0 g 1 /d G ro u p 2 , 200 g /d

Cova r ia b l e s (n = 3 1 9 ) ( = 2 0 7 ) (n = 1 6 1 ) (n = 1 6 3 ) PA g e (y ) 3 6 1 3 2 3 3 4 1 3 3 2 1 3 3 0 l2 0 .0 ( ) 1D ie ta ry e n e rg y (k J /d ) 1 2 5 3 1 4 1 1 3 2 3 5 1 3 4 9 8 4 4 4 8 1 4 0 1 7 5 0 5 9 1 4 4 8 5 4 7 6 2 0 .0 0 1D ie ta ry fa t (g /d ) 8 2 .8 58.723 9 1 .7 5 5 5 2 3 6 0 . 4 4 4 # { 1 4 9 } 7 4 . 5 5 39 4 1 .9 0 .0 0 1P :S 1 .4 4 1.17235 1 .0 7 1 . 0 O 1 . 8 6 1 .1 5 2 .1 7 1 . 0 6 2 4 5 0 . 0 0 1D ie ta ry c h o le s te ro l (m g /d ) 2 0 5 2 7 7 2 3 2 4 8 3 3 1 2 3 8 4 1 4 5 4 9 I l6 0 . 0 0 1D ie ta ry s o d iu m (m g /d ) 3 4 9 1 3 2 3 4 2 3 5 4 1 8 5 3 2 2 8 2 2 9 1 9 2 2 2 4 2 2 3 1 2 0 3 0 2 4 5 0 . 0 0 1D ie ta ry p o ta s s iu m (m g /d ) 4 0 2 0 2 7 5 9 2 3 4 0 8 4 2 7 6 6 2 3 6 5 4 7 3 2 8 8 7 5 6 9 3 6 2 7 2 4 5 0 .()0 1A lc o h o l in ta k e s (g /d ) 2 0 .9 3 3 . 2 2 3 5 3 1 .9 46 .8 2 4 4 1 .9 4 J . 5 4 5 3 9 .3 5 7 .2 0 .0 ( )1

. t S D . P :S , p o ly u n s a tu ra te d to s a tu ra te d fa tty a c id ra tio .2 S ig n ific a n tly d if fe re n t fro m g ro u p 3 , P < 0 . 0 5 .3 S ig n ific a n tly d if fe re n t fro m g ro u p 4 , P < 0 . 0 5 .4 S ig n ific a n tly d if fe re n t fro m g ro u p 1 , P < 0 . 0 5 .5 S ig n ific a n tly d if fe re n t fro m g ro u p 2 , P < 0 . 0 5 .

T ABL E 3C ard io v a s cu la r d is ea s e ris k fa c to rs in 8 5 0 s tu d y s ub je cts b y o a ts in ta k e

O a ts in ta ke sG r o u p 1, 0 g /d G ro u p 2 , 9 0 g /d

Va r ia b l e s (n = 4 2 6 ) (n 1 7 6 ) (n 1 2 5 ) (n = 1 2 3 ) PB o d y m a s s i n d e x 2 0 .9 2 . 3 2 3 2 0 .9 2.323 2 0 .5 2 0 .1 0 . 0 0 1S y s to lic B P (m m Hg ) 1 0 9 .7 1 2 .4 2 1 0 8 .5 1 3 .0 2 3 1 0 3 .9 1 0 .6 s 1 0 0 . 4 9924 . 5 0 . 0 0 1D ia s to lic B P (m m Hg ) 6 8 .3 1 0 .3 2 3 6 7 .2 1 0 .1 6 5 .9 6 2 .6 8 . 9 2 4 3 0 . 0 0 1S e ru m to ta l c h o le s te ro l (m m o l/L ) 4 .0 3 0 . 9 9 2 3 3 9 9 1 . 0 4 2 3 3 .4 5 0 .9 1 3 .5 9 0 .8 6 0 . 0 0 1HD L c h o le s te ro l (m m o l/L ) 1 .4 9 0.4 5 2 1 .4 8 0 . 4 4 2 3 1 .3 4 0 .4 O 1 .2 3 0 .2 8 2 4 5 0 . 0 0 1LD L c h o le s te ro l (m m o l/L ) 1 .8 5 0 . 9 4 2 1 .7 8 0 .8 6 2 1 .5 4 0 .8 5 1 .7 6 0 .8 4 0 .0 1HD L:to ta l c h o le s te ro l 0 .3 9 0.1 4 0 .3 9 0.1 4 0 .4 0 0 .1 4 0 .3 6 0 .1 2 0 .1S e ru m trig ly c e rid e (m m o l/L ) 1 .5 9 0 .9 7 1 .6 7 l.0 1 1 .4 9 0 .8 6 1 .3 2 0 .6 1 0 .0 0 7

I S D . B P , b lo o d p re ss u re . B o d y m as s in d e x in k g /m 2 .2 S ig n ific a n tly d if fe re n t fro m g ro u p 3 , P < 0 . 0 5 .3 S ig n ific a n tly d if fe re n t fro m g ro u p 4 , P < 0 . 0 5 .4 S ig n ific a n tly d if fe re n t fro m g ro u p 1 , P < 0 . 0 5 .S S ig n ific a n tly d if fe re n t fro m g ro u p 2 , P < 0 . 0 5 .

a n d th e ra tio o f HD L to to ta l c h o le s te ro l w a s 0 .0 3 lo w e r (a ll P

oats and buckwheat intakes and cardiovascular disease risk factors in an ethnic minority of china

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