OAOA

According to Buddha, what actions According to Buddha, what actions should people take in order to should people take in order to avoid suffering?avoid suffering?

What is the Eightfold Path? And What is the Eightfold Path? And how does it relate to the Four how does it relate to the Four Noble Truths?Noble Truths?

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What is dharma and how does it What is dharma and how does it influence the next life?influence the next life?

Who is Mahavira and how did he Who is Mahavira and how did he use Hinduism?use Hinduism?

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What are the 3 basic teachings of What are the 3 basic teachings of Hinduism?Hinduism?

If someone wanted to travel from If someone wanted to travel from Mongolia to Ajanta in the Maurya Mongolia to Ajanta in the Maurya Empire, how far would he/she have Empire, how far would he/she have to travel and what land obstacles to travel and what land obstacles would he/she have to face on the would he/she have to face on the journey? (page 75)journey? (page 75)

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Why is Hinduism such a complex Why is Hinduism such a complex religion?religion?

Chapter 4Chapter 4

Empires of India and ChinaEmpires of India and ChinaGlobal History IGlobal History I

Mr. SchoffMr. Schoff

PICTURE WALK!!!PICTURE WALK!!!

Go through all of Chapter 4 and Go through all of Chapter 4 and take a picture walk. Do not read, take a picture walk. Do not read, just look at and analyze the just look at and analyze the pictures of Chapter 4.pictures of Chapter 4.

What can you infer about the goals What can you infer about the goals of Chapter 4?of Chapter 4?

HinduismHinduism No single founder, no sacred textNo single founder, no sacred text It grew out of the overlapping beliefs of It grew out of the overlapping beliefs of

the groups who settled Indiathe groups who settled India Probably began when the Aryans added the Probably began when the Aryans added the

gods of the Indus Valley to their owngods of the Indus Valley to their own Became one of the world’s most Became one of the world’s most

complex religions, with countless gods complex religions, with countless gods and goddesses and many forms of and goddesses and many forms of worshipworship

All Hindus, however, share certain basic All Hindus, however, share certain basic beliefsbeliefs

HinduismHinduism ““God is one, but wise people know it by many God is one, but wise people know it by many

names”names” All the universe is part of the unchanging, all-powerful All the universe is part of the unchanging, all-powerful

spiritual force called Brahmanspiritual force called Brahman Brahman is EVERYTHING, but everything is NOT Brahman is EVERYTHING, but everything is NOT

BrahmanBrahman Brahman is too complex a concept for most Brahman is too complex a concept for most

people to understand, so they worship a variety people to understand, so they worship a variety of gods that give a concrete form to brahmanof gods that give a concrete form to brahman Most important gods – Brahma, the Creator; Vishnu, Most important gods – Brahma, the Creator; Vishnu,

the Preserver; Shiva, the Destroyerthe Preserver; Shiva, the Destroyer Each of these gods can take many forms, human or animal, Each of these gods can take many forms, human or animal,

and each also has his own familyand each also has his own family Some worship Shakti, the powerful wife of Shiva…both kind Some worship Shakti, the powerful wife of Shiva…both kind

and cruel, a creator and destroyerand cruel, a creator and destroyer

HinduismHinduism

Hindu teachings were recorded in Hindu teachings were recorded in sacred texts such as the Vedas and sacred texts such as the Vedas and UpanishadsUpanishads

The Bhagavad-Gita, for example, The Bhagavad-Gita, for example, spells out many ethical ideas central spells out many ethical ideas central to Hinduismto Hinduism In that poem, the god Krishna instructs In that poem, the god Krishna instructs

Prince Arjuna on the importance of duty Prince Arjuna on the importance of duty over personal desires and ambitionsover personal desires and ambitions

Hinduism Hinduism

Every person has an essential self, Every person has an essential self, or or atmanatman But that is just really another name But that is just really another name

for brahmanfor brahman Ultimate goal of existence is Ultimate goal of existence is

achieving achieving mokshamoksha, union with , union with brahmanbrahman

People continue working toward People continue working toward moksha through several lifetimesmoksha through several lifetimes

KarmaKarma A person can come closer to achieving moksha A person can come closer to achieving moksha

by obeying the law of karmaby obeying the law of karma Refers to all the actions of a person’s life that affect Refers to all the actions of a person’s life that affect

his or her fate in the next lifehis or her fate in the next life All existence is ranked

Humans are closest to brahman Animals Plants Objects like rocks or water

People that earn good karma by doing good People that earn good karma by doing good things are reborn at a higher level of existencethings are reborn at a higher level of existence

Those who do evil get bad karma and are Those who do evil get bad karma and are reborn into sufferingreborn into suffering

This endless cycle of death and rebirth is This endless cycle of death and rebirth is symbolized by the image of the wheelsymbolized by the image of the wheel

DharmaDharma

To escape the wheel of fate, To escape the wheel of fate, Hinduism stresses the importance Hinduism stresses the importance of of dharmadharma, the religious and , the religious and moral duties of an individualmoral duties of an individual Vary according to class, occupation, Vary according to class, occupation,

gender, or agegender, or age A person acquires merit for the next A person acquires merit for the next

life if they obey their own dharmalife if they obey their own dharma

More Hinduism More Hinduism

Many Hindu people try to follow Many Hindu people try to follow the path of nonviolence (the path of nonviolence (ahimsaahimsa))

All people and things are aspects All people and things are aspects of brahman and should therefore of brahman and should therefore be respectedbe respected

MahaviraMahavira

500 B.C. – Teacher Mahavira founded a 500 B.C. – Teacher Mahavira founded a new religion that grew out of Hindu new religion that grew out of Hindu tradition called Jainismtradition called Jainism

Rejected the idea that brahmin priests Rejected the idea that brahmin priests alone could perform certain sacred ritesalone could perform certain sacred rites

Jain teachings emphasized meditation, Jain teachings emphasized meditation, self-denial, and an extreme form of self-denial, and an extreme form of ahimsaahimsa To avoid killing insects, they carried brooms to To avoid killing insects, they carried brooms to

sweep the ground in front of their feetsweep the ground in front of their feet

Political CartoonsPolitical Cartoons

What is the person What is the person on the right on the right suggesting as to why suggesting as to why the other person’s the other person’s ice cream fell over?ice cream fell over?

Full Time Out!!Full Time Out!!

Write as much as you know about Write as much as you know about Hinduism in 60 seconds…GO!Hinduism in 60 seconds…GO!

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Who founded the religion of Who founded the religion of Buddhism?Buddhism?

Gautama BuddhaGautama Buddha Siddhartha Gautama founded a new religion, Siddhartha Gautama founded a new religion,

BuddhismBuddhism Tripitaka – teachings recorded in thisTripitaka – teachings recorded in this Born about 566 B.C. to a high caste familyBorn about 566 B.C. to a high caste family One day walked past a sick person, old person, One day walked past a sick person, old person,

dead body, then became aware of human dead body, then became aware of human sufferingsuffering

He left his wife and child and left the palace, He left his wife and child and left the palace, never to returnnever to return

Set out to discover “the realm of life where there Set out to discover “the realm of life where there is neither suffering nor death”is neither suffering nor death”

Wandered for years, asking Hindu scholars and Wandered for years, asking Hindu scholars and holy men, fasted, meditated, sat under a giant holy men, fasted, meditated, sat under a giant tree and was determined to stay there until he tree and was determined to stay there until he understood the mystery of lifeunderstood the mystery of life

BuddhaBuddha

48 days of temptation from evil 48 days of temptation from evil spirits, then suddenly believed that spirits, then suddenly believed that he understood the cause and cure he understood the cause and cure for suffering and sorrowfor suffering and sorrow

When he rose, he was no longer When he rose, he was no longer Gautama…he was the Buddha, the Gautama…he was the Buddha, the Enlightened OneEnlightened One

Four Noble TruthsFour Noble Truths

1.1. All life is full of suffering, pain, and All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrowsorrow

2.2. The cause of suffering is the desire for The cause of suffering is the desire for things that are really illusions, such as things that are really illusions, such as riches, power, and long liferiches, power, and long life

3.3. The only cure for suffering is to The only cure for suffering is to overcome desireovercome desire

4.4. The way to overcome desire is to The way to overcome desire is to follow the Eightfold Pathfollow the Eightfold Path

Eightfold PathEightfold Path ““right views, right aspirations, right speech, right views, right aspirations, right speech,

right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right contemplation”mindfulness, and right contemplation”

Need to understand the 4 Noble Truths and Need to understand the 4 Noble Truths and committing oneself to the Eightfold Path, then committing oneself to the Eightfold Path, then live a moral life, avoiding evil words and actionslive a moral life, avoiding evil words and actions

Final goal is Final goal is nirvananirvana, or union with the universe , or union with the universe and release from the cycle of rebirthand release from the cycle of rebirth

Stressed moral principles (honesty, charity, Stressed moral principles (honesty, charity, kindness to all living creatures), and also saw kindness to all living creatures), and also saw the Eightfold Path as a middle way between a the Eightfold Path as a middle way between a life devoted to pleasure and one based on harsh life devoted to pleasure and one based on harsh self-denialself-denial

Full Timeout!!Full Timeout!!Write as much as you know about Buddhism in 60

seconds…GO!

Analyzing Analyzing Political CartoonsPolitical Cartoons

What is the girl doing What is the girl doing on the computer?on the computer?

What does “winning” What does “winning” represent?represent?

Analyzing Primary SourcesAnalyzing Primary Sources

““There is nothing more dreadful than There is nothing more dreadful than the habit of doubt. Doubt separates the habit of doubt. Doubt separates people. It is a poison that disintegrates people. It is a poison that disintegrates friendships and breaks up pleasant friendships and breaks up pleasant relations. It is a thorn that irritates and relations. It is a thorn that irritates and hurts. It is a sword that kills.” –Buddha hurts. It is a sword that kills.” –Buddha (Tripitaka)(Tripitaka)

1.1. ““There is nothing more dreadful than There is nothing more dreadful than the habit of doubt.the habit of doubt.

2.2. Doubt separates people.Doubt separates people.

3.3. It is a poison that disintegrates It is a poison that disintegrates friendships and breaks up pleasant friendships and breaks up pleasant relations.relations.

4.4. It is a thorn that irritates and hurts.It is a thorn that irritates and hurts.

5.5. It is a sword that kills.” –Buddha It is a sword that kills.” –Buddha (Tripitaka)(Tripitaka)

Spread of BuddhismSpread of Buddhism At age 80, Buddha died, but attracted At age 80, Buddha died, but attracted

many disciples, or followersmany disciples, or followers Some followers collected his teachings Some followers collected his teachings

into a sacred text called the into a sacred text called the TripitakaTripitaka, , or “3 Baskets of Wisdom”or “3 Baskets of Wisdom”

Missionaries and traders spread Missionaries and traders spread Buddhism across India to many parts of Buddhism across India to many parts of AsiaAsia

Buddhism split into two major Buddhism split into two major sectssects, or , or smaller groupssmaller groups Theravada BuddhismTheravada Buddhism Mahayana BuddhismMahayana Buddhism

Theravada BuddhismTheravada Buddhism

Closely followed original teachingsClosely followed original teachings Required a life devoted to hard Required a life devoted to hard

spiritual workspiritual work Only the most dedicated seekers like Only the most dedicated seekers like

monks and nuns could reach nirvanamonks and nuns could reach nirvana Spread to Sri Lanka and SE AsiaSpread to Sri Lanka and SE Asia

Mahayana BuddhismMahayana Buddhism Made Buddhism easier for ordinary Made Buddhism easier for ordinary

people to followpeople to follow MB’s pictured Buddha and other holy MB’s pictured Buddha and other holy

beings as compassionate godsbeings as compassionate gods People turned to these gods for help in People turned to these gods for help in

solving daily problems as well as in solving daily problems as well as in achieving salvationachieving salvation

MB’s described an afterlife filled with MB’s described an afterlife filled with many heavens and hellsmany heavens and hells

MB spread to China, Tibet, Korea, and MB spread to China, Tibet, Korea, and JapanJapan

DeclineDecline

Buddhism took root across Asia, it Buddhism took root across Asia, it slowly declined in Indiaslowly declined in India

Hinduism eventually absorbed Hinduism eventually absorbed some Buddhist ideas and made some Buddhist ideas and made room for Buddha as another Hindu room for Buddha as another Hindu godgod

A few Buddhist centers survived A few Buddhist centers survived until the 1100s, but fell to Muslim until the 1100s, but fell to Muslim armies that invaded Indiaarmies that invaded India

VENN DIAGRAMVENN DIAGRAM

BuddhismHinduism