nyc dot: sustainable streets index 2010

8/2/2019 NYC DOT: Sustainable Streets Index 2010

1/76

@k~ Uato Mexu Hkzgtxlk`x a Xtg`}zatxgxea`

4:7:]{}xge`gdik]xtkkx} E`hkv


2/76

=:+tkh{mxea` e`xtgcm gxgiexek}

e` @k~ Uato Mexutal 4::: xa4:7:.]a{tmk2 @UMHAX

7:+nta~xf e` d{}g`h }{d~gu

tehkt}fez e` @k~Uato Mexu tal4::: xa 4:7:.]a{tmk2 @UM Xtg`}ex

434+e`mtkg}k e`mall{xkt

mumie`n e` @k~Uato Mexu tal4::: xa 4:7:.]a{tmk2 @UMHAX


3/76

;+tkh{mxea` e`laxat skfemik

tkne}xtgxea`} e`@k~ Uato Mexutal 4::: xa4:7:.]a{tmk2 @U] Hkzx. a Laxat Skfemik}

4.8+hkmie`k e`mexu~ehk xtgcm

sai{lk} tal4::: xa 4::5.]a{tmk2 @UMHAX

;4:ogh{ix @k~Uatokt} deok gx

ikg}x }ksktgixelk} g la`xf.]a{tmk2 @UM Hkzx. a Fkgixf


4/76


5/76

Ma`xk`x}

> Ikxxkt tal xfk Malle}}ea`kt

6 Kvkm{xesk ]{llgtu

7: Xtgcm g`h Xtg`}ex Xtk`h}

73 Lg`fgxxg` Xtgcm ]zkkh}

4: @kenfdatfaah Xtgski Ztacik}

48 Ztabkmx E`hemgxat}

43 ]gkxu

;: Xtg`}ex Ladeiexu Elztasklk`x}

;8 Ma`nk}xea` Tkh{mxea`

33 Zgtoe`n

Gzzk`hev

>: Xtgcm g`h Xtg`}ex Xtk`h}

>4 Lkxfahaianu at Mtg}f Hgxg


6/76

]{}xge`gdik ]xtkkx} E`hkv 4:7:3


7/76

>]{}xge`gdik ]xtkkx} E`hkv 4:7:

Hkgt @k~ Uato Mexu Ma{`mei Lkldkt} g`h kiia~ @k~ Uatokt}2

^kimalk xa xfk 4:7: ]{}xge`gdik ]xtkkx} E`hkv. Xfk E`hkv tkztk}k`x} @UMHAX} gdehe`nmallexlk`x xa xfk zkazik a @k~ Uato Mexu xa tkzatx g``{giiu a` xtg`}zatxgxea` ma`hexea`})xtk`h} g`h mfg`nk} xfgx gkmx daxf hgeiu iek g`h xfk Mexu} ia`n,xktl fkgixf. Ghhexea`giiu)ex tksek~} xfk zktatlg`mk a g }kx a HAX }xtkkx elztasklk`x ztabkmx} elziklk`xkh e`tkmk`x ukgt}.

Ma`xe`{gi ksgi{gxea` a xtk`h}) hgxg g`h zktatlg`mk e} k}}k`xegi xa 47}x Mk`x{tunaskt`g`mk) zig`è`n g`h hklamtgmu. Cat kvglzik) kgtiu khexea`} a xfk E`hkv fenfienfxkhxfk {`zgtgiikikh taik a z{diem xtg`}ex e` gd}atde`n xtgski hklg`h h{te`n xfk Mexu} zaz{igxea`g`h kmaàlem kvzg`}ea` h{te`n xfk 755:} g`h 4:::}. Xfe} ukgt) ~k àxk xfgx 6:+ a

`k~ fa{}e`n {èx} d{eix e` xfk mexu e` xfk zg}x hkmghk gtk ~exfe` ~gioe`n he}xg`mk a g}{d~gu }xgxea` at ]kikmx D{} ]ktsemk }xaz. Xfk}k `he`n} daxf zae`x xa fenfkt hklg`h atxtg`}ex e` xfk {x{tk) g`h mfgiik`nk Gidgù xa tk}aisk xfk ztadikl a xtg`}ex {`he`n. ]xta`nzgxta`gnk a `k~ ]kikmx D{} ta{xk} ztasehk} g ma{`xktzae`x xa a{t `he`n xfgx mexu~ehkd{} tehkt}fez e} }fteòe`n) {`hkt}mate`n xfk elzatxg`mk a ma`xe`{kh e`àsgxea` g`h `k~lahki} a }ktsemk.

Xfe} xfeth khexea` a xfk E`hkv gi}a ghh} g malzeigxea` a xtgski }{tsku} tal kenfdatfaah}gta{`h xfk Cesk Data{nf}. Xfku hkla`}xtgxk xfgx xfk Mexu} temf gttgu a xtg`}zatxgxea`mfaemk} e} àx ma``kh xa xfk Lg`fgxxg` d{}e`k}} he}xtemx) d{x e} ~exfa{x w{k}xea` g mexu,~ehk gmx a iek. E` zgtxem{igt) xfk `he`n} }zaxienfx @k~ Uato g} a`k a xfk ~atih} ztk,kle`k`x ~gioe`n mexek}. Iamgi xtez} a` aax gtk g} ztksgik`x a` Cathfgl Tagh g`h e` G}xategg} xfku gtk e` [èa` ]w{gtk. Zkhk}xteg` }gkxu g`h ma``kmxesexu kgx{tk ztale`k`xiu e` giia HAX} ~ato a` mexu }xtkkx}) e`mi{he`n }ksktgi a xfk ztabkmx} ~k tksek~ e` hkxgei e` xfe}

tkzatx} Ztabkmx E`hemgxat} }kmxea`.

Xfk tg`nk a ztabkmx} ~k kvgle`k xfe} ukgt tkckmx} xfk lgù helk`}ea`} a xtgski e` xfkmexu) g} ~kii g} xfk Diaaldktn Ghleè}xtgxea`} katx} xa hkieskt e`mtkg}kh zktatlg`mktal g ~ehk sgtekxu a xtg`}zatxgxea` g}}kx}. Ctal lkg}{tk} xa elztask d{} }zkkh} g`hmaiigdatgxea` ~exf d{}e`k}}k} xa tkh{mk hkiesktu hkigu}) xa xfk ghhexea` a ntkk`ktu g`hlatk }zgmk at zkhk}xteg`} e` g sgtekxu a }xtkkx}mgzk }kxxe`n}) @UMHAX e} }xtese`n xalkkx xfk mfgiik`nk} a g nta~e`n) 47}x Mk`x{tu @k~ Uato.

Xfk ]{}xge`gdik ]xtkkx} E`hkv ztasehk} @UMHAX g`h gii a xfk }xgokfaihkt} e` xfk Mexu}xtg`}zatxgxea` }u}xkl ~exf {z xa hgxk eàtlgxea` g`h e`}enfx e`xa xfk ~atoe`n}) mfgiik`nk}g`h }{mmk}}k} a xtgski e` @k~ Uato Mexu) gx daxf mexu,~ehk g`h iamgi }mgik}. Ex} k}}k`xegikkhdgmo giia~} at a`nae`n {zhgxk g`h tk`klk`x a xfk Mexu} zaiemek} g`h zteatexek}.

]e`mktkiu)

Bg`kxxk ]gheo,Ofg`Malle}}ea`kt

Ikxxkt tal xfk Malle}}ea`kt


8/76


Kvkm{xesk]{llgtu

Xtgm g`h xtg`}ex e`hemgxat} ~ktk }enèmg`xiu gkmxkh duxfk kmaàlem tkmk}}ea` g`h tk}{lzxea` a bad nta~xf xfgxamm{ttkh e` @k~ Uato Mexu askt xfk zg}x x~a,zi{} ukgt}. Eèxegiiu)xtg`}ex tehkt}fez kii }fgtziu h{k xa bad ia}}k}) d{hnkx m{x}g`h e`mtkg}kh gtk}) ~feik xtgm ikski} khnkh {z~gth. G} xfkmexu} kmaàlu dkng` xa klktnk tal xfk tkmk}}ea` e` 4:7:)fa~kskt) }{d~gu &xfa{nf àx d{}% tehkt}fez dkng` xa e`mtkg}k~feik xtgm ikski} cgxxk`kh a{x. Xfk oku xtk`h}) dg}kh a`malztkfk`}esk hgxg gsgeigdik at 4::5 g`h xfk latk ielexkhhgxg gsgeigdik at 4:7:) gtk2

]{d~gu g`h d{} tehkt}fez kii 4.;+ mexu~ehk tal 4::6xa 4::5. Xfk hkmie`k} ~ktk latk }ksktk at xtg`}extehkt}fez e`xa xfk Lg`fgxxg` Mk`xtgi D{}e`k}} He}xtemx&MDH hk`kh g} 3:xf ]xtkkx xa xfk Dgxxktu%) ~femfkvzktek`mkh latk tgzeh bad ia}}k} xfg` heh xfk mexu g} g~faik? MDH,da{`h xtg`}ex tehkt}fez kii ;.>+ e` 4::5.

Xtgm ikski} e`mtkg}kh :.=+ mexu~ehk g`h 7.7+ atxtgm k`xkte`n xfk Lg`fgxxg` MDH tal 4::6 xa 4::5.

]{d~gu tehkt}fez dkng` xa nta~ e` xfk }zte`n a 4:7:g`h è}fkh ~exf g 7.;+ e`mtkg}k at xfk ukgt g} g ~faik)~feik d{} tehkt}fez hkmie`kh xfta{nfa{x 4:7:.

Mexu~ehk xtgm ikski} ~ktk àx }enèmg`xiu mfg`nkh e`

4:7: malzgtkh ~exf 4::5) dg}kh a` xtgm hgxg talxaiikh dtehnk} g`h x{``ki} g`h @k~ Uato Mexu Hkzgtxlk`xa Xtg`}zatxgxea` &HAX% xtgm ma{`x} gx g tg`haliu}kikmxkh }glzik a iamgxea`} xfta{nfa{x xfk mexu. &@axkxfgx MDH,da{`h xtgm g`h xtg`}ex hgxg gtk àx ukxgsgeigdik at 4:7:.%

Xfk a`k ma`}e}xk`x xtk`h e`saiskh deok tehe`n) ~femfma`xe`{kh g zgxxkt` a tgzeh e`mtkg}k}. Mall{xkt mumie`ne`mtkg}kh 43+ tal 4::6 xa 4::5) g`h g` ghhexea`gi7=+ tal 4::5 xa 4:7:.

Xfk gsgeigdik hgxg at 4:7: xf{} }{nnk}x xfgx @k~ UatoMexu lgu dk za}exea`kh xa tk}{lk xfk xtk`h} }kk` h{te`n xfk

kmaàlem kvzg`}ea` a xfk ig}x hkmghk. Ctal 4::= {`xei xfk4::6 tkmk}}ea`) @k~ Uato Mexu kvzktek`mkh g zkteah a {iiuxtg`}ex,mk`xktkh kmaàlem g`h zaz{igxea` nta~xf e` ~femfà`,g{xa lahk} gd}atdkh gii xfk nta~xf a xtgski e` xfk mexu.Skfemik xtgm ikski} hkmie`kh }ienfxiu ~feik }{d~gu g`h d{}tehkt}fez ta}k 74+ tal 4::= xa 4::6 g`h mall{xktmumie`n e`mtkg}kh >5+. Xfk}k xtk`h} ~ktk ma`}e}xk`x ~exf xfkxtg`}zatxgxea` g`h }{}xge`gdeiexu nagi} a k`ma{tgne`n lg}}xtg`}ex) ~gioe`n) mumie`n g`h kttek} k}xgdie}fkh e` Zig@UM) xfkMexu} }{}xge`gdeiexu zig` at 4:=:) g`h ]{}xge`gdik ]xtkkx})HAX} }xtgxknem zig`.

Iaaoe`n dkua`h xfk tkmk}}ea`) }{}xge`gdik lahk} axtg`}zatxgxea` ~eii ieokiu gd}atd e`mtkg}kh xtgski nk`ktgxkh dukmaàlem g`h zaz{igxea` nta~xf d{x aìu e xfk Mexu g`h xfkLkxtazaiexg` Xtg`}ex G{xfatexu &LXG% mallex xfk tk}a{tmk} xa}{zzatx xfk}k lahk}. Xfk elzatxg`mk a e`sk}xe`n e` xtg`}exg`h axfkt xtg`}zatxgxea` elztasklk`x} e} eii{}xtgxkh du xfkx~a dtenfx }zax} e` xfk asktgii zemx{tk e` xfk ig}x }ksktgi ukgt}Cet}x) ~feik xfk d{} }u}xkl g} g ~faik ~g} ia}e`n tehkt}fez`k~ ]kikmx D{} ]ktsemk} &]D]% e` xfk Dta`v g`h Lg`fgxxg`gxxtgmxkh e`mtkg}kh d{} tehkt}fez. E` g }eleigt ske`) ma`xe`{khkvzg`}ea` a xfk deok `kx~ato }z{ttkh igtnk e`mtkg}k} e` mumie`n

daxf e`xa xfk Lg`fgxxg` matk) g`h e` axfkt gtkg} a xfk mexu.Xfk naah `k~} iaaoe`n gfkgh e} xfgx xfk Mexu g`h xfk LXG gtkma`xe`{e`n xa e`àsgxk e` xfk}k gtkg}. HAX g`h xfk LXG gtkma`xe`{e`n xfk taii,a{x a ]D] ta{xk} g`h hkskiaze`n zig`}at elztaskh xtg`}ex }ktsemk xa IgN{gtheg Getzatx) xfk aìulgbat getzatx e` xfk tknea` ~exfa{x tgzeh xtg`}ex gmmk}}. HAXma`xe`{k} xa kvzg`h xfk deok `kx~ato g`h e} kvziate`n g deok}fgtk }u}xkl xfgx ~a{ih lgok mumie`n g latk ma`skèk`xazxea` at zae`x,xa,zae`x xtez}.

Xfk}k eèxegxesk} ~eii dk {txfkt }{zzatxkh du zgxxkt`} e`zaz{igxea` nta~xf e` xfk mexu. Askt xfk ig}x hkmghk) 6:+ a k~fa{}e`n {èx} ~ktk d{eix ~exfe` ~gioe`n he}xg`mk a g }{d~gu

}xgxea` at ]D] ta{xk) am{}e`n zaz{igxea` nta~xf e` xtg`}ex,atek`xkh gtkg} a xfk mexu. E`mtkg}k} e` zaz{igxea` gtk xf{} ieokiuxa ma`xe`{k xa ikgh xa e`mtkg}kh {}k a }{}xge`gdik lahk} axtg`}ex) deoe`n g`h ~gioe`n.

Xfk den e) fa~kskt) iek} e` xfk gtkg a asktgii d{} g`h }{d~gu}ktsemk. Nesk` ma`xe`{kh ]xgxk d{hnkx }fatxgii} g`h ztk}}{tk}a` xfk LXG d{hnkx) ex e} {`mikgt ~fkxfkt xfk tkmk`x zgxxkt` aLXG }ktsemk m{x} g`h gtk e`mtkg}k} mg` dk dtaok`. E` ghhexea`xfk m{ttk`x LXG Mgzexgi Ztantgl tklge`} aìu zgtxegiiu {`hkhêxfa{x tlkt `g`me`n a xfk mexu} xtg`}ex }u}xkl) xfk nge`}a xfk zg}x hkmghk gtk mikgtiu gx te}o.

Xfe} xfeth g``{gi ]{}xge`gdik ]xtkkx} E`hkv tksek~} xtg`}ex g`hxtg`}zatxgxea` xtk`h} e` @k~ Uato Mexu) tkzatx} MDH xtgm}zkkh} dg}kh a` xgve Niadgi Za}exeaè`n ]u}xkl &NZ]% hgxgg`h tkzatx} zktatlg`mk e`hemgxat} at kiksk` lgbat tagh~guztabkmx} e`saise`n mfg`nk} e` }xtkkx azktgxea`}. G k~ }kmxea` xaxfk tkzatx ztaik} xtg`}zatxgxea` zgxxkt`} gx xfk `kenfdatfaahikski. Dg}kh a` kih e`xktsek~e`n e` kenfx `kenfdatfaah}) xfk`kenfdatfaah,ikski hgxg }fa~ xfgx askt~fkile`niu) la}xzkazik }fazze`n) nae`n xa tk}xg{tg`x}) t{`è`n kttg`h} g`hnae`n xa g`h tal xfket falk} fgsk xtgskikh xa xfk kenfdatfaahdu ~gioe`n at xtg`}ex2


9/76

5]{}xge`gdik ]xtkkx} E`hkv 4:7:

Xfk}k tk}{ix} {`hkt}matk xfk sgi{k a}xtk`nxfkè`n xtg`}ex) deoe`n g`h ~gioe`nxa ghhtk}} ladeiexu) k`seta`lk`xgiw{giexu g`h w{giexu a iek nagi}.

E` }ev heskt}k `kenfdatfaah} &tal xfk Dta`v) Dtaaoiu`)Lg`fgxxg` g`h W{kk`}% 6;,5=+ a zkazik gtteskh duxtg`}ex) deoe`n at ~gioe`n.

E` x~a `kenfdatfaah} &G}xateg) W{kk`} g`h @k~ Hatz)]xgxk` E}ig`h%) 3:,>>+ a zkazik gtteskh du xtg`}ex)deoe`n at ~gioe`n.

Xfk}k tk}{ix} {`hkt}matk xfk sgi{k a }xtk`nxfkè`n xtg`}ex)deoe`n g`h ~gioe`n xa ghhtk}} ladeiexu) k`seta`lk`xgi w{giexug`h w{giexu a iek nagi}.

Xfk `kenfdatfaah,ikski }kmxea` gi}a }fa~} xfk dtagh,dg}khg`h e`mtkg}e`n taik xfgx mumie`n zigu} e` xfk mexu} xtg`}zatxgxea`}u}xkl2

;4:)::: gh{ix @k~ Uatokt} deok gx ikg}x }ksktgixelk} g la`xf.

A` oku deok ta{xk} e` Lg`fgxxg`) deok tehkt} malzte}k {zxa a`k,xfeth a xfa}k {}e`n xfk }xtkkx at xtg`}zatxgxea` at kvglzik) =>+ a xfa}k xtgskie`n a` Zte`mk ]xtkkxe` xfk kskè`n t{}f zkteah g`h =4+ a xfa}k xtgskie`n a`Kg}x 7:xf ]xtkkx.

E`}xgiigxea` a elztaskh deok ig`k} g`h ztaxkmxkh deok

zgxf} ikh xa 83+ xa 436+ nta~xf e` deok sai{lk})fkize`n xa {ki xfk asktgii nta~xf e` deoe`n e` xfk mexu.Kvglzik} gtk xfk 35+ e`mtkg}k a` @e`xf Gsk`{k e`Lg`fgxxg`) 5>+ e`mtkg}k a` Ok`x Gsk`{k e` Dtaaoiu` g`h436+ e`mtkg}k a` Tamog~gu Da{iksgth e` W{kk`}.

Fenfienfx} tal xfk xgve NZ] g`h ztabkmx,}zkmem zktatlg`mke`hemgxat} }kmxea`} gtk2

Xtgm }zkkh} e` xfk Lg`fgxxg` MDH elztaskh du 3+dkx~kk` xfk gii a 4::6 g`h gii a 4::5) g`h xfkìkskikh a e` 4:7:.

D{} tehkt}fez a` =8xf ]xtkkx e` Lg`fgxxg` e`mtkg}kh du=,3+ gxkt elziklk`xgxea` a d{} ma{`xha~` miamo}g`h tkigxkh elztasklk`x} xa d{} }ktsemk) ksk` g} axfktmta}}xa~` d{} ta{xk} kvzktek`mkh g` gsktgnk htaz a ;+

E`b{tek} tal skfem{igt mtg}fk} hkmtkg}kh du 86+ gia`nNkttex}k` Gsk`{k e` Dtaaoiu` gxkt `gtta~e`n xfk tagh~gug`h elziklk`xe`n ikx,x{t` dgu}) g zge`xkh lkheg`) gzkhk}xteg` tk{nk e}ig`h g`h axfkt elztasklk`x}.

E`b{tek} tal skfem{igt mtg}fk} hkmtkg}kh du 48+ gia`nFa{}xa` ]xtkkx e` Lg`fgxxg` gxkt elziklk`xgxea` a ig`ktkma`n{tgxea`}) hkhemgxkh ikx,x{t` dgu}) `k~ lkheg`})zkhk}xteg` tk{nk e}ig`h} g`h axfkt elztasklk`x}.

E`b{tek} xa laxat skfemik amm{zg`x} g`h demumie}x} daxfhkmtkg}kh du =;+ gia`n Giik` g`h Zeok ]xtkkx} e`Lg`fgxxg` gxkt elziklk`xgxea` a ig`k tkma`n{tgxea`})hkhemgxkh ikx,x{t` dgu}) zkhk}xteg` zigrg}) zkhk}xteg`tk{nk e}ig`h} g`h axfkt elztasklk`x}.

Hkiesktu malzgèk} skfemik} }g~ xtgski xelk} elztask7=:+ tal g zeiax a a,fa{t hkiesktek}) dg}kh a` gmalzgte}a` a kskè`n g`h lehhgu xtgski }zkkh}.

Xtgm hkigu kii du >:+ at àtxfda{`h skfemik}

male`n a xfk Z{ig}oe Dtehnk x{tè`n tenfx a`xa Bgmo}a`Gsk`{k e` W{kk`} gxkt ig`k tkma`n{tgxea`} g`h }en`gxele`n mfg`nk}.

Zgtoe`n h{tgxea` kii du 4:+ e` Zgto ]iazk) Dtaaoiu` h{kxa xfk ZGTO ]lgtx zkgo tgxk zteme`n zeiax) k`gdie`n latkhteskt} xa `h lkxktkh }zgmk} g`h tkh{me`n asktgii xtgmsai{lk} a` xfk `kenfdatfaah} lge` mallktmegi gsk`{k}.


10/76

]{}xge`gdik ]xtkkx} E`hkv 4:7:7:

E` tkmk`x ukgt}) @k~ Uato Mexu xtgski zgxxkt`} fgsk dkk`lgtokh du nk`ktgiiu igx xtgem nta~xf g`h e`mtkg}e`nxtg`}ex tehkt}fez g`h mumie`n. Ma`m{ttk`xiu) xfk mexu}zaz{igxea` g`h klziaulk`x fgsk nta~`. Fa~kskt) xfkkmaàlem tkmk}}ea` dkne`è`n e` 4::6 g`h ma`xe`{e`n e`xa4:7: tk}{ixkh e` klziaulk`x ia}}k} g`h tkigxkh }fexe`nxtgski zgxxkt`} h{te`n 4::5.

Klziaulk`x e` @k~ Uato Mexu ta}k du >.=+ tal 4::=xa 4::6) d{x xfk` hkmie`kh du 4.>+ e` 4::5 g} g ~faik)g`h =.3+ tal gii 4::6 xa gii 4::5. Gla`n xfk skdata{nf}) klziaulk`x e` Lg`fgxxg` ~g} ha~` xfk la}xe` 4::5) du 8.6+ tal 4::6) gxkt sk }xtgenfx ukgt} anta~xf. Klziaulk`x e` xfk a{xkt data{nf} ~g} g lev aza}exesk) `kngxesk) g`h à nta~xf. Xfk Dta`v ~g} {z ~feikW{kk`} g`h ]xgxk` E}ig`h ~ktk ha~`) g`h Dtaaoiu` ~g}cgx. Xfk mexu} zaz{igxea` mieldkh }ienfxiu du :.=+ e` 4::5.

Xtgski ma}x} }{mf g} ng}aie`k ztemk}) xaii} g`h xtg`}ex gtk}gi}a {`hkt~k`x axemkgdik mfg`nk} e` 4::5. Gxkt tkgmfe`ng` gii,xelk fenf a askt (8 zkt ngiia` e` leh,4::6) ng}aie`kztemk} kii xa g` gsktgnk a (4.=3 e` 4::5. Ksk` ~exf glahk}x ztemk tkda{`h e` igxk 4::5) a` gsktgnk xfk ukgt}ng}aie`k ztemk} ~ktk gx xfk ia~k}x ikski }e`mk 4::;.

^feik ng}aie`k ztemk} ~ktk ha~`) LXG Dtehnk} # X{``ki}xaii} e`mtkg}kh) gkmxe`n xaiikh mta}}e`n} ~exfe` xfk skdata{nf}. Caiia~e`n g` gzztavelgxkiu 77+ e`mtkg}k atmg}f xaii} at zg}}k`nkt skfemik} a` lgbat mta}}e`n} e`Lgtmf 4::6) xfktk ~g} g` ghhexea`gi 7:+ e`mtkg}k e`B{iu 4::5 xa (;.;:. F{h}a` Teskt xaii} tklge`kh gx ikski}}kx e` 4::6.

E` B{`k 4::5 xfk xtg`}ex gtk} at }e`nik tehk}) xfk da`{}gtk g`h xfk =:,Hgu [ìelexkh zg}} e`mtkg}kh. Xfk }e`niktehk gtk e`mtkg}kh du 74.;+ tal (4.:: xa (4.4; ~feikxfk =:,Hgu [ìelexkh zg}} t}x e`xtah{mkh e` 7556 e`mtkg}kh du 5.5+ tal (67.:: xa (65.::. Xfk zgu,zkttehk da`{} }xeii ztasehkh g` ghhexea`gi tehk ~exf g 7;+da`{}) fa~kskt ~exf g leèl{l z{tmfg}k a (6.:: e`}xkgha (>.::. Ghhexea`giiu) ~exf xfk }e`nik tehk dg}k gtk e`mtkg}kxfk gsktgnk da`{} gtk mieldkh tal (7.>8 xa (7.53.

Xtgcm

Mexu~ehk xtgm e`mtkg}kh }ienfxiu du :.=+ d{x asktgii }xeitklge`kh 7.>+ dkia~ 4::> ikski}. Mexu~ehk xtgski ikski}gtk ha~` du b{}x askt =+ }e`mk 4::=.

Ieok klziaulk`x) xtgm sai{lk} fgsk dkk` latk saigxeikat skfemik} k`xkte`n xfk MDH xfg` at à`,MDH xtgmMDH,da{`h xtgm) ~femf fgh hkmie`kh tal 4::8 xa4::6) xemokh {z~gth du 7.7+ e` 4::5) d{x e} }xeii 4.>+dkia~ 4::> ikski}. Xtgm e`mtkg}k} tg`nkh tal 7+,4+at xfk 3:xf ]xtkkx g`h Dtaaoiu` ]kmxat} g`h 8.6+ atW{kk`}) ~feik xtgm tal @k~ Bkt}ku htazzkh du `kgtiu3+. C{txfktlatk) mta}}e`n 3:xf ]xtkkx e`xa xfk MDHxtgm e`mtkg}k} ~ktk ad}ktskh gia`n xfk zktezfktu) kg}x

a Zgto Gsk`{k g`h ~k}x a Kenfxf Gsk`{k. Xtgm ikski} e`xfk matk a Lg`fgxxg` ~femf e} dkxxkt }ktskh du xtg`}ex ~ktk nk`ktgiiu ha~`.

Xtgm sai{lk} a{x}ehk xfk MDH ~ktk nk`ktgiiu cgxdkx~kk` 4::6 g`h 4::5 ~exf g` ad}ktskh e`mtkg}k aaìu :.4+. Xfk Mexu~ehk Xtgm E`hkv g `k~ maiikmxea` a

Xtgcm g`hXtg`}ex Xtk`h}

Mexu~ehk xtgcm sai{lk} gtk 7.>+dkia~ 4::> ikski}.


11/76


12/76


xtgm ma{`x} e` xfk a{t a{xkt data{nf} }fa~kh g nk`ktgiiucgx xtk`h) lettate`n xfk axfkt ma{`x} xfgx laèxat à`,MDHxtgm. ]alk teskt mta}}e`n} fgh hkmie`k} ~exf xfk igtnk}xhkmtkg}k} ad}ktskh gx xfk Dta`v,W{kk`} da{`hgtu) h{k xaa`,nae`n tagh~ato a` xfk Dta`v,^fexk}xa`k Dtehnk &ha~`=.8+% g`h xfk Xftan} @kmo Dtehnk &ha~` 3.7+%.

Xtg`}ex

H{k xa g malde`gxea` a xfk kmaàlem tkmk}}ea` g`h

klziaulk`x ia}}k} g`h) xa }alk kvxk`x) e`mtkg}kh gtk} g`hia~kt ng} ztemk}) nge`} e` xtg`}ex tehkt}fez h{te`n ztksea{}ukgt} ~ktk tkskt}kh e` 4::5. Xtg`}ex tehkt}fez hkmtkg}kh4.;+ e` 4::5 malzgtkh ~exf 4::6) ~exf daxf }{d~gu g`hd{} tehkt}fez `{ldkt} giie`n. Tkh{mkh tehkt}fez ~g} ieokiuàx h{k xa }ktsemk mfg`nk}) ~femf ~ktk leàt e` 4::5 atLXG @k~ Uato Mexu Xtg`}ex &@UMX% d{} ta{xk} g`h }{d~gu}.

G} ~exf bad ia}}k} g`h xtgm ikski}) xtg`}ex tehkt}fez e`xaxfk MDH ~g} latk gkmxkh du xfk tkmk}}ea` xfg` ~g} xfkmg}k ~exf mexu~ehk tehkt}fez. Xtg`}ex tehkt}fez e`xa xfk MDHhkmie`kh du ;.>+ e` 4::5 xa g ikski ad}ktskh dkx~kk` 4::3g`h 4::>. MDH,da{`h xtg`}ex tehkt}fez tal gii a{t }kmxat}~g} ha~`) k}zkmegiiu at xfk 3:xf ]xtkkx mta}}e`n) ~femf

hkmie`kh du gzztavelgxkiu 5+ xa g ztk,4::3 ikski. Xtg`}extehkt}fez tal W{kk`} g`h Dtaaoiu` ~ktk kgmf ha~` gda{x;+) g`h b{}x {`hkt 7+ mta}}e`n xfk F{h}a` Teskt tal @k~Bkt}ku. MDH,da{`h tehkt}fez ~g} {z 4.;+ tal ]xgxk` E}ig`hh{k xa nge`} a` xfk kttu.

E` xfk a{xkt data{nf} g`h Lg`fgxxg` àtxf a 3:xf ]xtkkx)d{} tehkt}fez ~g} ha~` 4+ asktgii tal 4::6 xa 4::5.W{kk`}) Dtaaoiu`) g`h ]xgxk` E}ig`h iamgi d{} tehkt}fez~ktk ha~` du g }eleigt zktmk`xgnk) ~feik xfk Dta`v g`h{zzkt Lg`fgxxg` ~ktk kgmf ha~` du gda{x 7.;+. Fa~kskt)xfk 4::5 d{} tehkt}fez a{x}ehk xfk MDH }xeii tklge`kh {z7.4+ tal 4::>.

Ztkiele`gtu }{d~gu tehkt}fez hgxg xfta{nf Amxadkt 4:7:}fa~ g tkda{`h a 7,4+ tal xfk 4::5 n{tk}) xfa{nfàx dgmo xa 4::6 ikski}. Iamgi d{} tehkt}fez ma`xe`{k} xahkmie`k gmta}} gii data{nf}) gixfa{nf W{kk`} n{tk} gtkgzztavelgxkiu cgx tal 4::5 ikh du nta~xf gia`n ta{xk}xfgx xfk LXG xaao askt tal ztesgxk azktgxat} }ksktgukgt} gna. ]enèmg`x }ktsemk lahemgxea`} g`h m{x} ad{} ta{xk} g`h }{d~gu ie`k} ~ktk z{x e`xa kkmx h{te`n xfk}{llkt a 4:7:) g`h xfk gtk ~g} e`mtkg}kh gx xfk sktu k`ha 4:7:. Xfk malzikxk 4:7: hgxg g`h 4:77 tehkt}fez hgxg

~eii dk `kkhkh xa hkxktle`k xfk elzgmx} a xfk }ktsemk m{x}g`h gtk e`mtkg}k.

H{k xa xfk tkmk}}ea` g`h gtk e`mtkg}k})xtg`}ex tehkt}fez hkmtkg}kh 4.;+ e` 4::5malzgtkh ~exf 4::6) ~exf daxf }{d~gug`h d{} tehkt}fez `{ldkt} giie`n.


13/76

7=]{}xge`gdik ]xtkkx} E`hkv 4:7:

4.:+ hkmtkg}k e` d{}tehkt}fez a{x}ehk xfk MDHe` 4::5) d{x }xeii gdask xfk4::> ikski.

>.3+ e`mtkg}k e` d{}tehkt}fez a{x}ehk xfk MDH}e`mk 4::=.

:.4+ e`mtkg}k e` xtgcm

sai{lk} a{x}ehk xfk MDHe` 4::5.

4.8+ hkmtkg}k e` xtgcmsai{lk} }e`mk 4::=.

Xtg`}ex g`h Xtgcm A{x}ehk xfk MDH&Xtgcm e`hkvkh xa 755=!Xtg`}ex e`hkvkh xa 7556%

>:

6:

5:

7::

77:

74:

7=:

78:

7;:

755: 57 54 5= 58 5; 53 5> 56 55 4::: :7 :4 := :8 :; :3 :> :6 :5

Ukgt

Xtg`}ex &D{} Aìu%

Xtgm

;.>+ hkmie`k e` xtg`}ex&d{} g`h }{d~gu%tehkt}fez e` 4::5.

6.7+ e`mtkg}k e` xtg`}extehkt}fez }e`mk 4::=.

7.7+ e`mtkg}k e` xtgcmsai{lk} e`xa xfk MDH e`

4::5) d{x tklge`kh ia~ktxfg` 4::> ikski.

;.5+ hkmtkg}k e` xtgcmsai{lk} }e`mk 4::=.

>:

6:

5:

7::

77:

74:

7=:

78:

7;:

755: 57 54 5= 58 5; 53 5> 56 55 4::: :7 :4 := :8 :; :3 :> :6 :5

Ukgt

Xtg`}ex g`h Xtgcm e`xa xfk MDH &E`hkvkh xa 755:%

Xtg`}ex

Xtgm

@axk2 Data{nf,ikski d{} tehkt}fez e} àx gsgeigdik zteat xa 7556. ]{d~gu tehkt}fez e} àx }fa~` dkmg{}k hgxg at}{d~gu xtez} lghk kvmi{}eskiu a{x}ehk xfk MDH mg`àx dk }kzgtgxkh tal hgxg at xtez} dkne`è`n at k`he`n e`}ehkxfk MDH. @axk xfgx g igtnk lgbatexu a }{d~gu xtez} xfgx dkne` a{x}ehk xfk Lg`fgxxg` MDH gtk MDH,da{`h.


14/76


=:,Hgu [`ielexkh

Cgtk

Cgtk

&E`cigxea`,ghb{}xkh%

(;:

(;;

(3:

(3;

(>:

(>;

(6:

(6;

(5:

(5;

(7::

(7:;

(77:

(77;

(74:(74;

755: 57 54 5= 58 5; 53 5> 56&B{i.%

55 4::: :7 :4 :=&Lgu%

:8 :;&Ckd.%

:3 :> :6&Lgt.%

:5&B{`.%

7: 7:&Hkm.

=:xf%

Ukgt

LXG!@UMX =:,Hgu [`ielexkh Zg}}

Dg}k Cgtk

Da`{} Cgtk

Dg}k Cgtk


(7.::

(7.7:

(7.4:

(7.=:

(7.8:

(7.;:

(7.3:

(7.>:

(7.6:

(7.5:

(4.::

(4.7:

(4.4:

(4.=:

(4.8:

(4.;:

755: 57 54&Bg`.%

5= 58 5;&@as.%

53 5> 56&Bg`.%

55 4::: :7 :4 :=&Lgu%

:8 :; :3 :> :6&Lgt.%

:5&B{`.%

7: 7:&Hkm.

=:xf%Ukgt

LXG!@UMX Cgtk}


15/76

7;]{}xge`gdik ]xtkkx} E`hkv 4:7:

Mg}f

K,RZg}}

Mg}f


(4.::

(4.;:

(=.::

(=.;:

(8.::

(8.;:

(;.::

(;.;:

(3.::

(3.;:

(>.::

755: 57 54 5=&Bg`.%

58 5; 53&Lgt.%

5> 56 55 4::: :7 :4 :=&Lgu%

:8 :;&Lgt.%

:3 :> :6&Lgt.%

:5&B{i.%

7: 7:&Hkm.

=:xf%

Ukgt

LXG Dtehnk} # X{``ki} Zg}}k`nkt Mgt Xaii

Gsktgnk Cgtk

Gsktgnk Cgtk


(8.;:

(;.::

(;.;:

(3.::

(3.;:

(>.::

(>.;:

(6.::

(6.;:

(5.::

(5.;:

(7:.::

(7:.;:

(77.::

755: 57 54 5= 58 5; 53&Lgt.%

5> 56 5 5 4::: :7 :4 := :8&Lgu%

:; :3&@as.%

:> :6 :5&@as.%

7:

Ukgt

Gsktgnk Xgve Cgtk

Gsktgnk Ng} Ztemk

Gsktgnk Ng} Ztemk


(:.;:

(7.::

(7.;:

(4.::

(4.;:

(=.::

(=.;:

(8.::

755: 57 54 5= 58 5; 53 5> 56 55 4::: :7 :4 := :8 :; :3 :> :6 :5 7:

Ukgt

Gsktgnk Ng} Ztemk

Mg}f

K,RZg}} Zkgo

K,RZg}} Acc,Zkgo

K,RZg}}

Mg}f


(4.;:

(=.::

(=.;:

(8.::

(8.;:

(;.::

(;.;:

(3.::

(3.;:

(>.::

(>.;:

(6.::

(6.;:

755: 57&Gzt.%

54 5= 58 5; 53 5> 56 55 4::: :7&Lgt.%

:4 := :8 :; :3 :> :6&Lgt.%

:5 7:

Ukgt

Zatx G{xfatexu a @U # @B Zg}}k`nkt Mgt Xaii


16/76


Lg`fgxxg`Xtgcm ]zkkh}

]zkkh Xtk`h}

Lkxfahaianu

Gii ukiia~ xgvemgd} gtk kw{ezzkh~exf NZ] hksemk} ~femf mtkgxkkikmxta`em xtez }fkkx} at giim{}xalkt,mgttue`n xgve xtez} 48fa{t} g hgu) }ksk` hgu} g ~kko.Xfk hgxg e`mi{hk} xelk g`h iamgxea`a xtez atene` g`h xtez hk}xe`gxea`)

xelk kigz}kh) he}xg`mk xtgskikh)g`h gtk. Xfk }u}xkl tkmath}gzztavelgxkiu 7= leiiea` xtez} zktla`xf. HAX tkmkesk} xfk xgve NZ]hgxg tal xfk Xgve g`h Iela{}e`kMalle}}ea` &XIM% e` athkt xa }x{huxtgski zgxxkt`} g`h g`giurk skfemikxtgm }zkkh} xa }{zzatx gnk`muzaiemulgoe`n g`h azktgxea`}. HAXfg} {}gdik hgxg tal gii 4::> xaxfk ztk}k`x.

Ce`he`n}

Xfk xgve NZ] hgxg}kx ztasehk} xfk t}x malztkfk`}esk sek~ a `kx~ato,~ehk xtgm}zkkh} e Lg`fgxxg . Xfk xgve }zkkh hgxg gtk dg}kh a xfk he}xg`mk g`h h{tgxea a xfkk xetk xtez at m{}xalkt,mgttue n xgve tehk}. ]zkkh} tkckmx daxf xelk e laxea g`h xelk}zk x }xazzkh e xtgm at gx tkh ienfx}. Xfk hgxg mg dk {}kh xa xtgmo }fex} e xtgm }zkkh}gmta}} xelk &tal ukgt xa ukgt) tal hgu xa hgu) at tal fa{t xa fa{t ~exfe xfk xuzemgi hgu%)g`h at xtez} e hektk x nkantgzfem gtkg}. Ce he n} tal xfk hgxg e mi{hk2

Xtgm }zkkh} e xfk Lg`fgxxg MDH elztaskh du 3+ dkx~kk xfk gii a 4::6 g`hgii a 4::5

]zkkh} ikskikh a e 4:7:

^kkohgu }zkkh} gsktgnk 5.= lzf at MDH xtez} dkx~kk 6 g.l. g`h 3 z.l. e 4:7:

]zkkh} h{te n Bg`{gtu) Ckdt{gtu g`h Lgtmf gtk a gsktgnk ;+ g}xkt malzgtkh xaxfk tk}x a xfk ukgt

Bg`{gtu e} xfk g}xk}x la xf g`h Hkmkldkt e} xfk }ia~k}x

A`k,xfeth a xfk xaz 7:: g}xk}x hgu} gtk e Bg`{gtu) Ckdt{gtu g`h Lgtmf

Bg` , Lgt Gzt , B{`k B{i , G{n ]kzx , Amx @as , Hkm

]zkkh&l.z.f.%

:

7

4

=

8

;

3

>

6

5

7:

4::>

4::6

4::5

4::>

4::6

4::5

4:7:

4:7:

4::6

4::5

4:7:

4::6

4::5

4:7:

4::6

4::5

4:7:

^kkohgu MDHXgve ]zkkh} tal6 g.l. , 3 z.l.


17/76

7>]{}xge`gdik ]xtkkx} E`hkv 4:7:

Ie`mai` X{``ki

Faiig`h X{``ki

Dgxxktu X{``ki Dtaaoiu` Dtehnk

Lg`fgxxg` Dtehnk

W{kk`}data Dtehnk

Gsktgnk ]zkkh &}fatx xgve xtez}

>.; l.z.f. at dkia~

Xgve hgxg àx gsgeigdik

>.; , 6.; l.z.f.

6.; , 5.: l.z.f.

5.: , 5.; l.z.f.

5.; , 7:.; l.z.f.

7:.; , 7;.: l.z.f.

Lehxa~` X{``ki

Hguxelk Xtgcm ]zkkh}2^kkohgu} &5 g.l. , 8 z.l.%

êiiegl}d{tn Dtehnk

Hguxelk Xtgcm ]zkkh}

Lkxfahaianu

Xfk hgxg }fa~ e xfk lgz gtk dg}kh a NZ] hgxg at }fatx,he}xg`mk xtez} &{z xa g fgi leik% tal xuzemgi ~kkohgu} &kvmi{he nlgbat faiehgu}% dkx~kk 5 g.l. g`h 8 z.l. dkx~kk @askldkt4::5 g`h Amxadkt 4:7:. ]zkkh} gtk mgim{igxkh at }lgii ra`k}{}e n xfk lkheg }zkkh at xgve xtez} e kgmf ra`k. Hgxg tkckmxxfk}k gsktgnk ra`gi }zkkh}) àx }zkkh} at e heseh{gi }xtkkx}.Ra`k} ~exf e }{mek x `{ldkt a xgve xtez} gtk àx e mi{hkh.

Ce`he`n}

Hguxelk }zkkh} gtk }ia~k}x e Lehxa~ g`h Ia~ktLg`fgxxg ? xfk}k gtkg} gi}a fgsk xfk igtnk}x gla{ x a xgvezemo{z} g`h htaz a}

]zkkh} gtk }alk~fgx }eleigt xa Lehxa~ a xfk ~k}x }ehk {zxa gda{x >3xf ]xtkkx g`h {z xa 63xf ]xtkkx a xfk kg}x }ehk

Xfk gsktgnk }zkkh at }fatx he}xg`mk xtez} a` xfklgz e} 3.6 l.z.f.


18/76


BG@[GTU

] L X ^ X C ]

7 4

= 8 ; 3 > 6 5

7: 77 74 7= 78 7; 73

7> 76 75 4: 47 44 4=

48 4; 43 4> 46 45 =:

=7

CKDT[GTU

] L X ^ X C ]

7 4 = 8 ; 3

> 6 5 7: 77 74 7=

78 7; 73 7> 76 75 4:

47 44 4= 48 4; 43 4>

46

GZTEI

] L X ^ X C ]

7 4 =

8 ; 3 > 6 5 7:

77 74 7= 78 7; 73 7>

76 75 4: 47 44 4= 48

4; 43 4> 46 45 =:

LGU

] L X ^ X C ]

7

4 = 8 ; 3 > 6

5 7: 77 74 7= 78 7;

73 7> 76 75 4: 47 44

4= 48 4; 43 4> 46 45

=: =7

B[IU

] L X ^ X C ]

7 4 =

8 ; 3 > 6 5 7:

77 74 7= 78 7; 73 7>

76 75 4: 47 44 4= 48

4; 43 4> 46 45 =: =7

G[N[]X

] L X ^ X C ]

7 4 = 8 ; 3 >

6 5 7: 77 74 7= 78

7; 73 7> 76 75 4: 47

44 4= 48 4; 43 4> 46

45 =: =7

AMXADKT

] L X ^ X C ]

7 4

= 8 ; 3 > 6 5

7: 77 74 7= 78 7; 73

7> 76 75 4: 47 44 4=

48 4; 43 4> 46 45 =:

=7

@ASKLDKT

] L X ^ X C ]

7 4 = 8 ; 3

> 6 5 7: 77 74 7=

78 7; 73 7> 76 75 4:

47 44 4= 48 4; 43 4>

46 45 =:

Lg`

fgxxg`Xtgc

m]zkkh}Hg

uDuHgu


19/76


Xfe} mgik`hgt }fa~} gsktgnk hgeiu }zkkh} e` xfkLg`fgxxg` MDH) 3 g.l. xa 3 z.l.

Oku2

Xfk 4; g}xk}x hgu} &gsktgnk }zkkh dkx~kk`78.4 l.z.f. g`h 74.: l.z.f.%. La}x amm{t a`lgbat faiehgu} at a` ]{`hgu} e` Bg`{gtu at B{iu.

Xfk `kvx >; g}xk}x hgu} &gsktgnk hgeiu }zkkhdkx~kk` 74.: g`h 7:.6 l.z.f.%. La}x amm{ta` ~kkok`h}) at ellkhegxkiu dkatk at gxktfaiehgu}) k}zkmegiiu kgtiu e` xfk ukgt.

Dkx~kk` xfk 7:: g}xk}x hgu} g`h 7:: }ia~k}xhgu} gtk xfk 73; hgu} ~exf gsktgnk hgeiu }zkkh}dkx~kk` 7:.6 g`h 5.3 l.z.f. La}x gtk ~kkohgu}xfa{nf la}x ]gx{thgu} e` xfk ig}x w{gtxkt a xfkukgt gi}a gii e`xa xfe} nta{z.

Xfk kvx >; }ia~k}x hgu} &5.3 xa 5.7 l.z.f.%.La}x gtk leh,~kko ~kkohgu} }mgxxktkhxfta{nfa{x xfk ukgt) ~exf se}edik diamo} e` xfk

}zte`n g`h igxk e` xfk ukgt.

Xfk 4; }ia~k}x hgu} &5.7 xa 3.8 l.z.f.%.La}x amm{t e` xfk igxxkt zgtx a xfk ukgt g`h giigtk ~kkohgu}. Xfk fkgsek}x ma`mk`xtgxea` gtke` igxk ]kzxkldkt h{te`n xfk [`exkh @gxea`}Nk`ktgi G}}kldiu) g`h e` Hkmkldkt.

Cg}xk}x Hgu

4::62 ]{`hgu) B{`k 7 &7;.7 l.z.f.% 4::52 Xf{t}hgu) Bg`{gtu 7 &7=.5 l.z.f.% 4:7:2 ]{`hgu) B{iu 8 &78.4 l.z.f.%

Cg}xk}x @a`,Faiehgu kkohgu 4::62 Ctehgu) Lgu 77 &74.8 l.z.f.% 4::52 La`hgu) ]kzxkldkt 46 &77.5 l.z.f.% 4:7:2 La`hgu) Bg`{gtu 8 &77.6 l.z.f.%

]ia~k}x Hgu

4::62 ^kh`k}hgu) ]kzxkldkt 48 &>.: l.z.f.% 4::52 La`hgu) Hkmkldkt 47 &6.: l.z.f.% 4:7:2 ^kh`k}hgu) Hkmkldkt 45 &3.8 l.z.f.%

4:7: Faiehgu}

Bg`{gtu @k~ Ukgt} Hgu &7%

Lgtxe` I{xfkt Oe`n Bt. Hgu &76%Ckdt{gtu Ztk}ehk`x} Hgu &7;%

Gztei Kg}xkt ]{`hgu &8%

Lgu Lklategi Hgu &=7%

B{iu E`hkzk`hk`mk Hgu Ad}ktskh &;%

]kzxkldkt Igdat Hgu &3%

Amxadkt Mai{ld{} Hgu &77%

@askldkt Skxktg`} Hgu &77%

Xfg`o}nese`n &4;%

Hkmkldkt Mfte}xlg} Hgu &4;%

LGTMF

] L X ^ X C ]

7 4 = 8 ; 3

> 6 5 7: 77 74 7=

78 7; 73 7> 76 75 4:

47 44 4= 48 4; 43 4>

46 45 =: =7

]KZXKLDKT

] L X ^ X C ]

7 4 = 8

; 3 > 6 5 7: 77

74 7= 78 7; 73 7> 76

75 4: 47 44 4= 48 4;

43 4> 46 45 =:

HKMKLDKT

] L X ^ X C ]

7 4 = 8

; 3 > 6 5 7: 77

74 7= 78 7; 73 7> 76

75 4: 47 44 4= 48 4;

43 4> 46 45 =: =7

B[@K

] L X ^ X C ]

7 4 = 8 ;

3 > 6 5 7: 77 74

7= 78 7; 73 7> 76 75

4: 47 44 4= 48 4; 43

4> 46 45 =:


20/76


@kenfdatfaahXtgsk

iZtacik}

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G }{d}xg`xegi lgbatexu a zkazik e`xktsek~khe` kenfx heskt}k `kenfdatfaah} gtteskh du~gioe`n at xtg`}ex.

[zzkt Kg}x ]ehk

[èa` ]w{gtk

Dtaaoiu` Fkenfx}

Zgto ]iazk


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4:


21/76


22/76


@kenfdatfaahXtgskiZ

tacik}2DemumikCgmx}

W{kk`}

Dtaaoiu`

]xgxk` E}ig`h

Xfk Dta`v

Lg`fgxxg`

Tkn{igt Deok Tehkt}

]a{tmk2 4::5 @UM Mall{èxu Fkgixf ]{tsku

Hgxg àx gsgeigdik

9 74):::

74):::4;):::

4;):::84):::

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Demumik Cgmx}

;4:)::: @UM gh{ix} gtk tkn{igt deok tehkt}

Mall{xkt mumie`n fg} ha{dikh }e`mk 4::3

E` xfk kskè`n t{}f fa{t) mumie}x} gtk2

=>+ a xtgm a` Zte`mk ]xtkkx &L`%

=4+ a xtgm a` Kg}x 7:xf ]xtkkx &L`%

43+ a xtgm a` Dikkmokt ]xtkkx &L`%

44+ a xtgm a` Faux ]xtkkx &Do%

74+ a xtgm a` Zta}zkmx Zgto ^k}x &Do%

Mumie`n e`mtkg}k} gxkt e`}xgiigxea` a deok ig`k}2

Ok`x Gsk`{k &Do% 5>+ e`mtkg}k

Ntg`h ]xtkkx &L`% ;3+ e`mtkg}k

5xf Gsk`{k &L`% 35+ e`mtkg}k

Zta}zkmx Zgto ^k}x &Do% 755+ e`mtkg}k

Sktà` Gsk`{k &W`% 83+ e`mtkg}k

Tamog~gu Da{iksgth &W`% 436+ e`mtkg}k

46xf ]xtkkx &W`% >>+ e`mtkg}k

]lexf ]xtkkx &Do% 83+ e`mtkg}k

Lg`fgxxg` Gsk`{k &Do% 33+ e`mtkg}k

: ; 7:4.; Leik}

@{ldkt a gh{ix tk}ehk`x} ~fa deok}ksktgi xelk} g la`xf at latk &e`mi{hk}mall{xe`n) kttg`h} g`h tkmtkgxea`gi%


23/76


Deok Mall{xkt}

]a{tmk2 [.]. Mk`}{} D{tkg{) Glktemg`Mall{èxu ]{tsku) 4::;,4::5

W{kk`}

Dtaaoiu`

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Xfk Dta`v

Lg`fgxxg`

:+,7+

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;4:)::: @UM gh{ix} tehk g deok gx ikg}x}ksktgi xelk} g la`xf.

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Tkn{igt Deok Tehkt} hgxg maskt} gii @UM gh{ix}) g`h gii xtez z{tza}k}.

Deok Mall{xkt} hgxg maskt} ~atokt} ~fa tkzatx demumie`n g} xfket {}{gi lahk a xtgski xa ~ato at xfk ~kko zteat xaxfk }{tsku. Ex kvmi{hk} ~atokt} ~fa deok xa ~ato g k~ xelk} g ~kko g} ~kii g} à`,mall{xkt xtez} &k.n.) }fazze`n) ike}{tk)zkt}a`gi gzzae`xlk`x}%) ~femf malzte}k 64+ a gii xtez,lgoe`n.


24/76


8>

4

=

;

3

6

77

5

7:"

7

]gkxu) Zkhk}xteg` #Demumik Elztasklk`x}

7. Nkttex}k` Gsk`{k

4. ^k}x Fa{}xa` ]xtkkx

=. Giik` g`h Zeok ]xtkkx}

8. Bgmo}a` Gsk`{k

;. Zgto Metmik

3. Giiktxa` Gsk`{k

Xtg`}ex Ladeiexu Elztasklk`x}

>. =8xf ]xtkkx D{} Zteatexu

Ma`nk}xea` Tkh{mxea`

6. Dkix Zgto~gu Gmmk}}!Kntk}} Elztasklk`x}

5.Gldau Tagh7:.A,Fa{t Hkiesktek}"

Zgtoe`n

77. ZGTO ]lgtx , Zgto ]iazk Zeiax

" Mexu~ehk


25/76


26/76


Nkttex}k`Gsk`{k


27/76

4>

Z{tza}k

Tkh{mk kvmk}}esk skfemik }zkkh}

Elztask zkhk}xteg` g`h hteskt }gkxu

A{xtkgmf

HAX }x{hekh zaxk`xegi }gkxuelztasklk x} e` tk}za`}k xa mall{èxuma`mkt`}

HAX lkx ~exf xfk Dtaaoiu` Mall{èxuDagth 7; Xtg`}zatxgxea` Mallexxkk&MD7;% g`h kikmxkh amegi} e` B{iu 4::5xa ztk}k`x g }gkxu g`h xtgm mgile`nztaza}gi

HAX ztk}k`xkh zig`} xa MD7; g`hkikmxkh amegi} e` Amxadkt 4::5 g`htkmkeskh kkhdgmo

HAX lahekh xfk zig`} dg}kh a`mall{èxu e`z{x

Gzztagmf

@gtta~kh xfk tagh~gu tal x~alase`n ig`k} xa a`k lase`n ig`k e`kgmf hetkmxea` tal @a}xtg`h Gsk`{kxa Gsk`{k ^

E`}xgiikh g zge`xkh lkheg` g`h ikx,x{t`dgu} gx oku e`xkt}kmxea`}

E`}xgiikh x{t` ig`k} gx xfk Nkttex}k`Gsk`{k g`h Gsk`{k [ e`xkt}kmxea` g`hxfk Nkttex}k` Gsk`{k g`h O`gzz ]xtkkxe`xkt}kmxea` xa elztask }gkxu g`h xatkh{mk xtgm hkigu

E`}xgiikh g zkhk}xteg` tk{nk e}ig`hgx xfk Nkttex}k` Gsk`{k g`h Gsk`{k [e`xkt}kmxea` xa elztask }gkxuat zkhk}xteg`}

Tk}{ix}

86+ tkh{mxea` e` xaxgi mtg}fk} e`saise`ne`b{tek} gia`n Nkttex}k` Gsk`{k tal@a}xtg`h Gsk`{k xa ^fex`ku Gsk`{k

Zktmk`xgnk a skfemik} xtgskie`n asktxfk }zkkh ielex hkmtkg}kh du =:+gia`n àtxfda{`h Nkttex}k` Gsk`{kg`h du 7:+ gia`n }a{xfda{`hNkttex}k` Gsk`{k

Ck~kt ig`k} fgsk ax mg{}kh ma`nk}xea`

GS[

K45]X

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GSS

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GS

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O

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S

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K

DA

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X

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Gtkg a hkxgei

Nkttex}k` Gsk`{k zgtgiiki} Lgte`k Zgto e` xfk }a{xfkg}xkt`) Dtaao`kenfdatfaah a Nkttex}k` Dkgmf. Xfk mattehat e} }ktskh du xfk D=7 dg`h xfk DL8 kvztk}} d{}. Nkttex}k` Gsk`{k e} ztkhale`g`xiu tk}ehk`xegmfgtgmxkt ~exf }lgii zamokx} a mallktmegi gtkg} g`h }mfaai}.

Dtaaoiu`


28/76


Nkttex}k`Gsk`{k

G zkhk}xteg` tk{nk e}ig`h ~g} e`}xgiikh e` xfk }a{xf mta}}~giogx xfk e`xkt}kmxea` a Nkttex}k` Gsk`{k g`h Gsk`{k [ xaelztask }gkxu at zkhk}xteg`}.

Nkttex}k` Gsk`{k e} g ~ehk tagh~gu) gzztavelgxkiu }evxukkx) ~exf x~a lase`n ig`k} g`h zgtoe`n e` kgmf hetkmxea`.E` 4::;) HAX elziklk`xkh }gkxu elztasklk`x} gia`nNkttex}k` Gsk`{k) tal Gsk`{k ^ xa xfk }a{xfkt`xktle`{} a xfk tagh~gu gx xfk khnk a Zi{ld DkgmfMfg``ki. Xfk elztasklk`x} e` xfe} }a{xfkt` }kmxea` aNkttex}k` Gsk`{k ma`}e}xkh a tagh~gu `gtta~e`n talx~a ig`k} xa a`k ig`k e` kgmf hetkmxea` g`h e`}xgiie`n gzge`xkh lkheg`. Xfk elztasklk`x} tk}{ixkh e` g 7:+hkmtkg}k e` }zkkh ~femf dta{nfx xfk hgeiu gsktgnk

}zkkh at skfemik} xtgskie`n e` daxf hetkmxea`} {`hkt xfk=: l.z.f. }zkkh ielex.

Xfk mall{èxu g`h kikmxkh amegi} saemkh xfket ma`mkt`xa HAX askt }gkxu e}}{k} gia`n xfk atxfkt` g`h mk`xtgi}kmxea`} a Nkttex}k` Gsk`{k) }zkmemgiiu gx g`h gta{`hxfk Gsk`{k [ e`xkt}kmxea`. G} g tk}{ix a xfk}k ma`mkt`})HAX maiikmxkh }zkkh}) xtgm sai{lk} g`h mtg}f hgxggia`n Nkttex}k` Gsk`{k dkx~kk` @a}xtg`h Gsk`{k g`hGsk`{k ^. HAX tkmathkh g fenf e`mehk`mk a }zkkhe`n)k}zkmegiiu e` xfk tk}ehk`xegi gtkg àtxf a Gsk`{k [~fktk skfemik} ~ktk xtgskie`n 8; l.z.f. a` xfk =:,l.z.f.tagh~gu. Xfk mattehat ~g} gi}a a{`h xa fgsk kvmk}}xtgm mgzgmexu dg}kh a` xfk xtgm sai{lk} maiikmxkh.

G} g tk}{ix a xfk `he`n}) HAX dkng` xa hkskiaz }gkxuelztasklk`x} at Nkttex}k` Gsk`{k tal @a}xtg`hGsk`{k xa Gsk`{k ^.

HAX ztk}k`xkh xfk ztabkmx zig`} xa MD7; e` Amxadkt4::5. Xfk dagth }{nnk}xkh tklase`n deok ig`k} talxfk mattehat. HAX lghk xfk lahemgxea`} tkmallk`hkhdu xfk dagth. Ztabkmx elziklk`xgxea` ~g} malzikxkh e`@askldkt 4::5.

E` athkt xa mgil xtgm g`h elztask zkhk}xteg` g`h htesk}gkxu) HAX `gtta~kh Nkttex}k` Gsk`{k xa a`k lase`nig`k e` kgmf hetkmxea` g`h e`}xgiikh g ~ehk mk`xkt lkheg`gia`n ~exf ikx,x{t` dgu} gx oku e`xkt}kmxea`}. La}x}knlk`x} gia`n xfk mattehat kvzktek`mkh g hkmtkg}ke` }zkkh h{k xa xfk xtgm mgile`n elztasklk`x}. Xfkzktmk`xgnk a hteskt} xtgskie`n gdask xfk }zkkh ielex a`àtxfda{`h Nkttex}k` Gsk`{k hkmtkg}kh tal =>+ xa>+. Gia`n }a{xfda{`h Nkttex}k` Gsk`{k) xfk e`mehk`mka }zkkhe`n hkmtkg}kh tal 43+ xa 73+.

^kkohgu xtgm sai{lk} ~ktk setx{giiu {`mfg`nkh alatè`n zkgo xtgm e` daxf hetkmxea`}. Xfktk ~g} g}lgii hkmtkg}k a 6,5+ at xfk kskè`n zkgo fa{t xtgme` daxf hetkmxea`}) la}x ieokiu h{k xa }kg}a`gi sgtegxea`Fa~kskt) xfk hkmtkg}k e` xtgm sai{lk} }fa~} xfgxtklase`n a`k ig`k lge`xge`kh mgzgmexu at kve}xe`nxtgm ikski}.

Xfk ztabkmx gi}a e`mi{hkh lahemgxea`} xa xfke`xkt}kmxea`} a` Nkttex}k` Gsk`{k gx Gsk`{k [ g`hO`gzz ]xtkkx xa elztask }gkxu g`h tkh{mk xtgm hkiguXfk elztasklk`x} gx xfk Nkttex}k` Gsk`{k g`h Gsk`{k[ e`xkt}kmxea` e`mi{hkh e`}xgiie`n g ikx,x{t` ig`k a`

~k}xda{`h Gsk`{k [ g`h }a{xfda{`h Nkttex}k` Gsk`{kg} ~kii g} e`}xgiie`n g zkhk}xteg` tk{nk e}ig`h a` xfk}a{xf,}ehk mta}}~gio gia`n ~exf daiigth} g`h xtkk}HAX ztasehkh g }a{xfda{`h tenfx,x{t` ig`k a` Nkttex}k`Gsk`{k gzztagmfe`n O`gzz ]xtkkx g`h ghhkh ntkk` xelkxa xfk }en`gi at xfk}k tenfx,x{tè`n skfemik}.

Xfk xaxgi `{ldkt a mtg}fk} e`saise`n e`b{tek} gia`nNkttex}k` Gsk`{k tal @a}xtg`h Gsk`{k xa ^fex`kuGsk`{k hkmtkg}kh du 86+ tal g` gsktgnk a 73.>

Xtgcm mgile`n g`h }gkxu lkg}{tk} gzziekh a` Nkttex}k`Gsk`{k e`mi{hkh xfk `gtta~e`n a xfk tagh~gu tal x~a ig`k}e` kgmf hetkmxea` xa a`k g`h xfk ghhexea` a zge`xkh mk`xktlkheg`} g`h ikx,x{t` dgu}.


29/76


Xfk xaxgi `{ldkt a mtg}fk} e`saise`n e`b{tek} gia`nNkttex}k` Gsk`{k tal @a}xtg`h Gsk`{k xa ^fex`kuGsk`{k hkmtkg}kh du 86+) g }xgxe}xemgiiu }enècmg`xtkh{mxea` e` mtg}fk}.

zkt ukgt h{te`n xfk xftkk ukgt} zteat xa elziklk`xgxea` xag` g``{gi tgxk a 6.> }e`mk xfk ztabkmx ~g} malzikxkh. Xfe}hkmie`k tkztk}k`x} g }xgxe}xemgiiu }enèmg`x tkh{mxea` e`mtg}fk} &at mtg}f g`giu}e} lkxfahaianu) }kk zgnk >4%. E`ghhexea`) xfk xaxgi `{ldkt a mtg}fk} e`saise`n e`b{tek} e}ia~kt xfg` gù a xfk 7: zteat ukgt}.

Xfk }gkxu elztasklk`x} gia`n Nkttex}k` Gsk`{k fgskdk`kxkh zkhk}xteg`} g`h hteskt} du ztasehe`n xtgm mgile`nlkg}{tk}) }elzieue`n x{tè`n lasklk`x}) g`h e`}xgiie`n gzkhk}xteg` tk{nk e}ig`h ~feik àx mg{}e`n ma`nk}xea` ~exfk~kt ig`k}.

Mtg}fk} ~exf E`b{tek} gia`n Nkttex}k` Gsk`{k@a}xtg`h Gsk`{k xa fex`ku Gsk`{k

Dkatk" &xftkk ztksea{} ukgt}% Gxkt

Xaxgi Mtg}fk} ~exf E`b{tek} 7> 73 7> 6.>

@{ldkt a Mtg}fk} ~exf E`b{tek} xa2

Laxat Skfemik Amm{zg`x} 78 7: 77 3.;

Zkhk}xteg`} 4 3 3 7.7

Demumie}x} 7 : : 7.7

"Dkatk mai{l`} }fa~ xfk mtg}f fe}xatu at kgmf a xfk xftkk ukgt} ellkhegxkiuzteat xa ztabkmx elziklk`xgxea`. Gxkt mai{l` }fa~} `{ldkt a mtg}fk} }e`mkelziklk`xgxea` &xfta{nf Amxadkt 4:7:% gx g``{gi tgxk. ]kk zgnk >4 at {txfkteàtlgxea` a` mtg}f hgxg }a{tmk g`h g`giu}e} lkxfahaianu. Xfk }{l a xfkxftkk }zkmem mgxknatek} lgu àx kw{gi Xaxgi Mtg}fk} ~exf E`b{tek} dkmg{}k}alk mtg}fk} e`saiskh e`b{tek} e` l{ixezik mgxknatek}.

Nkttex}k` Gsk`{k Gsktgnk Xtgcm ]zkkh} &e` l.z.f.%Gsk`{k [ xa O`gzz ]xtkkx

Dkatk Gxkt + Mfg`nk

@atxfda{`h 45.; 44.5 ,44+

]a{xfda{`h 43.7 4;.5 ,7+

Hgxg maiikmxkh dkx~kk` =28:,82:: z.l. a` g ~kkohgu. Dkatk hgxg maiikmxkh e`Ckdt{gtu 4::5 g`h gxkt hgxg maiikmxkh e` Lgu 4:7:.

Zktmk`xgnk a Skfemik} Askt xfk ]zkkh Ielex a` Nkttex}k` Gsk`{kGsk`{k [ xa O`gzz ]xtkkx

Dkatk Gxkt + Mfg`nk

@atxfda{`h =>+ >+ ,=:+

]a{xfda{`h 43+ 73+ ,7:+

Hgxg maiikmxkh dkx~kk` =28:,82:: z.l. a` g ~kkohgu. Dkatk hgxg maiikmxkh e`Ckdt{gtu 4::5 g`h gxkt hgxg maiikmxkh e` Lgu 4:7:.

]a{xfda{`h Nkttex}k` Gsk`{k Xtgcm Sai{lk}Gx Gsk`{k [ &gsktgnk skfemik} zkt fa{t%

Xelk Dkatk Gxkt + Mfg`nk

> , 7: g.l. 84; 843 :+

8 , > z.l. ;74 83> ,5+

Hgeiu 455 457 ,=+

Dkatk hgxg maiikmxkh e` Ckdt{gtu 4::5. Gxkt hgxg maiikmxkh e` @askldkt4:7:. Sai{lk} }fa~` e` gsktgnk skfemik} zkt fa{t.

@atxfda{`h Nkttex}k` Gsk`{k Xtgcm Sai{lk}Gx Gsk`{k [ &gsktgnk skfemik} zkt fa{t%

Xelk Dkatk Gxkt + Mfg`nk

> , 7: g.l. ;:5 ;78 7+

8 , > z.l. 384 ;5= ,6+

Hgeiu =>5 =6: :+

Dkatk hgxg maiikmxkh e` Ckdt{gtu 4::5. Gxkt hgxg maiikmxkh e` @askldkt4:7:. Sai{lk} }fa~` e` gsktgnk skfemik} zkt fa{t.


30/76

]{}xge`gdik ]xtkkx} E`hkv 4:7:=:

^k}x Fa{}xa`]xtkkx


31/76

=7

Z{tza}k

Elztask zkhk}xteg` g`h laxate}x }gkxu

]elzieu malzikv e`xkt}kmxea`}

K`fg`mk }xtkkx}mgzk

A{xtkgmf

Ztabkmx tkmallk`hgxea`} hkskiazkh tal @U[,^gn`kt Ntgh{gxk ]mfaai a Z{diem ]ktsemk tkzatx eìgxk 755:}

HAX g`h Hkzgtxlk`x a Hk}en` g`h Ma`}xt{mxea`&HHM% lkx ~exf xfk Xtg`}zatxgxea` Mallexxkk}a Lg`fgxxg`} Mall{èxu Dagth} 4 g`h =&MD4 g`h MD=% tal 4::7 xa 4::8 xa ztk}k`xztabkmx zig`}) tkmkesk kkhdgmo) g`h xa ghhtk}}mall{èxu ma`mkt`}

MD4 zg}}kh tk}ai{xea e }{zzatx a ztabkmx e B{`k 4::8

Ma`}xt{mxea` dkng` e` G{n{}x 4::; g`h è}fkh e`B{`k 4::5

Gzztagmf

E`}xgiikh zkhk}xteg` tk{nk e}ig`h}) zkhk}xteg`tglz}) dkii daiigth} g`h mat`kt kvxk`}ea`} xaelztask zkhk}xteg` }gkxu

D{eix tge}kh) ~ehk`kh) ig`h}mgzkh lkheg` gia`nFa{}xa` ]xtkkx tal ]evxf Gsk`{k xa Dtagh~guxa giia~ at e`mi{}ea` a ikx,x{t` dgu} xa tkh{mk

mtg}fk} g`h xa he}ma{tgnk leh,diamo mta}}e`n}du zkhk}xteg`}

êhk`kh }ehk~gio} a` xfk }a{xf }ehk a Fa{}xa`]xtkkx tal Sgtemo ]xtkkx xa ^k}x Dtagh~gu

Mtkgxkh Dkhath Xteg`nik Zgto du kiele`gxe`n}iez tagh gx Fa{}xa` ]xtkkx g`h Dkhath]xtkkx e`xkt}kmxea`

E`}xgiikh dk`mfk} g`h xtkk} xfta{nfa{x xfk ztabkmx gtkg

]kikmxkh glkèxek} g`h lgxktegi} xa k`fg`mk xfkfe}xatem mfgtgmxkte}xem} a xfk ztabkmx gtkg

Tk}{ix}

48+ tkh{mxea` e` xaxgi mtg}fk} e`saise`n e`b{tek}

gia`n Fa{}xa` ]xtkkx tal k}x ]xtkkx xa Da~ktu

Xtgski xelk} hkmtkg}kh du g} l{mf g} xftkk g`hfgi le`{xk} h{te`n xfk ~kkohgu gxktàa` zkgo e`xfk ~k}xda{`h hetkmxea` g`h e`mtkg}kh du g} l{mfg} a`k le`{xk g`h x~k`xu,a{t }kma`h} h{te`n xfk~kkohgu gxktàa` zkgo e` xfk kg}xda{`h hetkmxea`

Ck~kt ig`k} fgsk ax mg{}kh ma`nk}xea`

Elztaskh }xtkkx gk}xfkxem} xfta{nf ig`h}mgze`n g`h{}k a fe}xatemgi lgxktegi}

Fa{}xa` ]xtkkx e} g lgbat kg}x,~k}x mattehat ma``kmxe`n xfkCHT Htesk xa ^k}x ]xtkkx &^k}x ]ehk Fenf~gu% e` Lg`fgxxg`g`h e} {}kh du laxate}x} xa gmmk}} xfk Faiig`h X{``ki seg Sgtemo]xtkkx. Fa{}xa` ]xtkkx zg}}k} xfta{nf }ksktgi `kenfdatfaah}}{mf g} ]aFa) Ntkk`~emf Seiignk g`h xfk Kg}x Seiignk. Kgmf`kenfdatfaah fg} ex} a~` {èw{k }xuik g`h fe}xatu ~feik gii gtkzaz{igt hk}xe`gxea`} at }fazze`n) kgxe`n g`h ènfxiek.

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32/76

]{}xge`gdik ]xtkkx} E`hkv 4:7:=4

^k}xFa{}xa`]xtkkx

Xuzemgi }gkxu elztasklk`x} gia`n Fa{}xa` ]xtkkx e`mi{hkhxfk e`}xgiigxea` a zkhk}xteg` tk{nk e}ig`h}) dkii daiigth})zkhk}xteg` tglz}) g`h ikx,x{t` dgu}.

Fa{}xa` ]xtkkx e} a`k a Lg`fgxxg`} d{}ek}x mta}}xa~`tagh~gu}. Dkx~kk` ^k}x ]xtkkx g`h ]evxf Gsk`{k)Fa{}xa` ]xtkkx e} a`k,~gu ~k}xda{`h ~exf x~a ig`k} g`hzgtoe`n gia`n la}x diamo}. Xfk tk}x a Fa{}xa` ]xtkkxe} dehetkmxea`gi ~exf xftkk xtgski ig`k} e` kgmf hetkmxea`}kzgtgxkh du g lkheg`. Zgtoe`n e} gi}a zktlexxkh a` la}xdiamo}. E` zgtx`kt}fez ~exf xfk HHM) HAX tkma`}xt{mxkhFa{}xa` ]xtkkx tal ^k}x ]xtkkx xa Da~ktu. Xfktkma`}xt{mxea` e`mi{hkh xtg`}zatxgxea` elztasklk`x}){xeiexu {zntghk} g`h ig`h}mgzk k`fg`mklk`x}.

Xfk zig`è`n ztamk}} at tkma`}xt{mxe`n Fa{}xa` ]xtkkxkvxk`hkh askt g hkmghk g`h e`saiskh }enèmg`x mall{èxua{xtkgmf g`h zgtxemezgxea`. Tkmallk`hgxea`} talxfk zig`è`n }x{hu ~ktk z{die}fkh du xfk @U[,^gn`ktNtgh{gxk ]mfaai a Z{diem ]ktsemk e` xfk igxk 755:} g`h~ktk e`matzatgxkh e`xa xfk hk}en` g`h tkma`}xt{mxeaà Fa{}xa` ]xtkkx. Mall{èxu a{xtkgmf at xfk hk}en`zatxea` a xfk ztabkmx dkng` e` B{iu 4::7 g`h m{ile`gxkh e`B{`k 4::8 ~exf MD4 zg}}e`n g tk}ai{xea` e` }{zzatx a xfkztabkmx. HAX g`h HHM lkx ~exf MD4 g`h MD= lgù xelk}xa ztk}k`x ztabkmx zig`}) ghhtk}} mall{èxu ma`mkt`} g`htkmkesk kkhdgmo. E` ]kzxkldkt 4::4? HAX g`h HHM lkx~exf MD4 xa he}m{}} g `k~ zgto zig``kh gx xfk e`xkt}kmxea`

a Dkhath ]xtkkx g`h Fa{}xa` ]xtkkx) g`h aiia~,{zlkkxe`n} ~ktk fkih e` Ckdt{gtu g`h G{n{}x 4::=. Xfk@k~ Uato Mexu Ig`hlgto} Ztk}ktsgxea` Malle}}ea` gi}aztasehkh e`z{x xa xfk ztabkmx }e`mk fe}xatem he}xtemx} gtkiamgxkh ~exfe` xfk ztabkmx ielex}. Ma`}xt{mxea` at xfkztabkmx dkng` e` G{n{}x 4::; ~exf g zfg}kh gzztagmfxfgx è}fkh e` B{`k 4::5.

Xfk tagh~gu nkalkxtu a Fa{}xa` ]xtkkx {`hkt~k`x}enèmg`x xtg`}atlgxea`}. Xfk `{ldkt a lase`n ig`k}~g} mfg`nkh tal xftkk xa x~a gia`n kg}xda{`h Fa{}xa`]xtkkx dkx~kk` ]evxf Gsk`{k g`h ^k}x Dtagh~gu xagmmallahgxk ~ehkt lkheg`} g`h ~ehkt }ehk~gio} a`xfk }a{xf }ehk a Fa{}xa` ]xtkkx. HAX tklaskh zgtoe`n

gia`n ~k}xda{`h Fa{}xa` ]xtkkx tal Dkhath ]xtkkx xaSgtemo ]xtkkx xa ztasehk g` ghhexea`gi lase`n ig`k g`h~ehk`kh }ehk~gio} a` xfk }a{xf }ehk a Fa{}xa` ]xtkkx.

Zteat xa tkma`}xt{mxea`) xfktk ~g} g }enèmg`x `{ldkta tkgt,k`h mtg}fk} xa skfemik} ~gexe`n xa lgok g ikxx{t` tal Fa{}xa` ]xtkkx. G} g tk}{ix) g tge}kh) ~ehk`khlkheg` ~g} d{eix gia`n Fa{}xa` ]xtkkx dkx~kk` ]evxf

Gsk`{k g`h Dtagh~gu xa giia~ at xfk e`mi{}ea` aikx,x{t` dgu}. Xfk lkheg` gi}a elztask} }gkxu atzkhk}xteg`} du he}ma{tgne`n leh,diamo mta}}e`n} g`hztasehkh g` azzatx{èxu at ig`h}mgze`n.

Dkhath Xteg`nik Zgto ~g} mtkgxkh gx xfk e`xkt}kmxeaà Fa{}xa` ]xtkkx g`h Dkhath ]xtkkx xa elztaskxfk gk}xfkxem} g`h }gkxu a xfk e`xkt}kmxea`. Xfke`xkt}kmxea`) ~femf gi}a mta}}k} ]evxf Gsk`{k) ~g}}elziekh du kiele`gxe`n xfk a`k,~gu }iez tagh dkx~kk`

Dkhath ]xtkkx g`h Fa{}xa` ]xtkkx. Xfk `k~ zgtoe`mi{hk} fe}xatem,}xuik iglz za}x}) xe`xkh }ehk~gio}) g`hntgèxk m{td}. Xfk}k fe}xatem glkèxek} gtk gi}a iamgxkhxfta{nfa{x xfk ztabkmx gtkg.

Axfkt }gkxu elztasklk`x} e`mi{hkh xfk e`}xgiigxeaà zkhk}xteg` tk{nk e}ig`h}) dkii daiigth}) zkhk}xteg`tglz}) g`h `kmo,ha~`}. Zkhk}xteg` tk{nk e}ig`h} ~ktkmtkgxkh du kvxk`he`n xfk lkheg` e`xa mta}}~gio}. Dkidaiigth} ~ktk ghhkh gx kgmf zkhk}xteg` tk{nk e}ig`hxa diamo skfemik} tal k`xkte`n xfk zkhk}xteg` gtkgTglz} ~ktk e`}xgiikh gx mat`kt} xfta{nfa{x xfk ztabkmxgtkg xa elztask ladeiexu at aihkt zkhk}xteg`} g`h xfa}k{}e`n }xtaiikt} at ~fkkimfget}. @kmo,ha~`} &at mat`kt

kvxk`}ea`}% ~ktk elziklk`xkh gia`n xfk ztabkmx mattehaxa }fatxk` zkhk}xteg` mta}}~gio he}xg`mk} g`h xa }ia~laxate}x} x{tè`n a`xa }ehk,}xtkkx}.

K`fg`mklk`x} gia`n xfk mattehat e`mi{hkh xfk e`}xgiigxeaà dk`mfk} e` kgmf zkhk}xteg` tk{nk gtkg g`h kvxk`}eskig`h}mgze`n e` xfk lkheg`}. ]ksk`xu,a{t xtkk} ~ktkzig`xkh ~exfe` xfk ztabkmx gtkg xa ntkk` xfk mattehat g`helztask xfk }xtkkx gk}xfkxem}.

Dkatk g`h gxkt xtgm sai{lk} ~ktk maiikmxkh gx }ksktgiamgxea`} gia`n Fa{}xa` ]xtkkx e` daxf hetkmxea`}. Xfkdkatk g`h gxkt sai{lk malzgte}a` lgu dk e`c{k`mkhdu }ksktgi gmxat} }{mf g} mfg`nk} e` ig`h {}k g`h xtgsk

zgxxkt`} askt xfk ukgt} a ma`}xt{mxea` gia`n Fa{}xa`]xtkkx at xfk k~ ma`}xt{mxea` a`nae`n gia`n xfk kg}xkt`}kmxea` a Fa{}xa` ]xtkkx. Xfk ghhexea`gi ~k}xda{`hig`k dkx~kk` Dkhath ]xtkkx g`h Sgtemo ]xtkkx heh àxe`h{mk latk skfem{igt sai{lk g} xfgx zgtxem{igt }kmxea`}g~ g hkmtkg}k at à mfg`nk e` sai{lk} h{te`n gii xelkzkteah} kvmkzx xfk latè`n zkgo. Xfk tagh~gu mgzgmexu~g} tkh{mkh gia`n kg}xda{`h Fa{}xa` ]xtkkx dkx~kk`

Dkhath Xteg`nik Zgto ~g} mtkgxkh gx xfk e`xkt}kmxea` aFa{}xa` ]xtkkx g`h Dkhath ]xtkkx g`h e`mi{hk} fe}xatemglkèxek} }{mf g} iglz za}x}) xe`xkh }ehk~gio}) g`hntgèxk m{td}.


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==]{}xge`gdik ]xtkkx} E`hkv 4:7:

Xfk xaxgi `{ldkt a mtg}fk} e`saise`n e`b{tek}gia`n Fa{}xa` ]xtkkx tal ^k}x ]xtkkx xa Da~ktuhkmtkg}kh du 48+) g }xgxe}xemgiiu }enècmg`xtkh{mxea` e` mtg}fk}.

Xfalz}a` ]xtkkx g`h ^k}x Dtagh~gu ukx sai{lk} ~ktkha~` h{te`n gii zkgo zkteah} e` xfe} }kmxea`. G`h xf{}) xfktklasgi a a`k xtgski ig`k heh àx mtkgxk ma`nk}xea`.

Xtgski xelk t{`} ~ktk malzikxkh gia`n xfk mattehat e`daxf hetkmxea`} dkatk g`h gxkt ztabkmx elziklk`xgxea`.^k}xda{`h xtgski xelk} elztaskh e` xfk latè`n g`hgxktàa` zkgo zkteah}. Xtgski xelk }gse`n} e` xfk gxktàa`zkgo zkteah ~ktk latk xfg` xftkk g`h g fgi le`{xk}. Xtgskixelk} h{te`n xfk ~k}xda{`h ~kkohgu kskè`n g`h ~kkok`hgxktàa` zkgo zkteah} e`mtkg}kh du askt a`k le`{xk g`hdu 47 }kma`h}) tk}zkmxeskiu. E` xfk kg}xda{`h hetkmxea`)xtgski xelk} e`mtkg}kh h{te`n xfk ~kkohgu zkgo zkteah}g`h hkmtkg}kh h{te`n xfk ~kkok`h gxktàa` zkgo zkteah.Xfk e`mtkg}k e` xtgski xelk ~g} àx h{k xa xfk tkh{mxeaà mgzgmexu g} xfk sai{lk} e` xfe} }kmxea` hkmtkg}kh. Xfke`mtkg}k ~g} la}x ieokiu h{k xa ma`}xt{mxea`.

Xfk mtg}f g`giu}e} at xfk tkma`}xt{mxea` a Fa{}xa` ]xtkkxe`mi{hk} xfk xftkk ukgt} dkatk ma`}xt{mxea` dkng` B{iu4::4 xa B{`k 4::;. Mtg}f hgxg tal B{iu 4::; xfta{nf

B{`k 4::5 ~ktk àx e`mi{hkh e` xfk g`giu}e} dkmg{}k exmae`mehkh ~exf xfk ma`}xt{mxea` zkteah. Xfk xaxgi `{ldkt amtg}fk} e`saise`n e`b{tek} gia`n Fa{}xa` ]xtkkx tal ^k}x]xtkkx xa Da~ktu hkmtkg}kh du 48+ tal g` gsktgnk a68.= zkt ukgt h{te`n xfk xftkk ukgt} zteat xa ma`}xt{mxea`xa g` g``{gi tgxk a 3=.6 }e`mk xfk ztabkmx ~g} malzikxkhXfe} hkmie`k tkztk}k`x} g }xgxe}xemgiiu }enèmg`x tkh{mxeaè` mtg}fk} &at mtg}f g`giu}e} lkxfahaianu) }kk zgnk >4%E` ghhexea`) xfk g``{gierkh mtg}f tgxk gxkt elziklk`xgxea`

~g} ia~kt xfg` xfk `{ldkt a mtg}fk} e` gù a xfk }ksk`zteat ukgt}.

Xfk kg}xkt` }kmxea` a Fa{}xa` ]xtkkx tal Da~ktu xaxfk CHT Htesk e} m{ttk`xiu {`hktnae`n tkma`}xt{mxea` g}g HAX!HHM mgzexgi ztabkmx. Ztabkmx malzikxea` e} }mfkh{ikhat 4:7=.

Mtg}fk} ~exf E`b{tek} gia`n Fa{}xa` ]xtkkx^k}x ]xtkkx xa Da~ktu

Dkatk" &xftkk ztksea{} ukgt}% GxktXaxgi Mtg}fk} ~exf E`b{tek} 7:> >> 35 3=.6


Laxat Skfemik Amm{zg`x} 3= =3 == =:.6

Zkhk}xteg`} 4> 45 4: 48

Demumie}x} 75 74 7> 77.=

"Dkatk mai{l`} }fa~ xfk mtg}f fe}xatu at kgmf a xfk xftkk ukgt} ellkhegxkiuzteat xa ztabkmx ma`}xt{mxea`. Gxkt mai{l` }fa~} `{ldkt a mtg}fk} }e`mkelziklk`xgxea` &xfta{nf Amxadkt 4:7:% gx g``{gi tgxk. ]kk zgnk >4 at {txfkteàtlgxea` a` mtg}f hgxg }a{tmk g`h g`giu}e} lkxfahaianu. Xfk }{l a xfkxftkk }zkmem mgxknatek} lgu àx kw{gi Xaxgi Mtg}fk} ~exf E`b{tek} dkmg{}k}alk mtg}fk} e`saiskh e`b{tek} e` l{ixezik mgxknatek}.

Kg}xda{`h Fa{}xa` ]xtkkx Gsktgnk Zkgo Zkteah Xtgski Xelk}]evxf Gsk`{k xa Da~ktu

Dkatk Gxkt Mfg`nk + Mfg`nk

^kkohgu >,7: g.l. :=248 :=288 ::24: 7:+

^kkohgu 74,4 z .l. :=28= :;2:> :7248 =6+

^kkohgu 8,> z.l. :827= :;2:= ::2;: 4:+

]gx{thgu 77 g.l.,4 z.l. :>28> :324= ,:7248 ,76+

Dkatk hgxg maiikmxkh e` Amxadkt 4::8. Gxkt hgxg maiikmxkh e` @askldkt 4:7:.

Xelk} }fa~` e` le`{xk}) }kma`h}.

^k}xda{`h Fa{}xa` ]xtkkx Gsktgnk Zkgo Zkteah Xtgski Xelk}Da~ktu xa ^k}x ]xtkkx

Dkatk Gxkt Mfg`nk + Mfg`nk

^kkohgu >,7: g.l. :62;4 :62=8 ,::276 ,=+

^kkohgu 74,4 z .l. 772:: :>246 ,:=2=4 ,=4+

^kkohgu 8,> z.l. :6246 :528; :727> 7;+

]gx{thgu 77 g.l.,4 z.l. :628: :52:7 ::247 8+

Dkatk hgxg maiikmxkh e` Amxadkt 4::8. Gxkt hgxg maiikmxkh e` @askldkt 4:7:.Xelk} }fa~` e` le`{xk}) }kma`h}.


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Giik` g`hZeok ]xtkkx}


35/76

=;]{}xge`gdik ]xtkkx} E`hkv 4:7:

Z{tza}k

Elztask }gkxu at zkhk}xteg`}) hteskt} g`h mumie}x}

Kvzg`h g`h ma``kmx zkhk}xteg` lgii }zgmk}

K`fg`mk g`h elztask demumik ma``kmxea`}

K`fg`mk }xtkkx}mgzk

A{xtkgmf

Xfk mall{èxu eèxegxkh g`h zgtxemezgxkh e` hk}en` ~ato}faz}xfgx mgiikh {za` HAX g`h xfk @k~ Uato Mexu Hkzgtxlk`x a Zgto}g`h Tkmtkgxea` &Zgto}% xa xtg`}atl Giik` g`h Zeok ]xtkkx} e xa gzkhk}xteg`,tek`hiu da{iksgth

HAX ztk}k`xkh zig`} xa xfk Lg`fgxxg` Mall{èxu Dagth =Xtg`}zatxgxea` Mallexxkk &MD=% e Ckdt{gtu 4::5

HAX lkx ~exf MD= e Lgtmf 4::5 xa ghhtk}} w{k}xea`} g`hma`mkt`} g`h tkmkeskh }{zzatx at xfk zig`} gia`n ~exf }zkmemtkmallk`hgxea } tal MD=

HAX lahekh zig`} dg}kh a` mall{èxu e`z{x g`h ztk}k`xkh xfk`gi zig` xa MD= e` Gztei 4::5

HAX he}xted{xkh axemk} tkngthe`n ztabkmx elziklk`xgxea` xamall{èxu d{}e`k}}k} g`h tk}ehk`mk} e` G{n{}x 4::5

HAX {zhgxkh MD= a` ztabkmx ztantk}} e ]kzxkldkt 4::5

Gzztagmf

@gtta~kh xfk tagh~gu tal xftkk lase`n ig`k} xa x~alase`n ig`k} e` kgmf hetkmxea`

E`}xgiikh ikx,x{t` dgu} g`h ghhkh g hkhemgxkh }en`gi zfg}kat skfemik} x{tè`n ikx

Mtkgxkh zkhk}xteg` zigrg} g`h ~ehk`kh lgii}

E`}xgiikh `k~ mta}}~gio} xa ma``kmx zkhk}xteg` lgii}

Tkiamgxkh demumik ig`k tal tenfx,}ehk m{td xa ikx,}ehk m{td`kvx xa lgii? ztasehkh è`k,aax d{kt dkx~kk` demumik ig`kg`h xtgski ig`k}? ztasehkh ma``kmxea` xa Kg}x Teskt Ntkk`~gu

Tk}{ix}

=;+ tkh{mxea` e` daxf laxat skfemik mtg}fk} g`h demumik

mtg}fk} e`saise`n e`b{tek} gia`n Giik` g`h Zeok ]xtkkx} talFa{}xa` ]xtkkx xa ]a{xf ]xtkkx

Hgeiu xtgm sai{lk} hkmtkg}kh du 76+ at àtxfda{`h g`h4=+ at }a{xfda{`h xtgm

Deok tehkt}fez e`mtkg}kh du 8=+ e` xfk àtxfda{`h hetkmxea`g`h du 3:+ e` xfk }a{xfda{`h hetkmxea` tal > g.l. > z.l.

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Giik` g`h Zeok ]xtkkx} t{` àtxf g`h }a{xf tal Fa]xtkkx xa ]a{xf ]xtkkx gx xfk Kg}x Teskt ~gxke` Lg`fgxxg`. Iamgxkh e` xfk Ia~kt Kg}x ]ehkMfe`gxa~`) xfk mattehat fg} g heskt}k lev a zg`h d{}e`k}}k} g`h g ia`n fe}xatu g} falk xa sgellentg`x nta{z}.

Gtkg a hkxgei

Lg`fgxxg`


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G deth} kuk sek~ ac xfk ztabkmx }fa~e n xfk k~ demumik ig`k) d{cckt}zgmk g`h g zkhk}xteg zigrg mtkgxkh du ma``kmxe n xfk lgii}.

G

iik`g`hZeok]xtkkx} Lkldkt} a xfk Ia~kt Kg}x ]ehk g`h Mfe`gxa~`

mall{èxek} ma`xgmxkh HAX gda{x xfk `kkh atzkhk}xteg` g`h xtgm }gkxu mfg`nk} e` xfk gtkg g`h xfkazzatx{èxu xa mtkgxk g ig`h}mgzkh ztalk`ghk xa xfk~gxktta`x gia`n Giik` g`h Zeok ]xtkkx}. Giik` ]xtkkx g`hZeok ]xtkkx fgh ma`mtkxk lgii} }kzgtgxe`n àtxfda{`hg`h }a{xfda{`h xtgm) g ikngmu tal hklaiexea` a xfk]kma`h Gsk`{k kiksgxkh xtge` ie`k g`h }ksktgi diamo} axk`klk`x fa{}e`n) g }xgto ma`xtg}x xa xfk zgto }zgmkdkx~kk` Mftu}xek g`h Cat}uxf ]xtkkx} xa xfk ~k}x.

Xfk Giik` g`h Zeok ]xtkkx lgii} ~ktk {`hkt{xeierkhg`h ztk}k`xkh g` azzatx{èxu xa }enèmg`xiu elztaskzkhk}xteg` gmmk}} g`h }gkxu e` daxf Mfe`gxa~` g`h xfkIa~kt Kg}x ]ehk.

E` tk}za`}k xa tkw{k}x} tal xfk Ia~kt Kg}x ]ehk DEH g`hmall{èxu atngèrgxea`}) HAX dkng` xa iaao at }zkmemgtkg} a elztasklk`x gia`n xfk mattehat. Gixfa{nf k~`kenfdatfaah tk}ehk`x} a~` mgt}) xfk gtkg e} g lgbatma`h{ex at skfem{igt xtgm h{k xa xfk ztavelexu a xfkêiiegl}d{tn g`h Lg`fgxxg` Dtehnk}. Daxf dtehnk} gi}agxxtgmx lgù mumie}x}) xfa{nf xfk kve}xe`n demumik ig`k}a` Giik` g`h Zeok ]xtkkx} ~ktk tkw{k`xiu diamokh duha{dik,zgtokh skfemik} g`h hkiesktu xt{mo}.

Xfk àtxfkt` zatxea` a xfk ztabkmx gtkg fg} gma`mk`xtgxea` a tk}xg{tg`x} g`h }xatk} ~feik xfk ig`h{}k} e` xfk }a{xfkt` gtkg a xfk ztabkmx gtk g lev a tkxgeig`h tk}ehk`xegi. Xfk }xtkkx ma`n{tgxea` ~g} xftkk ig`k}e` kgmf hetkmxea` zi{} demumik g`h zgtoe`n ig`k} a` daxf}ehk}) hesehkh du lgii} xfgx gtk 4: at latk kkx ~ehk.H{k xa xfk ~ehk tagh~gu) skfemik} ~a{ih ~kgsk xfta{nfxfk xftkk ig`k} g`h lgok {`ztkhemxgdik lasklk`x}. Xfktagh ~ehxf gi}a lghk at ia`nkt mta}}~gio}. Gàxfkt}gkxu e}}{k tk}{ixkh ~fk` ikx,x{tè`n skfemik} w{k{khdkx~kk` xfk lgii} diamoe`n xtgm g`h zkhk}xteg`}.

HAX lkx ~exf MD= xa a{xie`k xfk ztabkmx zig`} e` Ckdt{gtu4::5) g`h }xgtxkh g hegian{k xfgx ma`xe`{kh e` xfkaiia~e`n la`xf}. E` Lgtmf) HAX ghhtk}}kh w{k}xea`}g`h ma`mkt`} g`h xfk mallexxkk saxkh xa }{zzatxxfk asktgii ztabkmx. HAX lahekh xfk zig`} dg}kh a`mall{èxu kkhdgmo g`h ztk}k`xkh xfk mfg`nk} xaMD= e` Gztei. E` G{n{}x HAX he}xted{xkh àxemgxea`} axfk ztabkmx g`h ex} elziklk`xgxea` xa iamgi d{}e`k}}k}g`h tk}ehk`mk} gia`n xfk k`xetk mattehat.

HAX tklaskh g xtgski ig`k e` kgmf hetkmxea`) gtta~e`nxfk tagh~gu tal xftkk ig`k} e` kgmf hetkmxea` xa x~aXfk demumik ig`k ~g} tkiamgxkh tal xfk m{td ghbgmk`xxa zgtoe`n xa xfk e`xkteat }zgmk `kvx xa xfk lgii. Gè`k,aax d{kt ~g} e`}xgiikh dkx~kk` xfk demumikig`k g`h xfk xtgski ig`k} xa ztaxkmx mumie}x}. Xfk `k~iuztaxkmxkh demumik ig`k ztasehk} g ma``kmxea` xa xfkKg}x Teskt Ntkk`~gu g`h ghh} 7.5 leik} xa xfk Mexu}demumik `kx~ato.

Ikx,x{t` dgu} g`h hkhemgxkh ikx,x{t` }en`gi zfg}k} ~ktkghhkh xa }kzgtgxk ikx,x{tè`n skfemik} tal zkhk}xteg`}g`h mumie}x}. Mta}}~gio} ~ktk e`}xgiikh dkx~kk` lgii}~fktk mta}} }xtkkx} tklge` azk` xa xtgm. Gx a{t mta}}

}xtkkx} ~exf ia~ xtgm sai{lk}) zkhk}xteg` zigrg} ~ktkmtkgxkh gia`n xfk mattehat du ma``kmxe`n xfk lgii}. Xfkzgsklk`x gx xfk zigrg} ~g} maiatkh xa hektk`xegxk xfk}zgmk tal xfk tagh~gu. Zig`xkt}) ghhexea`gi }en`gnkg`h ckvedik daiigth} ~ktk gi}a e`}xgiikh xa fkiz tkh{mkhteskt ma`{}ea` g`h okkz skfemik} a{x a xfk `k~ zigrg}Zig`x} g`h dk`mfk} ~ktk ghhkh gx kgmf zigrg xa k`fg`mkxfk `k~ z{diem }zgmk}.

]gckxu cat mumie}x} ~g} elztaskh du lase`n xfk deok ig`k `kvxxa xfk lgii g`h ztasehe`n g e`k,caax d{cckt dkx~kk` xfk deokig`k g`h skfemik xtgski ig`k}.


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=>]{}xge`gdik ]xtkkx} E`hkv 4:7:

Skfem{igt sai{lk} hkmtkg}kh at gii xelk zkteah} e` daxfàtxfda{`h g`h }a{xfda{`h hetkmxea`}. Hgeiu àtxfda{`hsai{lk} hkmtkg}kh du 76+ g`h }a{xfda{`h sai{lk}hkmie`kh du 4=+. Deok sai{lk} e`mtkg}kh a` xfe} mattehat e`tk}za`}k xa xfk ztaxkmxkh deok ig`k. Ctal > g.l. xa > z.l.)deok sai{lk} e`mtkg}kh du 8=+ at xfk atxfda{`h hetkmxea`g`h 3:+ e` xfk }a{xfda{`h hetkmxea`.

Xfk `{ldkt a mtg}fk} e`saise`n e`b{tek} xa laxat skfemikamm{zg`x} hkmtkg}kh du =;+ tal g` gsktgnk a 44.>mtg}fk} zkt ukgt h{te`n xfk xftkk ukgt} zteat xa elziklk`xgxea`

xa g` g``{gi tgxk a 78.> }e`mk xfk ztabkmx ~g} malzikxkh.Xfe} hkmie`k tkztk}k`x} g }xgxe}xemgiiu }enèmg`x tkh{mxeaè` mtg}fk}. E` ghhexea`) xfk g``{gierkh mtg}f tgxk e`saise`ne`b{tek} xa laxat skfemik amm{zg`x} gxkt elziklk`xgxea` ~g}ia~kt xfg` xfk {ldkt a mtg}fk} e` gù a xfk 7: zteat ukgt}&at mtg}f g`giu}e} lkxfahaianu) }kk zgnk >4%.

E` xfk xftkk ukgt} zteat xa elziklk`xgxea` xfktk ~g} g`gsktgnk a 74.= mtg}fk} zkt ukgt e`saise`n e`b{tek} xademumie}x}. ]e`mk xfk ztabkmx ~g} malzikxkh) xfgx {ldkt fg}dkk` tkh{mkh du =;+ xa g` g``{gi tgxk a kenfx mtg}fk}) g}xgxe}xemgiiu }enèmg`x tkh{mxea`.

Xfe} ztabkmx hkla`}xtgxk} fa~ tkigxeskiu e`kvzk`}esklgxktegi} g`h e`tg}xt{mx{tk }{mf g} }en`gi}) zgsklk`xlgtoe`n} g`h zig`xkt} fgsk sg}xiu elztaskh zkhk}xteg` g`hdemumik gmmk}} g`h }gkxu. Xfk ztabkmx gtkg xahgu ztasehk}e`sexe`n g`h }gk z{diem }zgmk} g`h g ~kimale`n ma``kmxea`

xa xfk Kg}x Teskt Ntkk`~gu. Xfk lgii ma`}xt{mxea` fg} dkn{`gx xfk }a{xf k`h a xfk ztabkmx dkx~kk` Fk`tu ]xtkkx g`h]a{xf ]xtkkx. fk` {`he`n fg} dkk` }km{tkh xfk xklzatgtuxtkgxlk`x} ~eii dk d{eix ~exf zktlg`k`x lgxktegi} g`hig`h}mgze`n gia`n xfk k`xetk ztabkmx mattehat.

Deok Sai{lk} a` Giik` ]xtkkxNtg`h ]xtkkx xa Fk}xkt ]xtkkx

Dkatk Gxkt + Mfg`nk

@atxfda{`h =:5 88= 8=+

]a{xfda{`h 755 =76 3:+

Dkatk hgxg maiikmxkh e` B{`k 4::5. Gxkt hgxg maiikmxkh e` G{n{}x 4:7:.Sai{lk} }fa~` gtk at xelk zkteah > g.l.,> z.l. a` g ~kkohgu.

Mtg}fk} ~exf E`b{tek} gia`n Giik` g`h Zeok ]xtkkx}Fa{}xa` ]xtkkx xa ]a{xf ]xtkkx


Xaxgi Mtg}fk} ~exf E`b{tek} ;3 ;= 8; 8;.=


Laxat Skfemik Amm{zg`x} 4; 4= 4: 78.>

Zkhk}xteg`} 44 7; 78 44.>

Demumie}x} 77 7; 77 6


A`k a xfk `k~ zkhk}xteg` zigrg} iamgxkh gx Fk}xkt ]xtkkx.Zig`x} g`h dk`mfk} ~ktk ghhkh gx kgmf zigrg xa k`fg`mk xfk`k~ z{diem }zgmk.

E`b{tek} tal skfem{igt mtg}fk} g`h demumik mtg}fk}gia`n Giik` g`h Zeok ]xtkkx} daxf hkmtkg}kh du =;+)g }xgxe}xemgiiu }enècmg`x tkh{mxea` e` mtg}fk}.


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Bgmo}a` Gsk`{k!Z{ig}oe Dtehnk


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=5]{}xge`gdik ]xtkkx} E`hkv 4:7:

Z{tza}k

Ztasehk }gkt zkhk}xteg` mta}}e`n}

Elztask zkhk}xteg` gmmk}} dkx~kk` d{} }xaz} g`h }{d~guk`xtg`mk g`h `k~ gzgtxlk`x d{eihe`n}

Tkh{mk mtg}fk}

Tkh{mk xtgm ma`nk}xea` g`h elztask e`xkt}kmxea` azktgxea`

K`fg`mk xfk }xtkkx}mgzk

A{xtkgmf

HAX }x{hekh zaxk`xegi }gkxu elztasklk`x} at xfk gtkg e`tk}za`}k xa mall{èxu g`h hkskiazkt} ma`mkt`}

HAX ztk}k`xkh ztaza}kh mfg`nk} xa xfk W{kk`} Mall{èxuDagth 4 Xtg`}zatxgxea` Mallexxkk &MD4% e` Bg`{gtu 4::5 g`htkmkeskh kkhdgmo

HAX lghk ghb{}xlk`x} xa xfk zig` g`h tkmkeskh }{zzatx talMD4 e` Lgtmf 4::5

Gzztagmf

E`}xgiikh `k~ }en`gi,ztaxkmxkh mta}}~gio gx xfk aax a xfkZ{ig}oe Dtehnk) g} ~kii g} `k~ g`h kvzg`hkh zkhk}xteg`tk{nk e}ig`h}

Tkma`n{tkh g`h tkxelkh xfk e`xkt}kmxea`} a Z{ig}oe Dtehnk!Bgmo}a` Gsk`{k!77xf ]xtkkx g`h 77xf ]xtkkx!85xf Gsk`{k

Ig`h}mgzkh `k~!kvzg`hkh tk{nk e}ig`h} at gk}xfkxem g`h}{}xge`gdeiexu z{tza}k}

Tk}{ix}

Elztaskh zkhk}xteg` }gkxu g`h ma``kmxesexu à zkhk}xteg` atdemumie}x e`b{tek} }e`mk elziklk`xgxea` &7>/ la`xf}%

Tkh{mkh hkigu at xtgm xtgskie`n tal Z{ig}oe Dtehnk xakg}xda{`h Bgmo}a` Gsk`{k du >:+

Ig`h}mgzkh tk{nk gtkg} ghhkh at }gkxu) gk}xfkxem w{giexu g`h}{}xge`gdeiexu

8>GS

8>TH

;:GS

BGM

O]A@GS

77

]X

85GS

Z[IG]OE DT

77

]X

85GS

77

]X

86GS

Z[IG]OE DT

77

]X

7!7: leik

Gtkg a hkxgei

Iamgxkh gx xfk aax a xfk Z{ig}oe DtehnkIa`n E}ig`h Mexu) xfk e`xkt}kmxea` a Bgmo}

Gsk`{k g`h 77xf ]xtkkx e} g oku e`xkt}kmxe}ktse`n laxate}x} xtgskiie`n xa g`h tal lgtagh~gu} e` xfk Mexu g`h ztasehe`n g hetkma``kmxea` dkx~kk` W{kk`} g`h Dtaaoiu` xfk Z{ig}oe Dtehnk. Xfk gtkg e} }ktskh du x-> iamgi g`h kvztk}} }{d~gu xtge`} g`h xD34 d{} ie`k) g`h e} g lgbat xtg`}kt zadkx~kk` xfk}k x~a lahk}. Xfk gtkg ~tkmk`xiu tkra`kh xa e`mi{hk tk}ehk`xegi fente}k d{eihe`n} g`h e} kvzktek`me`n nta~xf gtk }{tta{`he`n `kenfdatfaah}.

Lg`fgxxg`

W{kk`


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Xfk e`xkt}kmxea` a Bgmo}a` Gsk`{k g`h 77xf ]xtkkxgx xfk Z{ig}oe Dtehnk e} g lgbat ma``kmxea` dkx~kk`xfk data{nf} a W{kk`} g`h Dtaaoiu`. Xfk hk}en` g`hazktgxea` a }xtkkx} gx xfe} e`xkt}kmxea`) g tkiem talIa`n E}ig`h Mexu} lg`{gmx{te`n atene`}) ~ktk e` `kkha g }{d}xg`xegi {zhgxk. Xfe} W{kk`} `kenfdatfaah ~g}tkmk`xiu tkra`kh xa gxxtgmx tk}ehk`xegi fenf,te}k d{eihe`n})g`h xfk Dtaaoiu` kenfdatfaah a Ntkk`zae`x , b{}x }a{xfa Z{ig}oe Dtehnk fg} gi}a kvzktek`mkh }enèmg`xnta~xf e` tkmk`x ukgt}. êxf xfk tk}{ixe`n e`mtkg}k e`

zkhk}xteg` gmxesexu) xfk elzatxg`mk a ma`n{te`n xfke`xkt}kmxea` xa {`mxea` at gii {}kt} g`h lahk} fg} dkk`fenfienfxkh du iamgi tk}ehk`x} g`h d{}e`k}}k}.

]gkxu ma`mkt`} tkngthe`n xfe} e`xkt}kmxea` ~ktk tge}khdu xfk mall{èxu g`h tk}ehk`xegi hkskiazkt}. G} g tk}{ixa xfk}k ma`mkt`}) HAX ztk}k`xkh zig`} xa MD4 e`Bg`{gtu 4::5. HAX tkmkeskh kkhdgmo tal xfk dagthg`h gxkt HAX lahekh xfk zig`) MD4 }{zzatxkh xfkztabkmx e` Lgtmf 4::5.

A`k a xfk oku mfg`nk} lghk gx xfk e`xkt}kmxea` aBgmo}a` Gsk`{k g`h xfk Z{ig}oe Dtehnk ~g} xfk ghhexeaà g mta}}~gio gx xfk dg}k a xfk dtehnk g`h g zkhk}xteg`

}en`gi zfg}k xa lgok xfk e`xkt}kmxea` }gkt g`h latke`sexe`n at zkhk}xteg`}. Xfk mta}}~gio ma``kmx} g d{}uD34 d{} }xaz a` a`k }ehk ~exf g }{d~gu }xgxea` at xfk-> ie`k a` xfk axfkt. E` d{eihe`n xfe} mta}}~gio) HAX gi}aghhkh x~a tk{nk e}ig`h}) kvzg`hkh g` kve}xe`n a`k) g`hghhkh g }en`gi zfg}k hkhemgxkh }aikiu at zkhk}xteg`}xa mta}}. Xfe} }kx a elztasklk`x} tkzigmkh g ia`n g`hhem{ix zkhk}xteg` mta}}e`n ~exf xftkk }fatxkt g`h }gktmta}}e`n }knlk`x}. Axfkt mta}}~gio} ~ktk elztaskh du{zntghe`n mta}}~gio lgtoe`n}. ]ksktgi tk{nk e}ig`h}~ktk zig`xkh ~exf xtkk} xa elztask xfk ig`h}mgzk) ghhe`nxa xfk mtkgxea` a g }{}xge`gdik g`h ~kimale`n ngxk~gudkx~kk` xfk data{nf}.

Zkhk}xteg` mfg`nk} gx xfk e`xkt}kmxea` ~ktk gmmalzgèkhdu mfg`nk} e` xfk xtgm zgxxkt`} g} ~kii. Ztksea{}iutenfx x{t`} tal Z{ig}oe Dtehnk a`xa Bgmo}a` Gsk`{k~ktk dke`n lghk tal daxf }ehk} a g ma`mtkxk e}ig`h?xfk `k~ ma`n{tgxea` hk}en`gxk} xfgx aìu skfemik} e`xfk x~a ig`k} xa xfk tenfx a xfk kvzg`hkh tk{nk e}ig`hmg` lgok xfe} x{t`. Du e}aigxe`n xfe} x~a,ig`k mfg``ki at

tenfx x{t`} aìu) g }kzgtgxk }en`gi zfg}k ~g} hkhemgxkhxa xfk}k x{t`} giia~e`n zkhk}xteg`} xa mta}} ma`cemx tkke` xfk kg}x mta}}~gio. Ex gi}a k`}{tk} xfgx skfemik} laskxfta{nf xfk e`xkt}kmxea` e` g latk ztkhemxgdik lg``ktxf{} k`fg`me`n }gkxu at gii.

Xfk}k mfg`nk} ztah{mkh g >:+ tkh{mxea` e` hkigu ag x{tè`n lasklk`x ~femf fgh ztksea{}iu kvzktek`mkhkvmk}}esk hkigu} xfk àtxfda{`h tenfx x{t` e` xfklatè`n zkgo fa{t tal Z{ig}oe Dtehnk xa Bgmo}a`

Gsk`{k. G} g tk}{ix a xfe} elztasklk`x) xtgski xelk}at skfemik} lgoe`n xfe} x{t` tal xfk Z{ig}oe Dtehnkg`h xtgskie`n kg}xda{`h gia`n Bgmo}a` Gsk`{k xa 8>xfGsk`{k hkmtkg}kh du =4 }kma`h}) g hkmtkg}k a 4:+.

Gàxfkt lahemgxea` malzikxkh g} zgtx a xfe} ztabkmx~g} xfk ig`k tkgien`lk`x gx xfk dg}k a xfk Z{ig}oe Dtehnkat daxf hetkmxea`} a xtgski. Xfk tenfx,la}x àtxfda{`hig`k a` xfk dtehnk ~g} }xtezkh g} g tenfx,x{t` aìu ig`kg`h hetkmx} skfemik} xa xfk 77xf ]xtkkx }ktsemk tagh g`hxfk mfg``kierkh tenfx,x{t` ig`k} gx xfk Bgmo}a` Gsk`{kgzztagmf. Xfk lktne`n zae`x at }a{xfda{`h skfemik}gmmk}}e`n xfk dtehnk ~g} kiele`gxkh du tklase`n a`kig`k gx xfk k`xtu zae`x tal 77xf ]xtkkx }a xfk 85xf

Gsk`{k }iez tglz mg` gmmk}} xfk dtehnk ~exf g hkhemgxkhig`k. Xfk}k mfg`nk} ~ktk lghk xa elztask }gkxudu hkie`kgxe`n skfem{igt lasklk`x} g`h xa ztasehkghhexea`gi }zgmk at xfk `k~ zkhk}xteg` tk{nk e}ig`h}E` lgoe`n xfk}k mfg`nk}) hkigu} at gii gzztagmfk} gxxfk Bgmo}a` Gsk`{k g`h 77xf ]xtkkx e`xkt}kmxea` ~ktkokzx ~exfe` gmmkzxgdik ikski}.

A` ~k}xda{`h Bgmo}a` Gsk`{k) g` ghhexea`gi ikx,x{tìg`k ~g} e`}xgiikh xa gmmallahgxk fkgsu ikx,x{t`sai{lk} tal Bgmo}a` Gsk`{k a`xa xfk Z{ig}oe Dtehnkseg 77xf ]xtkkx. Xfk ~k}xda{`h ikx,x{t` }en`gi zfg}k~g} gi}a zgetkh ~exf xfk àtxfda{`h tenfx,x{t` zfg}khkxgeikh gdask) g} xfk x~a ma{ih dk zgetkh xankxfkt xa

kmek`xiu azktgxk xfk e`xkt}kmxea`. Xfk `kmk}}gtu tagh}zgmk at xfk ghhexea`gi ~k}xda{`h ikx,x{t` ig`k ~g}adxge`kh du tklase`n }ksktgi a`,}xtkkx zgtoe`n }zgmk}g lask }{zzatxkh du MD4. Gxkt xfk mfg`nk} ~ktkelziklk`xkh) xtgski xelk at ~k}xda{`h skfemik} a`Bgmo}a` Gsk`{k hkmie`kh du 45+ e` xfk latè`n zkgog`h 4=+ e` xfk kskè`n zkgo.

G` kvzg`hkh) ig`h}mgzkh tk{nk e}ig`h!lkheg` ~g} ghhkh gxxfk }a{xf~k}x mat`kt a Bgmo}a` Gsk`{k g`h 77xf ]xtkkx xaelztask }gkxu at laxate}x} g`h zkhk}xteg`} g`h xa k`fg`mkxfk }xtkkx}mgzk.

Bgmo}a`G

sk`{k!Z{ig}

oeDtehnk

Xfk `k~ mta}}~gio gx xfk dg}k a xfk Z{ig}oe Dtehnk lgok}xfk e`xkt}kmxea` }gkt g`h latk e`sexe`n at zkhk}xteg`} g`hztasehk} g }gk ma``kmxea` dkx~kk` xfk D34 d{} }xaz g`h xfk-> }{d~gu }xgxea`.


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Axfkt xtgm mfg`nk} e`mi{hkh ma`sktxe`n 85xf Gsk`{k tal gx~a,~gu xa g a`k,~gu kg}xda{`h }xtkkx tal xfk e`xkt}kmxeaà xfk Z{ig}oe Dtehnk kvex g`h xfk 77xf ]xtkkx }ktsemk tagh xa77xf Zigmk. Xfe} lahemgxea` kiele`gxk} skfem{igt ma`cemx}e`mk gii xtgm tal xfk }ktsemk tagh e} hetkmxkh a`xa 85xfGsk`{k e`}xkgh a lktne`n ~exf dtehnk xtgm xa lgok g tenfxx{t` gx Bgmo}a` Gsk`{k. Gi}a) xfk ikx x{t` tal }a{xfda{`h77xf ]xtkkx xa kg}xda{`h Bgmo}a` Gsk`{k ~g} ztafedexkh)g} g latk kmek`x ta{xk ~g} gitkghu gsgeigdik du {}e`n 8>xfTagh x~a diamo} xa xfk àtxf.

G`giu}e} a xfk @k~ Uato Mexu Zaiemk Hkzgtxlk`x &@UZH%mtg}f hgxg }fa~} xfktk ~ktk à }xgxe}xemgiiu }enèmg`xmfg`nk} e` xfk `{ldkt a mtg}fk} e`saise`n e`b{tek} e` xfkztabkmx gtkg) gixfa{nf mtg}f tgxk} gxkt elziklk`xgxea`~ktk ia~kt xfg` xfk gsktgnk at xfk xftkk zteat ukgt}. E`7> la`xf} }e`mk mfg`nk} ~ktk e`}xgiikh) xfktk fgsk dkk`à demumik at zkhk}xteg` e`b{tek}) malzgtkh ~exf 76 }{mfe`b{tek} e` xfk 7: ukgt} zteat.

Caiia~e`n xfk ztabkmx} malzikxea` g`h ad}ktsgxea` h{te`nxfk }{llkt a 4::5) leàt ghb{}xlk`x} ~ktk lghk xa}ksktgi }en`gi} g`h lgtoe`n}. Xfk asktgii mfg`nk} fgskelztaskh zkhk}xteg` }gkxu g`h ma``kmxesexu) }{zzatxkh`k~ kmaàlem hkskiazlk`x g`h tk}ehk`xegi nta~xfmigtekh zgxf} g`h lasklk`x} at laxate}x}) g`h kvzg`hkhig`h}mgzkh gtkg a xfk e`xkt}kmxea`.

Zkhk}xteg` }gkxu g`h ma``kmxesexu elztaskh gxBgmo}a` Gsk`{k g`h xfk Z{ig}oe Dtehnk ~exf xfke`}xgiigxea a }en`gi,ztaxkmxkh mta}}~gio}) zkhk}xteg`tk{nk e}ig`h} g`h {zntghkh mta}}~gio lgtoe`n}.

Mtg}fk} ~exf E`b{tek} gx Bgmo}a` Gsk`{k g`h Z{ig}oe Dtehnk


Xaxgi Mtg}fk} ~exf E`b{tek} 5 3 ; ;.3


Laxat Skfemik Amm{zg`x} 6 8 ; ;.3

Zkhk}xteg`} : 7 : :

Demumie}x} 7 7 : :


Skfemik} gx xfk aax a xfk Z{ig}oe Dtehnk mg` aìu x{t` tenfxtal xfk hk}en`gxkh tenfx,x{t` ig`k}.


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Zgto Metmik


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Kvzg`h zkhk}xteg` g`h demumik `kx~ato


A{xtkgmf Dta{nfx xa HAX} gxxk`xea` du ]xgdik Dtaaoiu`) g `kenfdatfaah

mall{èxu nta{z

HAX fkih g hk}en` ~ato}faz e` Ckdt{gtu 4::5 at xfkXtg`}zatxgxea` Mallexxkk} a Dtaaoiu`} Mall{èxu Dagth} >) 74g`h 78 &MD>) MD74 g`h MD78%

HAX ztk}k`xkh zig`} ghhtk}}e`n mall{èxu nagi} g`h ma`mkt`} xaMD>) MD74 g`h MD78 e` B{`k 4::5 g`h tkmkeskh }{zzatx tal giixfk dagth} at xfk ztabkmx? MD> zg}}kh g tk}ai{xea` {`gèla{}iu e`gsat a xfk elztasklk`x}

HAX ma`h{mxkh g ztabkmx ~gio,xfta{nf at xfk z{diem gxktelziklk`xgxea` xa tk`k xfk ztabkmx elztasklk`x}

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Tkma`n{tkh e`xkt}kmxea`} xa mgil xtgm

E`}xgiikh `k~ mta}}~gio} g`h ghhkh zkhk}xteg` tk{nk e}ig`h}

E`}xgiikh x~a `k~ }en`gi} g`h tkiamgxkh x~a }en`gi} xa ztasehk }fatxktzkhk}xteg` mta}}e`n} gmta}} Zta}zkmx Zgto ]a{xf~k}x g`h xfk Amkg`Zgto~gu g`h Catx Fgleixa`!Amkg` Zgto~gu gmmk}} tglz}

E`}xgiikh g ztaxkmxkh dtehik zgxf E`}xgiikh g `k~ demumik zgxf gta{`h xfk metmik g`h gia`n Catx

Fgleixa` Zgto~gu g`h malzikxkh g demumik ma``kmxea` xa xfkkve}xe`n Amkg` Zgto~gu Ntkk`~gu

Tk}{ix}

Tkh{mkh hteskt ma`{}ea` g`h mgilkh xtgm xfta{nf }en`gnk) }en`gig`h nkalkxtu mfg`nk}

Xtgski xelk} hkmtkg}kh at gii hetkmxea`} h{te`n xfk latè`n g`hkskè`n zkgo} kvmkzx xtez} k`xkte`n xfk metmik tal xfk àtxfda{`h

gzztagmf gx Ma`ku E}ig`h Gsk`{k A{xkt te`n a metmik lghk {iiu gmmk}}edik xa zkhk}xteg`} ~exf }gk

g`h }fatx mta}}~gio}

Elztaskh demumik ma``kmxesexu

Ghhkh }enèmg`x ig`h}mgze`n gta{`h xfk metmik xa se}{giiu oèx xfk`kenfdatfaah} xankxfkt g`h elztaskh kenfdatfaah gzzkgtg`mk duxtg`}atle`n xfk kvztk}}~gu iaao a xfk Amkg` Zgto~gu g`h CatxFgleixa`!Amkg` Zgto~gu gmmk}} tglz} xa g mexu }xtkkx iaao

Zgto Metmik e} iamgxkh gx xfk }a{xfkt`lk`xtg`mk xa Zta}zkmx Zgto e` Dtaaoiu`. xtgm metmik ztasehk} gmmk}} xa xfk zgto) lgtxktegi}) g`h Amkg` Zgto~gu g`h Catx FglZgto~gu. Ex e} g {èw{k iamgxea` ~exf g lua {}kt} tg`ne`n tal laxate}x} xa zkhk}xtg`h mumie}x}) g`h kw{k}xteg`}. Dk}ehk} xfk zla}x a xfk ig`h {}k} gta{`h Zgto Metmiktk}ehk`xegi.

Gtkg a hkxgei

Dtaaoiu`


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Zg

toMetmik

Zgto Metmik e} g fenf,sai{lk) esk,iknnkh xtgemmetmik iamgxkh e` xfk ê`h}at Xkttgmk g`h Ok`}e`nxa``kenfdatfaah} a Dtaaoiu`. Zgto Metmik e} g` fe}xatemig`hlgto. Xfe} ntg`h k`xtg`mk xa Zta}zkmx Zgto ~g}hk}en`kh du xfk gla{} gtmfexkmx ]xgàth ^fexk g`h e}cgòkh du xfk Fat}k Xglkt}) dta`rk }m{izx{tk} hk}en`khdu Dtaaoiu` gtxe}x Ctkhktem LgmLa`èk} e` 7665.Zgto Metmik e} gi}a àxkh g} xfk xktle`{} a xfk aihk}xntkk`~gu e` xfk [èxkh ]xgxk}) xfk Amkg` Zgto~guNtkk`~gu ~femf ~g} hk}en`kh du Ail}xkh g`h Sg{v g`h

azk`kh e` 765;.

]xgdik Dtaaoiu`) g `kenfdatfaah mall{èxu nta{zgi}a tkztk}k`xe`n xfk `kkh} a Ok`}e`nxa` ]xgdik})xfk aìu tklgeè`n fat}k }xgdik }ktse`n Zta}zkmx Zgto)dta{nfx }gkxu g`h gmmk}} ma`mkt`} gx Zgto Metmik xaHAX} gxxk`xea`. E` Ckdt{gtu 4::5) HAX fkih g hk}en`~ato}faz at xfk z{diem g`h MD>) MD74 g`h MD78.Gxkt g }fatx ztk}k`xgxea` a HAX} azktgxea`gi xaai})zgtxemezg`x} ngxfktkh gta{`h xgdik} ~exf kve}xe`n zig`}g`h lgtokt}. Kgmf xgdik g}}en`kh g tkztk}k`xgxeskxa tkzatx gx xfk k`h a xfk lkkxe`n xfket la}x {tnk`xztadikl} g`h fazk} at Zgto Metmik. HAX {}kh xfke`z{x tal xfk ~ato}faz xa fkiz hkskiaz xfk ztabkmx

elztasklk`x}. HAX fkih gàxfkt z{diem ~ato}faz e`B{`k 4::5 xa ztk}k`x g }{llgtu a xfk e}}{k} gia`n~exf tkmallk`hkh elztasklk`x}. Xfe} ~ato}faz ngskxfk mall{èxu xfk azzatx{èxu xa mallk`x a` g`h tk`kxfk tkmallk`hgxea`}. Xfk ztabkmx tkmkeskh }{zzatx talgii xftkk mall{èxu dagth} g`h MD> zg}}kh g tk}ai{xea`{`gèla{}iu e` gsat a xfk elztasklk`x}. E` ghhexea`xa xfk ~ato}faz} g`h ztk}k`xgxea`}) HAX ma`h{mxkh gztabkmx ~gio,xfta{nf at xfk z{diem e` @askldkt 4::5 xatk`k xfk ztabkmx elztasklk`x}.

E` athkt xa ghhtk}} xfk mall{èxu} ma`mkt`} tkngthe`nxfk igmo a }gk ma``kmxesexu gta{`h xfk metmik g`h xa xfkzgto) HAX ma`}xt{mxkh g ztaxkmxkh dtehik zgxf g`h deok

zgxf gta{`h Zgto Metmik. HAX ghhkh deok zgxf} a` CatxFgleixa` Zgto~gu g`h gia`n Amkg` Zgto~gu xa ztasehk

g ma``kmxea` xa xfk Amkg` Zgto~gu Ntkk`~gu. HAX gi}ae`}xgiikh `k~ mta}}~gio}2 a`k gmta}} xfk gmmk}} tglzxa Amkg` Zgto~gu? a`k gmta}} xfk Catx Fgleixa`!Amkg`Zgto~gu gmmk}} tglz? g`h a`k tal xfk e``kt zgtx a xfkmetmik xa g zkhk}xteg` tk{nk e}ig`h gx Zgto}ehk Gsk`{k.

Axfkt mfg`nk} lghk gx xfk Amkg` Zgto~gu g`h CatxFgleixa`!Amkg` Zgto~gu gmmk}} tglz} e`mi{hkh xfkxtg`}atlgxea` a {`{}kh taghdkh xfta{nf ig`h}mgze`ng`h lgtoe`n}) xfk e`}xgiigxea` a x~a `k~ }en`gi} b{}x

zteat xa xfk metmik kvex) xfk ghhexea` a ig`h}mgzkhzkhk}xteg` tk{nk e}ig`h}) g`h xfk tkiamgxea` a igtnkfenf~gu asktfkgh ng`xtu }en`} xa g `kgtdu dtehnkXfk}k mfg`nk} lghk xfk e`xkt}kmxea`} }gkt du}fatxkè`n xfk mta}}~gio} at zkhk}xteg`}) hkmtkg}khhteskt ma`{}ea` du hkie`kgxe`n xfk tagh }zgmk) g`hk`fg`mkh xfk }xtkkx}mgzk.

Hteskt ma`{}ea` g`h }zkkhe`n ~ktk x~a skfem{igt e}}{k}ehk`xekh du xfk mall{èxu g`h HAX xfta{nfa{x xfk ZgtoMetmik }x{hu gtkg. HAX ghhkh k~ }en`gnk g`h zgsklk`xlgtoe`n} xa fkiz tkh{mk hteskt ma`{}ea`. ]en`gi xele`n}~ktk ghb{}xkh gta{`h xfk metmik xa elztask ca~ g`h ~ehkk`xtu g`h kvex m{tsk} ~ktk tkhk}en`kh xa mgil xtgm.

Xfk zgto kvex gx Zta}zkmx Zgto ]a{xf~k}x ~g} mia}khg`h tkiamgxkh xa ]a{xf Igok Htesk. Xfk kve}xe`n }en`gi}gx Zta}zkmx Zgto ]a{xf~k}x ~ktk tkiamgxkh mia}kt xa xfkmetmik g`h g k~ }en`gi ~g} ghhkh gx ]a{xf Igok Htesk askfemik} kvexe`n xfk zgto. Xfk e`xkt}kmxea` tkma`n{tgxea`gx Zta}zkmx Zgto ]a{xf~k}x lghk ex za}}edik xa }fatxk`xfk mta}}e`n he}xg`mk at zkhk}xteg`}.

Xtgski xelk t{`} ~ktk malzikxkh at kgmf lasklk`xgta{`h xfk metmik dkatk g`h gxkt ztabkmx elziklk`xgxea`Xfk gsktgnk xtgski xelk} gtk dg}kh a` xfk hetkmxea` xfgxxfk hteskt} k`xkt xfk metmik g`h ~ktk mgim{igxkh at xfklatè`n zkgo &>2=:,62=: g.l.% g`h xfk kskè`n zkgo

&82=:,;2=: z.l.%. Gii gsktgnk xtgski xelk} hkmtkg}khat fgh iexxik mfg`nk at daxf xelk zkteah} kvmkzx at

Xfk zgto kvex at skfemik} ~g} tkiamgxkh tal xfe} iamgxea` gxZta}zkmx Zgto ]a{xf~k}x xa ]a{xf Igok Htesk.

G ztaxkmxkh dtehik zgxf ~g} ma`}xt{mxkh gta{`h Zgto Metmik xaztasehk g }gk ta{xk at kw{k}xteg`} gmmk}}e`n Zta}zkmx Zgto.


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8;]{}xge`gdik ]xtkkx} E`hkv 4:7:

Zkhk}xteg` }gkxu g`h ma``kmxesexu elztaskh gx ZgtoMetmik ~exf xfk e`}xgiigxea a zkhk}xteg tk{nk e}ig`h})}en`gi,ztaxkmxkh mta}}~gio} g`h tkigxkh mfg`nk}.

hteskt} k`xkte`n xfk metmik e` xfk àtxfda{`h hetkmxea` talMa`ku E}ig`h Gsk`{k. Xtgski xelk} elztaskh xfk la}x e`xfk kskè`n zkgo at ~k}xda{`h hteskt}? hteskt} k`xkte`nxfk metmik tal Zgto}ehk Gsk`{k }gskh => }kma`h}. Hteskt}k`xkte`n xfk metmik tal xfk }a{xfda{`h hetkmxea` gxZta}zkmx Zgto ]a{xf~k}x kvzktek`mkh g hkmtkg}k e` xtgskixelk a =7 }kma`h} e` xfk latè`n zkgo g`h 4: }kma`h} e`xfk kskè`n zkgo.

HAX kvgle`kh mtg}f hgxg tal xfk @UZH at xfk zkteah dkatkg`h gxkt ztabkmx elziklk`xgxea`. Xfk e`xkt}kmxea`} gta{`hZgto Metmik fgsk àx }kk` }enèmg`x mfg`nk} e` xfk asktgii`{ldkt a mtg}fk}) àt e` xfk `{ldkt a mtg}fk} e`saise`n

e`b{tek} xa zkhk}xteg`}. Xfk `{ldkt a mtg}fk} e`saise`n

e`b{tek} xa zkhk}xteg`} gxkt elziklk`xgxea` e} ia~kt xfg` xfkgsktgnk at xfk xftkk zteat ukgt}. Xfe} iamgxea` hak} ax }kk gfenf sai{lk a zkhk}xteg`} }a xfk }glzik }erk at zkhk}xtegè`b{tek} e} }lgii. Ex e} fazkh xfgx xfk mfg`nk} ~eii k`ma{tgnklatk tk}ehk`x} xa k`bau ~gioe`n dkx~kk` kenfdatfaah} g`hxfta{nf Zgto Metmik e` xfk {x{tk.

Xfk asktgii }gkxu g`h gmmk}} at zkhk}xteg`}) mumie}x}hteskt} g`h kw{k}xteg`} ~g} elztaskh. Xfe} ztabkmx ztasehk}xfk aìu fat}k zgxf a` @k~ Uato Mexu }xtkkx} g`h k`fg`mk}xfk }xtkkx gk}xfkxem} at gii {}kt} a xfe} l{ixe,lahgi gtkg.

Zgto Metmik Gsktgnk Zkgo Fa{t Xtgski Xelk}

Hetkmxea` a XtgskiXelk

ZkteahDkatk Gxkt Mfg`nk + Mfg`nk

@atxfda{`hGL ::28> :72:5 ::244 83+

ZL ::2;; :724; ::2=: ;=+

]a{xfda{`hGL :72;= :7244 ,::2=7 ,46+

ZL :7285 :7245 ,::24: ,76+

^k}xda{`hGL :7276 :7275 ::2:7 4+

ZL :7286 :7277 ,::2=> ,=8+

Kg}xda{`hGL :72;8 :72=6 ,::273 ,78+

ZL :42:7 :42:7 ::2:: :+

Dkatk hgxg maiikmxkh e` Lgu 4::6. Gxkt hgxg maiikmxkh e` B{`k 4:7:. Gii hgxgmaiikmxkh ~kkohgu} dkx~kk` >2=:,62=: g.l. g`h 82=:,;2=: z.l. Xelk }fa~è` le`{xk}) }kma`h}.

G demumik ig`k ~g} ghhkh a` Catx Fgleixa` Zgto~gu xa kvzg`h xfkdemumik kx~ato g`h ztasehk ma``kmxea`} xa kve}xe`n demumik ig`k} xaxfk ~k}x a Zta}zkmx Zgto.

Mtg}fk} ~exf E`b{tek} gx Zgto Metmik


Xaxgi Mtg}fk} ~exf E`b{tek} > > = 3.;


Laxat Skfemik Amm{zg`x} 8 ; 7 8.8

Zkhk}xteg`} : : 4 :

Demumie}x} = 4 : 4.4



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Giiktxa` Gsk`{k


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8>]{}xge`gdik ]xtkkx} E`hkv 4:7:

Z{tza}k

Tkh{mk kvmk}}esk skfemik }zkkh}

Ztasehk }gkt zkhk}xteg` mta}}e`n}


Elztask demumik ma``kmxea`}

A{xtkgmf

HAX ehk`xekh xfk kkh at }gkxu elztasklk`x} g} zgtx a xfk ZkifglNgthk`} ]gk ]xtkkx} at ]kèat} &]C]]% ztabkmx

HAX ztk}k`xkh zig`} xa xfk Dta`v Mall{èxu Dagth 77 Xtg`}zatxgxea`Mallexxkk &MD77% g`h iamgi kikmxkh aemegi} e` B{`k 4::5 g`htkmkeskh kkhdgmo

HAX ztk}k`xkh xfk lahekh zig`} xa MD77 g`h iamgi kikmxkh amegi} e` B{iu4::5 g`h tkmkeskh }{zzatx at xfk zig`

HAX he}xted{xkh cukt} gia`n Giiktxa` Gsk`{k ellkhegxkiu dkatkelziklk`xgxea` xa ztasehk ztabkmx eàtlgxea` g`h xa àxeu xfk mall{èxu axfk {zmale`n elztasklk x}

Gzztagmf

@gtta~kh xfk tagh~gu tal x~a lase`n ig`k} xa a`k lase`n ig`k e` kgmfhetkmxea` tal Kg}x N{` Feii Tagh xa Da}xa` Tagh

E`}xgiikh g ~ehk mk`xkt) zge`xkh lkheg`

E`}xgiikh zkhk}xteg` tk{nk e}ig`h} g`h ikx,x{t` dgu} gx oku e`xkt}kmxea`}

E`}xgiikh g `k~ de ok ig`k tal Da}xa` Tagh xa Oe`n}ig`h Gsk`{k e`daxf hetkmxea`}

E`xkt}kmxea` elztasklk`x} gx Dta`v Zgto Kg}x g`h Giiktxa` Gsk`{k xa tkh{mkxtgm hkigu g`h elztask ca~

Tk}{ix}

Skfemik} xtgskie`n askt xfk }zkkh ielex hkmtkg}kh du >+ gia`n kg}xda{`hGiiktxa` Gsk`{k g`h du 8+ gia`n ~k}xda{`h Giiktxa` Gsk`{k

]fatxkt zkhk}xteg` mta}}e`n he}xg`mk}

Ntkk`kh xfk mattehat

Demumik ma``kmxesexu elztaskh g`h tehkt}fez e`mtkg}kh du askt 4;+

Giiktxa` Gsk`{k e} g` kg}x,~mattehat iamgxkh e` xfk ZkifNgthk`} g`h Dta`v~a`kenfdatfaah} a xfk Dta`v. Kga Igmaèg Gsk`{k e} ztkhale`g`tk}ehk`xegi ~feik xa xfk ~k}x) xmattehat fg} latk mallktm}fazze`n gtkg}. Gx xfk ~k}x k`hxfk ztabkmx e} Dta`v Zgto) falkxfk @k~ Uato Daxg`

nyc dot: sustainable streets index 2010

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