nw2005 color vision
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Color Vision
ณวฒัน์ วฒันชยักิติกลุ ลีละวงค์
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Visual process
light sourcelight
reflected light/color
object
eye
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Electromagnetic spectrum
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Visible light
normally visible light 400-700 nm
except : beta peak (380-400 nm) infant aphakic condition
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color vision
how we can see all these colors?
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AnaToMy
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Visual process light pass through
cornea/AC/lens/vit absorption by the
rod/ cone photoreceptors
retinal neural circuit horizontal cells bipolar cells ganglion cells
optic nerve higher visual centers
LGB (parvocellular portion)
Cortex
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Rod and Cone photoreceptors
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Rod and Cone photoreceptors
<400 nm400-700 nm
>700 nm
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Rod photoreceptors
92 millions (100M) no rod in central 0.25
mm of fovea peak at 5-7 mm from
foveal center decrease number with
age
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Rod photoreceptors
mediate vision at low illumination levels (scotopic)
108 range of illumination from near darkness to daylight
critical flicker threshold 20 Hz
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Cone photoreceptors
4.6 millions (5M) highest density at
macula stable numbers, no
relationship to age Mediate best vision
at daylight levels (photopic)
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Cone photoreceptors Responsible for good
visual acuity and color perception
1011 range of illumination from moonlight nights to very very bright light
critical flicker threshold 55-60 Hz
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Rods and Cones together Mesopic photopic + mesopic + scotopic = 1014 range of illumination
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no rod in central 0.25 mm of fovea, peak between 5-7 mm from foveal center, while cone has highest density at macula
this distribution means midperiphery of VF the greatest lig
ht sensitivity (night vision) fovea high acuity, good color vision
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Rod and Cone photoreceptors Rod 507 nm SWS cone (B-cone) 445 nm MWS cone(G-cone) 543 nm LWS cone (R-cone) 566 nm
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Gene Encoding the Human Photopigments
Rhodopsin chromosome 3
Iodopsin (SWS) chromosome 7
Iodopsin (MWS,LWS) chromosome X
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Cone cells L, M cones- very similar- dense hexagonal
packing- L/M ~ 2/1- all ~ 90%
S cones- longer inner segment- larger inner segment- deeper innervation- patchwork mosaic- low at fovea, peak 1
degree- all ~ 10%
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genes : L, M cones
- located on chromosome X- tandem array ~ 2-6 (1 LWS, >1 MWS) hybrid
protan (red-blind) deutan (green-blind)
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Horizontal cells1. H1 dendrite all cones-axon-rod2. H2 contact S cones avoid others3. H3 avoid S cones contact others
- local-circuit neurons- chromatic organization- opponent color coding first stage of wavelength discrimination ?
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Bipolar cellsFor rod : on-cell type (single depol.)For cone : off and on-cell type
Depolarize (on) : depol. Response to central/direct illumination
Hyperpolarize (off) : hyperpol. To center illumination and depol. To surround illumination
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Ganglion cells- Its axons form optic nerve and terminate at
LGB/ other diencephalic centers/ superior colliculus
- earliest visual neuron to generate true action potential
- neural coding in term of frequency of firing- spatial/color opponent organization- functional classification P & M
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Ganglion cellsProperty P cells M cellscolor selectivity yes noreceptive field size small large (~10 timesluminance contrast low highcell size small largeconduction velocity low highresponse time course tonic phasicfunction in scotopic no yes number of cells 1,000,000 100,000
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optic nerve LGB cortex/ other centers
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Color vision11 basic color term
4 uniques hue : red yellow green blue3 achromatic color: blackblack white graygray
other 4 color :orange purple brownbrown pink
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Basic Aspects of Color Vision
human can perceived 8000 colors at a single luminance level
at optimal cone vision (1000 luminance range) – 8,000,000 shades and tints can be distinguished
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Theory of color reception
theory of trichromacy
theory of opponent color opponent cells double
opponent cells
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Color vision : color system 1
CIE color systemCommission international del’Ecalirage specific luminance proportion x + y + z = 1 3 dimension 2 dimension spectral/non-spectral color white center
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W.
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Color vision : color system 2
Munsell color system- cylinder
- hue (spectral color) 10 x10 ( R Y G )- Circumferential
- value (lightness) up/down- chroma (whiteness) radial
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Factors that modified color vision Brightness Saturation State of dark adaptation : Perkinje effect Adjacent cone : lateral inhibition Fatique and after image Optical factors : lens, macula, chromatic
aberration, Stile-Crawford effect
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Colorless objects that appear colored
Blue sky : blue – easier scattered
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Colorless objects that appear colored red sunset
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Colorless objects that appear colored
blue water
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Color Vision Defect
what is color?!?!?moo.o..o...
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Color Vision Defects
Normal trichromats 92% Dyschromatopsia 8%
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Classification of hereditary color defect
red green blueblueano. Trichromats Protanomal Deuteranomal TritanomalDichromats Protanope Deuteranope TritanopeMonochromats Blue cone monochromats Rod monochromatsRod monochromats
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Dyschromatopsia Anomalous trichromatism
Protanomaly XR 1% Deuteranomaly XR 5% Tritanomaly AD 0.0001%
Dichromatism Protanopia XR 1% Deuteranopia XR 1% Tritanopia AD 0.0001%
Monochromatism Rod monochromatism AR 0.001% cone monochromatism XR UK
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Congenital red-green defect most common male 8%, female 0.5% Cause
Deletion of R-G pigment gene Hybridization of R-G gene
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Congenital red-green defect
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Congenital red-green defect
Characteristics symmetrically binocular constant in type and severity
through out life normal VA/ fundus/ photoERG name the color correctly
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HUE DISCRIMINATION DEFECT
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Acquired color vision abnormality Characteristics
VA & VF defectGenerally varied in type and
severityUnstable severity
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Acquired color vision abnormality
charateristics Affect one eye or asymmetrically
affect Use incorrect color name or
report that familiar color appearance has changed
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Acquired color-vision abnormality
Kollner’ rule B/Y : retinal/choroid recept
or/outer plexiform R/G : neural disorder ganglio
n cell
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Kollner’s ruleRetinal diseases : B/Y
Eg: RD, RP, ARMD, myopic degen, chorioretinitis, CRVO, DR, CSCR
Except : cone-dystrophy, Stargardt’s
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Kollner’s ruleOptic nerve diseases : R/G
Eg: optic neuritis, ON compression, LHON, toxic optic neuropathy
Except : AD optic atrophy, glaucoma, AION, OHT
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Acquired/hereditary color defect
characteristics- Color- naming- unilateral/bilateral- blue-yellow- change/ unstable- other visual symtoms
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Color Discrimination
Hue Saturation (chroma) Brightness (luminance, intensity)
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1. Hue Discrimination hue wavelength depend on proportion of cone output better in intersected sensitivity function cross point of pigment absorption
sensitivity yellow(590) red/green blue-green(490) green/blue
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Hue Discrimination
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1. HUE DISCRIMINATION
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2.Saturation
color purity fully saturated color : only 1
wavelength for visible light desaturated color : add white light perception depth of color (dark/
light blue)
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2. SaturationSaturation - how much of one hue must be add
to white to be distinguished- the more amount, the less
saturation- many variables purity, intensity,
size, time
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2. SATURATION SENSITIVITY
yellow – lowest
saturation
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3. Luminosityrelative brightness/lightness peak absorption photopic 555 scotopic 507 Purkinje shift (rod & blue
cone pathway?)
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3. LUMINOSITY CURVE507555
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Color vision tests
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Color vision testsPatient selection- screening test in children, student,
worker- undiagnosed low vision- recent color disturbance- Family Hx of color defect- Occupations
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Color vision tests Ideal color vision test
Detect the presence or absence of normal color vision
Distinguish between R-G and B-Y defect
Assess the severity of defect comfortable
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Color vision tests1. Screening test2. Color discrimination test3. Color matching test
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Color vision test 1: screening test
1.Color confusion1. Ishihara test2. FD15 test
2.Color saturation1. AO-HRR test2.TMC plate
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Color vision test : Ishihara test
- Test R-G- High sensitivity
for congen R-G defect
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Color vision test : AOHRR test
- 24 plates- Color
defect or not
- Assess severity (+/-)
- R-G and B-Y
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Color vision : FD-15- Farnsworth D-15
- line of confusion- R/G,B/Y- separate color handicap
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FD-15
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FD-15
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Color vision tests1. Screening test2. Color discrimination test3. Color matching test
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Color vision test 2 : discrimination Hue discrimination
FM-100 Farnsworth desaturated panel D-15 Lanthony new color test
Lightness discrimination Verriest’s lightness discrimination
Saturation discrimination Sahlgren’s saturation test
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Color vision test 2 : discrimination ใชเ้วลามาก อาศัยความชำานาญ ไมเ่หมาะกับ routine exam ไมเ่หมาะกับเด็กอายุน้อยกวา่ 10 ปี
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Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test
- 85 caps in 4 groups- hue discrimination test- serial color order within 2
min /each group- position&number of error
score
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FM 100 hue test
Goals Grading of color discrimination in
normal subjects (superior/ average/ low)
Find zone of color confusion
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Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test
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Color vision tests1. Screening test2. Color discrimination test3. Color matching test
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Color vision 3 : matchingAnomaloscope1. Nagel R/G
red640 + green545 = yellow5892. Pickford-Nicolson B/Y, R/G3. Sloan’s achromatopsia test
grading severity Expense
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ไมเ่ห็นรูเ้รื่องเลย...ย.........
?