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Environmental Management
Plan
Jerberra Estate, Tomerong
Appendix 4 to Development Control Plan No. 125 (Jerberra Estate)
Jerberra Estate Environmental Management Plan (Appendix 4: DCP No. 125) 2
Shoalhaven City Council PO Box 42
NOWRA NSW 2541 telephone (02) 4429 33320 facsimile (02) 4429 3168
e-mail [email protected] internet www.shoalhaven.nsw.gov.au
Disclaimer Every effort has been made to provide accurate and complete information.
However, Shoalhaven City Council assumes no responsibility for any direct, indirect, incidental or consequential damages arising from the use of information in this document.
Copyright Notice No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or stored in a database or retrieval system, or transmitted or distributed in any form by any means electronic, mechanical photocopying, recording, or otherwise without written permission from
Shoalhaven City Council. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2014, Shoalhaven City Council.
Jerberra Estate Environmental Management Plan (Appendix 4: DCP No. 125) 3
Contents
1 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................ 8
2 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 9
2.1 Relationship between the Jerberra Environmental Management Plan, the Jerberra LEP and the Jerberra DCP ............................................................................................... 9
2.2 Aim ......................................................................................................................... 9
2.3 Overview of management areas within Jerberra Estate ......................................... 9
2.3.1 Bushland Conservation Area (BCA) ................................................................. 9
2.3.2 Bushland Management Area (BMA) ................................................................. 9
2.3.3 Asset Protection Zones (APZ) surrounding building areas ............................. 10
2.3.4 Orchid (Pterostylis ventricosa) Management Areas (OMA) ............................ 10
3 The Environment ........................................................................................................ 14
3.1 Vegetation Communities ....................................................................................... 14
3.2 Habitats for Native Animals .................................................................................. 14
3.3 Threatened Species .............................................................................................. 15
4 Minimising Impacts of Development and Improving the Environment......................... 16
4.1 Managing bushfire risk and protecting the environment ....................................... 16
4.1.1 How were the APZs determined? ................................................................... 16
4.1.2 APZ management standards .......................................................................... 16
4.2 Managing native vegetation .................................................................................. 17
4.2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 17
4.2.2 Hollow-bearing trees – a valuable resource ................................................... 18
4.2.3 What you need to know about removing native vegetation ............................ 19
4.2.4 Requirements for removal of hollow-bearing and other important habitat trees 19
4.2.5 Dos and Don’ts ............................................................................................... 20
4.2.6 Use of nesting boxes ...................................................................................... 21
4.2.7 Using native plants in your garden ................................................................. 21
4.2.8 Introduced plants ............................................................................................ 21
4.3 Orchid (Pterostylis ventricosa) Management Areas .............................................. 22
4.3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 22
4.3.2 Implications .................................................................................................... 23
4.3.3 Land yet to be surveyed for the orchids ......................................................... 23
4.3.4 Dos and Don’ts ............................................................................................... 23
4.4 Landscaping and rehabilitation ............................................................................. 24
4.4.1 What you need to know .................................................................................. 24
4.4.2 Dos and Don’ts ............................................................................................... 24
Jerberra Estate Environmental Management Plan (Appendix 4: DCP No. 125) 4
4.4.3 Why is it necessary to rehabilitate heavily cleared areas within the BCA and BMA? 24
4.5 Firewood collection ............................................................................................... 24
4.6 Domestic animals ................................................................................................. 25
4.6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 25
4.6.2 Dos and Don’ts ............................................................................................... 25
4.6.3 Context ........................................................................................................... 25
4.7 Feral animal control .............................................................................................. 26
4.7.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 26
4.7.2 Dos and Don’ts ............................................................................................... 26
4.7.3 Further information ......................................................................................... 26
4.8 Fencing ................................................................................................................. 27
4.8.1 What you need to know .................................................................................. 27
4.8.2 Specifications for “wildlife-friendly fencing” in the BCA and BMA ................... 27
4.8.3 Dos and Don’ts ............................................................................................... 27
4.8.4 Explanation .................................................................................................... 28
4.8.5 Further information ......................................................................................... 30
4.9 Onsite effluent management ................................................................................. 30
4.9.1 What is in household effluent and why does it need to be carefully managed? 30
4.9.2 Information required with your application ...................................................... 30
4.9.3 Main requirements for on-site effluent management in Jerberra Estate ......... 30
4.9.4 Dos and Don’ts ............................................................................................... 31
4.9.5 Further information ......................................................................................... 31
4.10 Onsite stormwater management ....................................................................... 32
4.10.1 What you need to know .............................................................................. 32
4.10.2 Dos and Don’ts ........................................................................................... 33
4.10.3 Explanation ................................................................................................. 33
4.11 Driveways and vehicle access ........................................................................... 33
4.11.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 33
4.11.2 Dos and Don’ts ........................................................................................... 34
4.12 Stock piling of building material ......................................................................... 34
4.12.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 34
4.12.2 Dos and Don’ts ........................................................................................... 34
5 Voluntary Conservation Programs .............................................................................. 35
5.1 Biobanking ............................................................................................................ 35
5.2 Conservation Agreements .................................................................................... 35
5.3 Property vegetation Plans ..................................................................................... 35
6 Profiles of threatened species and relevant legislation ............................................... 36
Jerberra Estate Environmental Management Plan (Appendix 4: DCP No. 125) 5
6.1 East Coast Free-tailed Bat (Mormopterus norfolkensis) ....................................... 36
6.2 Greater Broad-nosed Bat (Scoteanax rueppellii) .................................................. 36
6.3 Grey-Headed Flying Fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) .............................................. 37
6.4 Yellow-bellied Glider (Petaurus australis) ............................................................. 38
6.5 Eastern Bristlebird (Dasyornis brachypterus) ....................................................... 39
6.6 Gang-gang Cockatoo (Callocephalon fimbriatum) ................................................ 40
6.7 Glossy-black Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus lathami) ............................................... 41
6.8 Masked Owl (Tyto novahollandiae) ....................................................................... 42
6.9 Sooty Owl (Tyto tenebricosa) ............................................................................... 43
6.10 Square-tailed Kite (Lophoictinia isura) ............................................................... 44
6.11 Biconvex Paperbark (Melaleuca biconvexa) ...................................................... 45
6.12 Pterostylis ventricosa ......................................................................................... 45
6.13 Swamp Sclerophyll Forest (EEC) ...................................................................... 46
6.14 Other threatened species that could potentially occur in Jerberra ..................... 47
6.15 Legislation protecting threatened species and native vegetation ...................... 47
6.15.1 Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, 1999 ........... 48
6.15.2 Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act) and the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (EP&A Act) ................................ 48
6.15.3 National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 .......................................................... 49
6.15.4 Native Vegetation Act, 2003 (NV Act) ......................................................... 49
6.15.5 Summary and conclusion ............................................................................ 49
7 Weeds and Their Control ............................................................................................ 50
7.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 50
7.2 Overview of weed removal techniques ................................................................. 50
7.2.1 Mechanical removal ....................................................................................... 50
7.2.2 Use of herbicides ........................................................................................... 50
7.2.3 Monitoring ...................................................................................................... 51
7.2.4 Preventing the spread of weeds ..................................................................... 51
7.2.5 Further information ......................................................................................... 52
7.3 Noxious weeds known to occur in Jerberra Estate ............................................... 52
7.3.1 Bamboo (Phyllostachys spp.) ......................................................................... 52
7.3.2 Giant Parramatta Grass (Sporobolus fertilis) .................................................. 53
7.3.3 Fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis) .......................................................... 55
7.3.4 Prickly Pear (Opuntia spp.) ............................................................................ 56
7.3.5 Scotch thistle (Onopordum acanthium) .......................................................... 57
7.3.6 Tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima) .............................................................. 58
7.4 Environmental Weeds ........................................................................................... 59
7.4.1 Agapanthus (Agapanthus praecox) ................................................................ 60
7.4.2 Black Eyed Susan (Thunbergia alata) ............................................................ 61
Jerberra Estate Environmental Management Plan (Appendix 4: DCP No. 125) 6
7.4.3 Cootamundra Wattle (Acacia baileyana) ........................................................ 62
7.4.4 English Ivy (Hedera helix) .............................................................................. 63
7.4.5 Radiata Pine (Pinus radiata) .......................................................................... 64
7.4.6 Spider Plant (Chlorophytum comosum) ......................................................... 65
7.4.7 Stone Crop (Crassula multicava) ................................................................... 66
7.4.8 Watsonia (Watsonia spp.) .............................................................................. 67
7.4.9 Whiskey Grass (Andropogon virginicus) ........................................................ 68
7.4.10 African Daisy (Senecio pterophorus) .......................................................... 69
7.4.11 Blackberry nightshade (Solanum nigrum) ................................................... 70
7.4.12 Cassia (Senna pendula) ............................................................................. 71
7.4.13 Fishbone Fern (Nephrolepis cordiflora) ....................................................... 72
7.4.14 Flatweed (Hypochaeris radicata) ................................................................ 73
7.4.15 Formosa Lilly (Lilium formosanum) ............................................................. 74
7.4.16 Ginger Lily (Hedychium gardnerianum) ...................................................... 75
7.4.17 Kikuyu Grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) .................................................. 76
7.4.18 Coral Tree (Erythrina spp.) ......................................................................... 77
8 Bibliography ................................................................................................................ 80
List of Tables Table 1 - Reference guide to management of land in Jerberra Estate ............................... 11
Table 2 - Threatened species known to occur in Jerberra Estate and their legal status .... 15
Table 3 - Properties that will need to be surveyed for Pterostylis ventricosa before development can be approved ........................................................................................... 23
Table 4 - List of threatened plants that could potentially occur in Jerberra Estate ............. 47
Table 5 - List of threatened animals that could potentially occur in Jerberra Estate .......... 47
Table 6 - Noxious weeds known to occur in Jerberra Estate ............................................. 52
Table 7 - Plants found in Jerberra that are regarded as environmental weeds .................. 60
List of Figures Figure 1 - Building envelopes, Asset Protection Zones (APZ), Bushland Conservation Areas (BCA) Bushland Management Areas (BMA) and Orchid Management Areas (OMA) in Jerberra Estate. Not to scale. ......................................................................................... 12
Figure 2 - Vegetation communities of Jerberra Estate ....................................................... 14
Figure 3 - An example of a hollow-bearing tree ................................................................. 18
Figure 4: Sugar Glider entangled on a barbed wire fence and in flight .............................. 28
Figure 5 - An example of a 5-strand plain wire fence. Note the bottom wire should be at least 40 cm off the ground and the top wire should not exceed 1.2 metres. ...................... 29
Figure 6 - An example of a dog-proof fence using wire mesh that would be suitable for APZ perimeters .................................................................................................................. 29
Figure 7 - East Coast free-tailed Bat (Mormopterus norfolkensis) ..................................... 36
Figure 8 - Greater Broad-nosed Bat (Scoteanax rueppellii) Photo: Brad Law .................... 37
Jerberra Estate Environmental Management Plan (Appendix 4: DCP No. 125) 7
Figure 9 - Grey-headed Flying Fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) ............................................ 38
Figure 10 - Yellow-bellied Glider (Petaurus australis) Photo: Steve Parish ....................... 39
Figure 11 - Eastern Bristlebird (Dasyornis brachypterus) Photo: Chris Charles ................ 40
Figure 12 - Female and male gang-gang cockatoo (Callocephalon fimbriatum) Photo: Gary Lewis.................................................................................................................................. 41
Figure 13 - Male and female Glossy-black Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus lathami) .............. 42
Figure 14 - Masked Owl (Tyto novaehollandiae) ............................................................... 43
Figure 15 - Sooty Owl (Tyto tenebricosa) .......................................................................... 44
Figure 16 - Square-tailed Kite (Lophoictinia isura) ............................................................. 45
Figure 17 - Biconvex Paperbark (Melaleuca biconvexa) .................................................... 45
Figure 18 - Pterostylis ventricosa flowers .......................................................................... 46
Figure 19 - Running Bamboo (Phyllostachys spp.) Photo: Sheldon Navie ........................ 53
Figure 20 - Giant Parramatta Grass (Sporobolous fertilis) ................................................. 54
Figure 21 - Fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis) ............................................................ 55
Figure 22 - Prickly pear (Optunia spp.) .............................................................................. 56
Figure 23 - Scotch Thistle (Onopordum acanthium) .......................................................... 57
Figure 24 - Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) Photo: Trevor James ............................. 58
Figure 25 - Agapanthus (Agapanthus praecox) Photo: Sheldon Navie .............................. 61
Figure 26 - Black Eyed Susan (Thunbergia alata) Photo: Forest and Kim Starr ................ 62
Figure 27 - Cootamundra Wattle (Acacia Baileyana) ......................................................... 63
Figure 28 - English Ivy (Hedera helix) ................................................................................ 64
Figure 29 - Radiata Pine (Pinus Radiata) Photo: Greg Jordan .......................................... 65
Figure 30 - Spider Plant (Chlorophytum comosum) Photo: Sheldon Navie ....................... 66
Figure 31 - Stone Crop (Crassula multicava) ..................................................................... 67
Figure 32 - Watsonia (Watsonia borbonica) Photo: Trevor James .................................... 68
Figure 33 - Whisky Grass (Andropogon virginicus) ............................................................ 69
Figure 34 - The African Daisy (Senecio pterophorus) Photo: Sheldon Navie .................... 70
Figure 35 - Blackberry Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) ....................................................... 71
Figure 36 - Cassia (Senna pendula) Photo: Sheldon Navie ............................................... 72
Figure 37 - Fishbone Fern (Nephrolepis cordiflora) Photo: Sheldon Navie ........................ 73
Figure 38 - Flatweed (Hypochaeris radicata) ..................................................................... 74
Figure 39 - Formosa Lily (Lilium formosanum) Photo: Jackie Miles and Max Campbell .... 75
Figure 40 - Ginger Lily (Hedychium gardnerianum) Photo: Sheldon Navie........................ 76
Figure 41 - Kikuyu Grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) Photo: Sheldon Navie ................... 77
Figure 42 - Coral Tree (Erythrina spp.) in flower Photo: Sheldon Navie ............................ 78
Figure 43 - Coral Tree (Erythrina spp.) flowers and leaves Photo: Sheldon Navie ............ 78
Jerberra Estate Environmental Management Plan (Appendix 4: DCP No. 125) 8
1 Abbreviations
APZ Asset Protection Zone BCA
BMA
CMA
Bushland Conservation Area Bushland Management Area Catchment Management Authority
DA Development Application DCP Development Control Plan EEC Endangered Ecological Community EMP Environmental Management Plant (this document) EP&A Act Environmental, Planning and Assessment Act 1979 EPBC Act Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 IPA Inner Protection Area (in relation to Asset Protection Zones) LEP Local Environment Plan NP&W Act National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 OEH Office of Environment and Heritage OMA Orchid Management Area (Pterostylis ventricosa) OPA Outer Protection Area (in relation to Asset Protection Zones) PVP Property Vegetation Plan RFS Rural Fire Service SSF Swamp Sclerophyll Forest on Coastal Floodplains of the New South
Wales North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner Bioregions TSC Act Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995
Jerberra Estate Environmental Management Plan (Appendix 4: DCP No. 125) 9
2 Introduction
Jerberra Estate has an area of approximately 80 ha and supports a range of threatened biodiversity. The Shoalhaven Local Environmental Plan (Jerberra) 2014, referred to herein as the Jerberra LEP, will potentially enable the development of 87 separate dwellings around areas of bushland that will be retained and managed for conservation.
2.1 Relationship between the Jerberra Environmental Management Plan, the Jerberra LEP and the Jerberra DCP
The Jerberra Estate Development Control Plan (DCP) referred to herein as the Jerberra DCP, provides detailed planning requirements and guidelines to help achieve the objectives of the Jerberra LEP and the Jerberra Estate Planning Proposal. The Jerberra Environmental Management Plan, referred to herein as the Jerberra EMP, provides additional information and explanations for designing and constructing development and management of environmentally sensitive land. This information supports and underpins the Jerberra DCP and Jerberra LEP. To minimise the continual need for cross-checking with the Jerberra DCP, there is some duplication of the planning controls. In the case of any inconsistency between the Jerberra EMP and the Jerberra DCP, the DCP applies.
2.2 Aim
The aim of the Jerberra EMP is to provide further guidance on maintaining and enhancing the environmental values of Jerberra Estate in conjunction with appropriate residential development. Information provided in the Jerberra EMP is also designed to ensure consistency with both NSW and Federal environmental legislation.
2.3 Overview of management areas within Jerberra Estate
To facilitate this level of development whilst protecting important environmental attributes and managing bushfire risk, the Estate has been delineated into the following management areas, which are shown on Figure 1 and are summarised below.
2.3.1 Bushland Conservation Area (BCA)
The BCA contains a significant portion of the land’s high biodiversity values, including threatened vegetation and habitat trees for various threatened animals. The BCA also provides vegetation linkages to provide for wildlife movement. Parts of the BCA are currently cleared and/or disturbed and will need to be revegetated in time. The BCA will need to be fenced and protected from development.
2.3.2 Bushland Management Area (BMA)
The BMA contains some areas of high biodiversity values on the smaller developable lots. Like the BCA, the BMA must be fenced and protected from development, except that driveways (one per property) are allowed in the BMA. The driveway should be aligned so as not to require the removal of any important habitat trees.
Jerberra Estate Environmental Management Plan (Appendix 4: DCP No. 125) 10
2.3.3 Asset Protection Zones (APZ) surrounding building areas
An APZ is a buffer zone between a bushfire hazard and buildings. Fuel loads are managed within the APZ to reduce potential radiant heat, flame, ember and smoke attack. The APZ also provides a defendable space for firefighters.
2.3.4 Orchid (Pterostylis ventricosa) Management Areas (OMA)
A species of threatened orchid (Pterostylis ventricosa) occurs in a small number of the identified APZs. Approximately forty six (46) individuals occur in four small clusters shown on Figure 1. With appropriate controls and mitigation measures, these orchids can be retained within the affected APZs. A summary of the requirements and guidelines applying to the BMA, BCA, OMA and APZ areas is provided in Table 1 and explained in more detail in section 4.
Jerberra Estate Environmental Management Plan (Appendix 4: DCP No. 125) 11
Table 1 - Reference guide to management of land in Jerberra Estate
* X
X* NA
= = = = =
Allowable Generally allowable subject to conditions Not allowable Generally not allowable except in certain circumstances Not applicable B
uild
ing
Are
a
& A
PZ
Bu
shla
nd
Man
agem
ent
Are
a
Bu
shla
nd
Co
nse
rvat
ion
Are
a
Orc
hid
Man
agem
ent
Are
a
Vegetation Management
Removal of native vegetation (conditions apply to orchid areas) * X X *
Removal of native hollow-bearing trees X* X X X*
Removal of other native habitat trees (e.g. feed trees) * X X *
Removal of other native trees * X X *
Planting of non-native plants (e.g. fruit trees) X X
Planting of indigenous plant species for landscaping * X*
Rehabilitation of disturbed areas with indigenous species * X*
Removal of non-native plants (excluding weeds) X
Removal of noxious and environmental weeds
Slashing/mowing (conditions apply to orchid management areas) * X X X*
Dumping of lawn clippings and garden waste X X X
Animal management
Dogs off leash (Max. 2) * X* X* X
Cats (must be confined indoors or in a cat run) * X X X
Grazing animals X* X X X
Feral animal control * * * *
Driveways & vehicle access
Construction of driveways & road access (with DA approval) * * X X
Removal of habitat trees for driveway construction X* X* X X
Vehicle access (excluding effluent application areas) * X* X X
Fencing
Dog-proof, wildlife friendly fencing around APZ perimeter * X X NA
Plain wire fencing around property boundaries X * * NA
Barbed wire or electric fencing X X X X
Hand clearing within 1 metre of the fence line * * *
Removal of trees for fencing * X X NA
Effluent treatment & application
Application of primary-treated effluent X X X X
Surface application of secondary-treated effluent X X X X
Sub-surface application of secondary-treated effluent * X X X
Vehicle access over application area X NA NA NA
Stormwater drainage
Stormwater infiltration trenches * X X X
Buildings and non-habitable structures
Buildings and non-habitable structures * X X X
Firewood collection
Firewood collection for personal use (no live trees or hollows) * X X *
Stock piling of building material & other items
Stockpiling of items not naturally occurring on site * X X X
Stockpiling of material around the base of retained trees X X X X
Jerberra Estate Environmental Management Plan (Appendix 4: DCP No. 125) 12
Figure 1 - Building envelopes, Asset Protection Zones (APZ), Bushland Conservation Areas (BCA) Bushland Management Areas (BMA) and Orchid Management Areas (OMA) in Jerberra Estate. Not to scale.
Jerberra Estate Environmental Management Plan (Appendix 4: DCP No. 125) 13
The layout of the development and conservation areas shown in Figure 1 has been designed to conserve sensitive environmental areas that are protected by legislation, whilst facilitating development, managing bushfire risk, and providing essential services and infrastructure. Habitat for most of the threatened animals in Jerberra Estate will largely be retained in the Bushland Conservation Area (BCA) and the Bushland Management Area (BMA). The BCA and BMA have also been configured to provide habitat linkages particularly between important habitat trees. Some important habitat trees also occur in a number of the APZs.
Jerberra Estate Environmental Management Plan (Appendix 4: DCP No. 125) 14
3 The Environment
Jerberra Estate provides habitat for a diverse range of threatened native plants and animals. Some of the threatened species are protected under both NSW legislation and Commonwealth legislation. There are also numerous other native species present in the Estate.
3.1 Vegetation Communities
The following vegetation communities occur in Jerberra Estate and are shown in Figure 2. Blackbutt Spotted Gum Open Forest Blue Gum Bangalay Open Forest Swamp Sclerophyll Forest Scribbly Gum Woodland.
Swamp Sclerophyll Forest is an Endangered Ecological Community (EEC) giving it protection under NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act. All four vegetation communities present at Jerberra Estate provide food and shelter for various fauna and flora species.
Figure 2 - Vegetation communities of Jerberra Estate
3.2 Habitats for Native Animals
Eucalypts throughout Jerberra Estate provide feed sources for species such as Gang-gang Cockatoos, leaves for folivores such as the Greater Glider and sources of nectar, pollen and insects for a range of birds, arboreal mammals and bats. Red Bloodwood trees provide important sap-feeding resources for gliders.
Jerberra Estate Environmental Management Plan (Appendix 4: DCP No. 125) 15
The forest canopy supports a range of mammalian prey species for owls, and nesting passerines as prey for the Square-tailed Kite. Small terrestrial mammals provide a limited foraging resource for predators such as the Masked Owl, but disturbances to ground layer habitats have reduced these populations over most of the subject land. The disturbed ground layer has reduced foraging and sheltering habitat for small terrestrial mammals, but denser ground and shrub layer vegetation exists in association with the drainage lines and other smaller scattered areas that are less disturbed. In the sub-canopy, Acacias provide seed resources for birds including the Gang-gang Cockatoo, and sap resources for gliders. Numerous Black She-oaks provide important seed resources for the Glossy Black-cockatoo, particularly in the east of the subject land. Flowering Banksias and a range of shrubs provide nectar and feed resources for mammals and birds. Large trees with hollows are particularly important, providing places for many hollow-dependent species to shelter and breed. These resources are known to, or are likely to provide roost, nest and den sites for a variety of diurnal and nocturnal birds, arboreal mammals and Microchiropteran bats. Most of the tree hollows occur in the eastern half of the Estate, within the BCA.
3.3 Threatened Species
The threatened species known to occur in Jerberra Estate are listed in Table 2. A profile of each species is provided in Section 5. Table 2 - Threatened species known to occur in Jerberra Estate and their legal status
Common Name Scientific Name Legal status
TSC Act (NSW) EPBC Act (Commonwealth)
East Coast free-tailed Bat Mormopterus norfolkensis vulnerable
Greater Broad-nosed Bat Scoteanax rueppellii vulnerable
Grey-headed Flying Fox Pteropus poliocephalus vulnerable vulnerable
Yellow-bellied Glider Petaurus australis vulnerable
Eastern Bristlebird Dasyornis brachypterus endangered endangered
Gang-gang cockatoo Callocephalon fibriatum vulnerable
Glossy-black Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus lathami vulnerable
Masked Owl Tyto novaehollandiae vulnerable
Sooty Owl Tyto tenebricosa vulnerable
Square-tailed Kite Lophoictinia isura vulnerable
Biconvex Paperbark Melaleuca biconvexa vulnerable
Greenhood orchid species Pterostylis ventricosa critically endangered
Jerberra Estate Environmental Management Plan (Appendix 4: DCP No. 125) 16
4 Minimising Impacts of Development and Improving the Environment
This section provides explanatory and supporting information in relation to the relevant planning controls contained in the Jerberra LEP and DCP. To minimise the need for cross referencing, the relevant DCP requirements are reiterated using a “dos” and “don’ts” format for each issue.
4.1 Managing bushfire risk and protecting the environment
The extent to which environmental and development outcomes can be achieved in Jerberra is largely limited by the need to separate dwellings from bushland with bushfire “asset protection zones” (APZ). Acceptable standards for APZ widths, along with various other bushfire risk management measures, are set out in the NSW RFS’s Planning for Bushfire Protection and the Australian Standard for building in bushfire prone areas (AS3959). Other bushfire protection measures include:
Designing and constructing dwellings and other structures to the required standard under AS3959;
Providing access for fire fighting vehicles including perimeter fire trails in certain locations;
Ensuring the development provides an adequate dedicated water supply for fire fighting purposes;
Landscaping to limit the spread of fire; and
Emergency management arrangements for protection of property and/or evacuation.
The Jerberra LEP and DCP are consistent with the relevant the requirements in respect of the above measures. The specific details for each development will need to be provided with each development application. In relation to APZs, whilst it is essential that they are managed to minimise the risk of fire spreading to the dwelling, some threatened species habitat can be retained within the APZs. Further detail on APZ management and specifications is provided below.
4.1.1 How were the APZs determined?
As outlined in the Jerberra DCP, the APZs were determined in accordance with the NSW RFS’s Planning for Bushfire Protection: Addendum Appendix 3 (http://www.rfs.nsw.gov.au) and Table 2 in AS3959-2009 (Australian Standard for construction in bushfire prone areas) to ensure that the proposed building areas are not within flame contact. Note that in many cases, dwellings will need to be constructed to BAL-29 (bushfire attack level to withstand ember attack and radiant heat of up to 29 kW/m2) under AS3959.
4.1.2 APZ management standards
A Rural Fire Service (RFS) document titled “Standards for asset protection zones” (http://www.rfs.nsw.gov.au) describes how an APZ should be managed.
Jerberra Estate Environmental Management Plan (Appendix 4: DCP No. 125) 17
The above document states that an APZ should be managed as follows:
ensure that vegetation does not provide a continuous path to the house; remove all noxious and environmental weeds; plant or clear vegetation into clumps rather than continuous rows; prune low branches two metres from the ground to prevent a ground fire from
spreading into trees; locate vegetation far enough away from the asset so that plants will not ignite the
asset by direct flame contact or radiant heat emission; plant and maintain short green grass around the house as this will slow the fire and
reduce fire intensity. Alternatively, provide non-flammable pathways directly around the dwelling;
ensure that shrubs and other plants do not directly abut the dwelling. Where this does occur, gardens should contain low-flammability plants and non flammable ground cover such as pebbles and crushed tiles; and
avoid erecting brush type fencing and planting “pencil pine” type trees next to buildings, as these are highly flammable.
Pertinent advice provided in the above document also includes the following:
The control of existing vegetation involves both selective fuel reduction (removal, thinning and pruning) and the retention of vegetation. Prune or remove trees so that you do not have a continuous tree canopy leading from the hazard to the asset. Separate tree crowns by two to five metres. A canopy should not overhang within two to five metres of a dwelling. Native trees and shrubs should be retained as clumps or islands and should maintain a covering of no more than 20% of the area. When choosing plants for removal, the following basic rules should be followed:
1. Remove noxious and environmental weeds first. 2. Remove more flammable species such as those with rough, flaky or stringy
bark; and 3. Remove or thin understorey plants, trees and shrubs less than three metres
in height. The removal of significant native species should be avoided.
For more information on the NSW RFS guidelines for the management of an APZ, contact the NSW RFS or visit http://www.rfs.nsw.gov.au/ and download the NSW RFS Standards for Asset Protection Zones.
4.2 Managing native vegetation
4.2.1 Introduction
Native vegetation in Jerberra Estate provides habitat for a range of threatened species (refer to Section 3). The planning controls aim to protect the most valuable habitat to ensure the threatened species and other native plants and animals continue to live in Jerberra Estate. Note: threatened species habitat is also protected by state and federal legislation – refer to Section 6.15.
Jerberra Estate Environmental Management Plan (Appendix 4: DCP No. 125) 18
While most of the important habitat trees are located within the BMA/BCA (which are to be retained as bushland) some are also located within the proposed APZs. The Jerberra DCP provides guidelines and when it would be appropriate to retain/remove important habitat trees and procedures that must be followed. It is important that you contact Council early in the process of preparing your development application to find out if there are any records of hollow-bearing trees, Glossy-Black Cockatoo feed trees (Allocasuarina littoralis) and Yellow-bellied Glider feed trees (Corybmia gummifera) on your property and if so, how to proceed.
Above all, vegetation within the APZ should be managed in accordance with RFS standards (refer to section 4.1.2). If your APZ contains an Orchid Management Area (OMA) and you propose to protect the orchids within it, the OMA will need to be managed in accordance with the regime described in the DCP. If you do not propose to protect the orchids, a “seven-part test” will need to be completed and a “species impact statement” is likely to be required.
4.2.2 Hollow-bearing trees – a valuable resource
Hollow-bearing trees are a significant resource for many species of native fauna. While there are several species of trees that produce hollows, eucalyptus trees are the most common. It can take over 150 years for a tree to produce hollows, and are usually formed as a result of wind breakage, lighting strike, fire and /or termite, insect or fungal attack (Carritt 1999). Different species utilise hollows in different ways: they may be used for roosting, nesting, foraging and shelter (Carritt 1999). Species that are reliant on hollow-bearing trees for roosting and breeding can be significantly impacted by their removal, and because hollows take so long to form, many of these species are now threatened (Carritt 1999).
Figure 3 - An example of a hollow-bearing tree
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The eastern half of Jerberra Estate contains a particularly high number of hollow-bearing trees, providing habitat for a range of native animals.
4.2.3 What you need to know about removing native vegetation
You need Council’s approval to remove any trees greater than 5 metres (as required under clause 5.9 of the LEP).
Different vegetation management requirements apply to the asset protection zones (APZs) and the remaining bushland areas.
Your development application will need to include a ‘tree and vegetation plan’ showing all trees within the APZ and identifying those that will be removed and those that will be retained.
To manage bushfire risk, tree crowns within your APZ must be separated by at least two (2) to five (5) metres and the effluent application area should generally be free of trees. Priority should be given to retaining any hollow-bearing trees, and feed trees for the Yellow-bellied Glider and the Glossy-black Cockatoo provided it does not pose a risk to the dwelling. Further information is provided on hollow-bearing trees in Section 4.2.4.
Contact Council when preparing your development application to determine if it has any records of important habitat trees on your property and if so, options to proceed.
The removal of native vegetation within the BMA and BCA is strictly prohibited unless:
o authorised under the State Emergency and Rescue Management Act 1989; o authorised under the Rural Fires Act 1997; o in accordance with a bushfire management plan; o authorised under the Native Vegetation Act (if applicable); or o approved by Council under Clause 5.9 of Shoalhaven LEP (Jerberra) 2014.
See next point regarding driveways. Lopping or removal of trees or vegetation from the BCA and BMA (other than for a
driveway) will only be considered if a risk assessment has been undertaken in accordance with Part 2 of Council’s Tree Policy (including the requirement for an arborist’s report). Where the tree is assessed as likely to provide habitat for threatened species, you will need to submit an assessment of significance pursuant to section 5A of the EP&A Act (i.e. a ‘7-part test’). Note: In all instances the cost of such additional information must be borne by the applicant.
Special requirements apply to the Orchid Management Areas. Refer to Section 4.3.
4.2.4 Requirements for removal of hollow-bearing and other important habitat trees
The following requirements will apply to the removal of any hollow-bearing trees within the Estate:
Survey prior to removal by a qualified environmental consultant to ensure that no fauna (threatened or protected) are using the hollow.
o If occupied for breeding purposes the tree must be left intact until that breeding event has finished.
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o If occupied for roosting, fauna should be encouraged to vacate the hollow on their own; (e.g. shaking or ‘bumping’ the tree two or three times with machinery, on the day prior to removal).
A qualified animal handler must be on site the day of tree removal in order to rescue any fauna still in the tree and rerelease if uninjured, or take to a qualified wildlife veterinarian if injured.
The hollow-bearing tree must be removed in sections with a ‘cherry picker’, and each section should be carefully lowered to the ground and checked for any sheltering fauna.
Removed hollows should be salvaged and reused by placing on the ground in the BCA or BMA.
For every tree hollow removed, nest boxes that reflect the size and dimensions of the hollow removed should be erected in suitable areas on the property to provide an alternative for hollow dependant fauna. These nest boxes should be erected at least 2 weeks prior to the removal of the hollow-bearing tree.
4.2.5 Dos and Don’ts
Estate-wide Do remove any noxious and/or environmental weeds. Don’t plant any noxious and/or environmental weeds.
APZs and potential building areas Do keep grass short and within the APZ and manage fuel loads in accordance with
the relevant standards. Note: Special conditions apply to the Orchid Management Areas. Refer to Section 4.3.
Do retain important habitat trees provided it complies with the NSW Rural Fire Service APZ requirements and there is sufficient area for on-site effluent application. See also requirements in relation to onsite effluent application and stormwater management.
Do give priority to retaining any hollow-bearing trees, and feed trees for the Yellow-bellied Glider and the Glossy-black Cockatoo provided it doesn’t pose a risk to the dwelling. Further information is provided on hollow-bearing trees in Section 4.2.4.
Do collect fallen timber in the APZ for firewood. Do submit an application to remove or lop any trees to Council before doing the
work.
Bushland Conservation Area (BCA) Don’t remove native vegetation within the BCA. Don’t slash or mow beyond one (1) metre of the fence line. Refer to Section 4.8 for
fencing requirements. Don’t collect firewood in the BCA. Don’t plant non-indigenous plant species, including crops and fruit trees. Do fence and protect the BCA. Do remove non-indigenous plant species, including crops and fruit trees. The removal of native vegetation within the BCA is strictly prohibited unless:
Jerberra Estate Environmental Management Plan (Appendix 4: DCP No. 125) 21
o authorised under the State Emergency and Rescue Management Act 1989; o authorised under the Rural Fires Act 1997; o in accordance with a bushfire management plan; or o approved by Council under Clause 5.9 of the Jerberra LEP. See next point.
Bushland Management Area (BMA) Other than for driveways, which are allowed in the BMA but not in the BCA, the dos and don’ts are the same as for the BCA (see above). Do locate your driveway to avoid the removal of, or damage to, any threatened
orchids or important habitat trees, such as hollow-bearing trees, Yellow-bellied Glider feed trees and/or Glossy-black Cockatoo feed trees. This is to be dealt with as part of the development application process for the dwelling.
Lopping or removal of trees or vegetation from the BCA and BMA will only be considered if a risk assessment has been undertaken in accordance with Part 2 of Council’s Tree Policy (including the requirement for an arborist’s report). Where the tree is assessed as likely to provide habitat for threatened species, you will need to submit an assessment of significance pursuant to section 5A of the EP&A Act (i.e. a ‘7-part test’). Note: In all instances the cost of such additional information must be borne by the applicant.
4.2.6 Use of nesting boxes
Providing nesting boxes can help to offset some impacts from habitat loss, particularly where clearing is imminent or has recently occurred. Nesting boxes can be bought or made. Information about nesting box design and installation is available from the Birdlife Australia website: http://birdlife.org.au/education-publications
4.2.7 Using native plants in your garden
Native plants are generally low maintenance and most species have a high drought tolerance. When grown in the right environments, native plants establish quickly and easily and require minimal fertiliser. Many native plants produce beautiful flowers, which in some cases flower all year round, encouraging native birds and butterflies into the garden. Some native plants also have a low fire danger, reducing the risk of providing fuel for a fire (APS 2013). Native plants reduce the instance of weeds in the garden and when the right native plants are planted there is no concern that these plants will escape into surrounding bushland, negatively impacting BMA and BCA. It is possible to have an attractive and interesting garden within your APZ that provides habitat for native animals. The variety of wildlife attracted to your garden will depend on the habitats that you provide. Planting a variety of native flowering and berry-producing shrubs will attract various native birds, as will provide a supply of fresh, clean water.
4.2.8 Introduced plants
Weeds that have been classed as “noxious” are weeds that are considered to have a large impact on human health, agriculture or the environment. There are several species of weeds that occur within the Jerberra Estate that are listed under the Noxious Weeds Act
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1993. Under this Act, all landowners in Australia have a legal obligation to control these noxious weed species on their property. It is the landholder’s responsibility to be aware of the presence of noxious weeds on their property and to affectively control them. This can be enforced by local Government. A full list of all the noxious weeds listed under the Noxious Weeds Act can be found at http://www.weeds.org.au/noxious.htm There are several species of weeds that are not listed under the Noxious Weeds Act that still pose a significant risk to human health, agricultural and the environment, and in the future these weed species may be upgraded to “noxious weeds”. Although not enforced by legislation, their removal and control is still recommended. Environmental weeds can severely impact the biodiversity values of Jerberra Estate as they compete with native plants for resources and stop native seedlings from establishing. To maximise the biodiversity values of the BCA and BMA and minimise ongoing management, it is important that any non-indigenous plants are removed from these areas. Suitable native species can be used in landscaping in the APZ. Section 4.1.2 outlines the characteristics of native plants that are suitable for APZs from a bushfire risk management perspective. A list of local indigenous plants is appended to this document. Avoid planting invasive non-native plants within the APZ as they may spread into the BMA and BCA and surrounding bushland. More information and a full list of the weed species present at Jerberra Estate is provided in section 7.
4.3 Orchid (Pterostylis ventricosa) Management Areas
4.3.1 Introduction
The threatened orchid Pterostylis ventricosa is listed in NSW as ‘critically endangered’. In May 2013, Council commissioned a survey for the threatened orchid Pterostylis ventricosa. The survey was limited to the potential development areas (i.e. potential building areas, APZs and the BMA). Approximately forty six (46) individuals of Pterostylis ventricosa were identified in four small clusters, as outlined below.
Approximately twenty (20) plants within 5 m2 on the southern verge or the unmaintained vehicle track on Invermay Avenue, adjacent to Lot 72.
Approximately twenty (20) plants within 15 m2 of a previously cleared area north of Invermay Avenue on Lot 68.
A single plant north of Invermay Avenue on Lot 67. Approximately five (5) plants within 2 m2 on a previously disturbed area south of
Inglewood Crescent on Lot 46.
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4.3.2 Implications
All of the orchids were found in the Blackbutt-Spotted Gum Open Forest community that occurs on the eastern side of the Estate (refer to the Conservation Management Plan). With the management regime described in the DCP, the orchids can be retained within APZs. Fuel loads should be managed from September to February each year when the plant is dormant. If the management regime prescribed in the DCP is going to be implemented, a species impact statement (SIS) should not be required. Alternatively, if the measures outlined in the DCP are not going to be followed in full, the orchids are likely to be adversely impacted, in which case an SIS is likely to be required. Annual monitoring will also need to be undertaken by an appropriately experienced and qualified person so that the measures can be evaluated and adjusted if necessary. Staff from OEH have offered to assist with the annual monitoring. Alternatively, it is likely that a Species Impact Statement (SIS) will need to be prepared.
4.3.3 Land yet to be surveyed for the orchids
The properties not surveyed due to either the landowner’s request (not to enter) or safety concerns with entering the property, and which will need to be surveyed before development can be approved, are listed in Table 3. Table 3 - Properties that will need to be surveyed for Pterostylis ventricosa before development can be approved
Property description Property description
Lot 104 DP 9699, Jerberra Road Lot 133 DP 9699, Inglewood Crescent
Lot 132 DP 9699, Inglewood Crescent Lot 161 DP 9699, Inglewood Crescent
Lot 162 DP 9699, Inglewood Crescent
4.3.4 Dos and Don’ts
APZs and potential building areas Do place a physical barrier using fencing, logs or large rocks 5 to 10 metres around
the orchids, to exclude vehicles, domestic animals and other potentially damaging activities.
Do thin understorey vegetation with hand tools only, between the months of October and February, when the orchid is dormant.
Do remove weeds and exotic grasses by hand. Do avoid activities that cause soil compaction. Do take special care to avoid stepping on or trampling the flowers which typically
appear between March and June. Care should also be taken to avoid damaging the rosettes, which generally appear during the flowering season and persist for a period after the flowers have withered.
Do divert stormwater/surface water around the Orchid Management Area. Don’t use herbicides or fertilizers.
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Don’t apply household effluent within the area. Don’t dump lawn clippings. Don’t allow pets or domestic animals to enter the Orchid Management Area. Don’t undertake fuel load management between the months of March and
September, during the orchid’s flowering and growth period. Bushland Management Area (BMA) and Bushland Conservation Area (BCA) No orchids were found within the BMA. The BCA has not been surveyed because it is not proposed to be developed.
4.4 Landscaping and rehabilitation
4.4.1 What you need to know
Where necessary, conditions will be imposed on development approvals requiring heavily cleared and/or disturbed areas to be rehabilitated in conjunction with the development.
4.4.2 Dos and Don’ts
Estate-wide Do stabilise and rehabilitate any heavily disturbed areas.
APZs and potential building areas Plant local native groundcovers and shrubs in landscaping where appropriate. Don’t plant large trees unless it is safe and appropriate to do so.
Bushland Management Area (BMA) and Bushland Conservation Area (BCA) Do use native species only. Do remove weeds in conjunction with rehabilitation. Refer to section 7. Do create bird-friendly spaces in your garden. Refer to the Birds in Backyards
website (http://www.birdsinbackyards.net).
4.4.3 Why is it necessary to rehabilitate heavily cleared areas within the BCA and BMA?
Some areas of Jerberra Estate, including parts of the BMA and BCA, are currently heavily cleared and/or disturbed and are in need of rehabilitation and/or landscaping. Rehabilitation will promote the recovery of the land from clearing events, improve soil quality, reduce the instance of weeds and prevent erosion and sedimentation build up and/or runoff (Lumb 2013). Information on rehabilitating disturbed areas within Jerberra Estate and list of plant species to be used for rehabilitation is appended to this document.
4.5 Firewood collection
Fallen logs and timber provide habitat for a number of threatened species. The removal of dead wood and dead trees is listed as a Key Threatening Process in Schedule 3 of the TSC Act.
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Fire wood collection generally involves removal of relatively dead undecayed fallen logs. If consent is issued for a dwelling on your land, firewood can be collected from the APZ. However if part of your land contains a Bushland Conservation Area or Bushland Management Area, you should not collect firewood from that area. The removal of standing dead wood reduces the availability of hollows over time and the input of material to the litter layer. This process is exacerbated by the failure of regeneration of these plant communities and the resulting reduction in natural accumulation of dead wood. The presence of standing dead trees and woody debris is an important component of the structure of forest and woodland and helps determine the habitat value for a wide range of fauna (Knight & Fox 2000, MacNally et al. 2001).
4.6 Domestic animals
4.6.1 Introduction
It is possible to have both domestic pets and wildlife in your backyard. However, some restrictions are necessary, particularly in relation to where and how cats and dogs are kept. It is inappropriate to keep grazing animals within the BMA and BCA and there is simply not enough room to provide an effluent application area, gardens and space for recreation, as well as an area for grazing animals.
4.6.2 Dos and Don’ts
Don’t keep grazing animals on the land. Don’t keep any more than two dogs Don’t allow cats to go outdoors other than in a cat run. Don’t allow dogs to enter the BCA or BMA unless on a leash. Don’t allow any other domestic animals to enter the BCA or BMA. Do provide appropriate fencing around your APZ to ensure dogs cannot enter
surrounding bushland. Do ensure that dogs are kept on a leash in all other areas. Do keep any cats within your dwelling or a secure cat run attached to the dwelling. Do ensure your pets’ details are up to date on Council’s Companion Animals
Register.
4.6.3 Context
Development in Jerberra Estate will be positioned in proximity to high conservation value bushland. It is important that potential impacts from domestic animals are managed and minimised. Domestic dogs and cats also prey on native animals, reducing population numbers and removing food sources for native predators (Schaefer 2013). The presence of introduced predators such as cats and dogs can cause native species to panic, retreat and abandon what would otherwise be suitable habitat (Schaefer 2013). The above measures are designed to prevent domestic animals associated with development in the Estate from adversely impacting on wildlife in the locality.
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Grazing animals cause significant environmental impact by trampling and fouling of waterholes. The method of grazing these species adopt (selective, indiscriminate or close grazing) removes native vegetation and destroys any remaining plants, preventing regrowth (Haigh 2008). Grazing animals spread weeds via their faeces or fur (Haigh 2008). Reduction in groundcover from foraging activity in grazing animals exposes bare soil, increasing susceptibility to erosion (Haigh 2008). Over time the biodiversity of an area is significantly reduced due to grazing animals.
4.7 Feral animal control
4.7.1 Introduction
A number of introduced animals are known to occur in the area which can impact on the environment in different ways, including the European Black Rat, European Rabbit, European Red Fox, dogs, cats and house mice. Useful information and resources on control of feral animals is provided below.
4.7.2 Dos and Don’ts
Do report fox activity through Council’s Pest Reporting website (http://maps.shoalhaven.nsw.gov.au/sightings).
Do learn about your responsibility to control rabbits on your property and email reports of rabbit infestations to Council at: [email protected]
Do learn about options to deal with Indian Myna birds. Refer to information on Council’s website in the first instance: (http://shoalhaven.nsw.gov.au/Environment/Pestmanagement.aspx).
Do discourage rats and mice by denying them food and shelter. Keep the area around your home clean and tidy. Remove materials such as metal sheeting and general litter and garden waste. Ensure that rubbish bins and compost containers are well maintained.
Do use humane traps to capture and identify any rodents in your house and garage. Learn how to recognise the difference between introduced rats and mice and similar sized native mammals.
Do understand the risks associated with the use of rodenticides (rat poison). If you have a severe rat or mouse infestation and there is no other option, only use tamper proof bait stations and choose a product that is suitable for use in a domestic situation and has a lower risk of causing secondary poisoning. Adhere to the manufacturer’s instructions in respect of safety, bait placement, dosage rates etc.
Don’t use snap-traps outside of the house because of the risk of harming native mammals and rodents.
Don’t leave out extra food for your pets because it might attract foxes or Indian Myna Birds.
4.7.3 Further information
The Australian Museum and Museum Victoria have useful websites to help distinguish between introduced rats and similar sized native mammals. Refer to the following websites: http://australianmuseum.net.au/Is-it-a-Rat
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http://museumvictoria.com.au/discoverycentre/infosheets/introduced-rodents/ Primary and secondary poisoning from rodenticides (rat poison) is a common cause of death in domestic and native animals. Poisoning can occur either through direct ingestion (primary poisoning) or by eating poisoned rodents (secondary poisoning). There are also several species of native rodents and small mammals, some of which are threatened such as the White-footed Dunnart (Sminthopsis leucopus), that appear very similar to introduced rodents. It is recommended that humane traps be used for the capture of rodents (these are readily available from a hardware store), which would allow correct species identification and all native species must be re-released into nearby bushland. The presence of native small mammals and rodents to do not pose any safety risks, as they do not contract and transfer diseases like introduced rodent species do (Tasmania Parks and Wildlife Service 2011). Refer to the NSW Department of Primary Industries website for further information on the use of rodenticides (http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/pests-weeds).
4.8 Fencing
4.8.1 What you need to know
Dog-proof fencing must be provided around APZs on each property. The following types of wildlife-friendly fencing are permitted around and within the
BCA and BMA (refer to Figure 4 of the DCP): No fencing is allowed within the Swamp Sclerophyll Forest EEC, Biconvex
Paperbark (Melaleuca biconvexa) or Eastern Bristlebird (Dasyornis brachypterus) habitat.
4.8.2 Specifications for “wildlife-friendly fencing” in the BCA and BMA
Posts and up to five (5) plain wires is provided around the perimeter of the BMA/BCA, except for areas containing protected vegetation.
Posts and up to two (2) plain wires is provided along property boundaries within the BMA/BCA, except for areas containing protected vegetation. Refer to specifications below.
Rigid rails may be used in place of the uppermost wire. The maximum height of the uppermost wire/rail is 1.2 metres. The bottom wire/rail is at least 0.4 metres off the ground.
4.8.3 Dos and Don’ts
Estate-wide Only use fencing materials that will not harm wildlife. Do remove or modify any existing fences that do not comply with the DCP and this
EMP. Don’t use barbed wire or electrified fencing.
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APZs and potential building areas Do fence the perimeter of the APZ to prevent dogs from wandering into the
BMA/BCA or other bushland. A range of materials are potentially suitable including ‘chain-link’ or ‘ring-lock’ wire mesh.
Do use hand tools (i.e. lawn mower or ‘whipper snipper’) to maintain vegetation within 1 metre either side of the fence line.
Bushland Management Area (BMA) and Bushland Conservation Area (BCA) Don’t remove trees along fence lines. Don’t erect any fencing within the Swamp Sclerophyll Forest EEC, Biconvex
Paperbark (Melaleuca biconvexa) or Eastern Bristlebird (Dasyornis brachypterus) habitat.
4.8.4 Explanation
Fencing can harm and restrict wildlife movement causing fragmentation of populations, reducing genetic flow (Paige 2008). Due to the biodiversity values and known threatened species present within Jerberra Estate, the type of fencing and location of fencing is very important. Barbed wire and electrified fences can cause serious injury or death to native protected fauna and threatened species (Amesbury 2007). Gliding mammals and bats are susceptible to entanglement on barbed wire and cannot release themselves, often resulting in death (Amesbury 2007). Different animals respond differently to shocks from electric fences, the instinct of gliders, snakes and echidnas is to curl up around electric fences, resulting in continuous shocks and death (Amesbury 2007).
Figure 4: Sugar Glider entangled on a barbed wire fence and in flight
Any fencing in the BCA and BMA will need to allow wildlife movement. The fencing requirements for the perimeter of the BCA and BMA are designed to be substantial enough to discourage entry by people, trail bikes and the like, without impeding wildlife. Any fencing along property boundaries within the BCA and BMA has a greater emphasis on allowing wildlife movement. The reason for placing the bottom wire at least 40 cm off the ground within the BMA and BCA is to allow animals such as Echidnas to pass underneath (Paige 2008).
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Figure 5 - An example of a 5-strand plain wire fence. Note the bottom wire should be at least 40 cm off the ground and the top wire should not exceed 1.2 metres.
It is also important to minimise the extent of clearing along fence lines in the BMA and BCA and to avoid tree removal when constructing the fence. Fencing around the perimeter of the APZ must be provided to keep any dogs within the APZ and prevent them from entering the BMA and BCA. It will also help to delineate the boundary between the APZ and the areas of bushland that will be retained. A variety of materials could be used to achieve this. A low cost ‘see-through’ option would be to use ringlock or hinged joint woven wire with timber or steel posts. A timber or steel top rail could be used to add rigidity. Other options could be timber pickets, masonry, and pre-painted profiled steel sheets.
Figure 6 - An example of a dog-proof fence using wire mesh that would be suitable for APZ perimeters
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4.8.5 Further information
A general guideline on rural fencing titled: “Install, maintain and repair fencing” is available on Greening Australia’s website at: http://www.greeningaustralia.org.au
4.9 Onsite effluent management
4.9.1 What is in household effluent and why does it need to be carefully managed?
Household effluent includes blackwater, which contains human excreta and water grossly contaminated with human excreta, and greywater; wastewater from kitchen, bath, shower and laundry. Greywater is also contaminated with human excreta and includes detergents, cleaning agents, fats and oils, food wastes and various other substances including organic wastewater compounds such as surfactant metabolites, steroids, stimulants, antimicrobial agents, and pharmaceutical compounds. Pathogenic organisms are present in high numbers in untreated household effluent. Wastewater treatment, including disinfection, decreases the number of pathogenic organisms present. Domestic wastewater contains relatively high concentrations of the elements nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), essential macro-nutrients for plant growth. These elements are present in organic and inorganic forms, derived from urea and human solid wastes, and the decomposition of proteins contained in waste from the household, including cleaning agents. The discharge of excess N and P can adversely impact the health of downstream ecosystems, potentially resulting in algal blooms and seagrass decline, which in turn impacts on aquatic life.
4.9.2 Information required with your application
In addition to a development application for your dwelling, you will need to submit an application for an onsite effluent management system as required by C1.72 of the Local Government Act Approvals Regulation. The required details of the proposed system are listed in the relevant section of the Jerberra DCP. A reputable supplier/installer should be able to assist in this regard.
4.9.3 Main requirements for on-site effluent management in Jerberra Estate
The requirements for on-site effluent management in Jerberra Estate are based on the recommendations of a Strategic Onsite Effluent Disposal Assessment completed for Jerberra Estate. This document is available on Council’s website at: http://doc.shoalhaven.nsw.gov.au/Displaydoc.aspx?Record=D12/152514 In summary, the following requirements apply to on-site effluent management in Jerberra Estate:
The treatment system needs to be an aerated wastewater treatment system (AWTS) or equivalent.
Treated effluent needs to be applied to an appropriately sized ‘effluent application area’ via pressurised subsurface irrigation. The effluent application area needs to be within the APZ.
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The area required for effluent application will depend on the number of bedrooms in the house. Refer to the DCP.
The effluent application area must incorporate the minimum setbacks to buildings, property boundaries, driveways, sheds etc. The setbacks are provided in DCP 78.
The effluent application area should not be located directly under trees that will be retained. Installation of the drip lines will damage roots and root growth will potentially clog the emitters in the longer term.
To augment and improve the existing shallow topsoils, an organic soil mix will need to be spread over the effluent disposal area to a minimum depth of 100 mm. Buy a good quality blend that conforms to AS4419 (2003) ‘Soils for landscaping and garden use – Organic soil’. Spread the imported soil evenly over the effluent disposal area. You can blend it into the upper 50 mm of native soil. Before adding the imported soil, add gypsum at a rate of 0.5 to 1 kg per m2. These measures will help to promote vigorous plant growth and minimise the risk of drainage problems.
Vegetation suitable for the effluent application will need to be established before the system is commissioned.
A diversion drain will be needed upslope of the effluent application area to keep it as dry as possible.
Use the water reduction fixtures listed in the DCP to minimise household water use and therefore wastewater generation. The less water used in your household, the better the system will operate.
4.9.4 Dos and Don’ts
APZs and potential building areas Do ensure the effluent application area is well vegetated. In addition to getting your system serviced/inspected every 3 months, you should
ensure the effluent application area is well maintained, including regular cleaning of filters, and flushing of the lines to prevent blockages. See section 4.9.5 for further information.
Don’t drive vehicles onto the effluent application area.
Bushland Management Area (BMA) and Bushland Conservation Area (BCA) Don’t apply effluent to the BMA or BCA.
4.9.5 Further information
Pressurised subsurface effluent application has several advantages over surface application:
Reduced maintenance obligations. Reduced risk of surface saturation and effluent runoff and therefore reduced health
and environmental risks. Reduced setbacks are required to dwellings. Spray irrigation must be setback at
least 15 metres, whereas subsurface irrigation must be setback 3 to 6 metres depending on slope.
Amenity benefits.
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According to the SCA (2012) “There have been significant developments in subsurface drip technology for effluent irrigation in the domestic market. Subsurface irrigation involves pressure-dosing of a polyethylene pipe fitted with turbulent flow or pressure compensating drip emitters. Proprietary systems may have built-in protection against root intrusion and biofilm development. It is very important that effluent is not applied directly to the Orchid Management Areas (Pterostylis ventricosa). An excellent guide to designing and installing onsite wastewater systems has been prepared by the Sydney Catchment Authority and can be accessed online at: http://www.sca.nsw.gov.au/publications/publications/designing-and-installing-on-site-wastewater-systems The following chapters are pertinent to the effluent requirements for Jerberra: Section 4 - Aerated Wastewater Treatment Systems (884.7 kb pdf) Section 13 - Subsurface Irrigation (1.1 mb pdf) Another source of useful information is the document titled On-site Sewage Management for Single Households published by the Department of Local Government in 1998 (go to: http://www.dlg.nsw.gov.au/DLG/Documents/information/onsite.pdf)
4.10 Onsite stormwater management
4.10.1 What you need to know
Stormwater must be managed in accordance with the relevant section of the DCP and Section 9.1 of the Jerberra Estate Integrated Water Cycle and Stormwater Management Plan prepared by Footprint (NSW) Pty Ltd in 2012. In summary:
All roof runoff must be conveyed to a rainwater tank or tanks with a minimum capacity of 20KL.
Overflows from rainwater tanks must be directed to a stormwater infiltration trench. The stormwater infiltration trench must be located downslope of the dwelling and
not in a location that will cause a nuisance to adjacent properties, and not within 5 metres of any building or property boundary.
The stormwater infiltration trench must have a surface area of 5 m2 for every 100 m2 of roof area.
Driveways shall have a maximum width of 3 metres unless otherwise required to comply with Planning for Bushfire Protection.
Driveways shall be constructed with a minimum of 100 mm of compacted gravel (DGB20 or equivalent) and be aligned by vegetated swales.
A site specific erosion and sediment control plan must be submitted with your development application.
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4.10.2 Dos and Don’ts
APZs and potential building areas Ensure that any paved areas are designed and graded to uniformly disperse runoff
downslope. Seek advice from an engineer or tank manufacturers on the appropriate tank size
for your dwelling. Divert roof runoff to rainwater tanks and overflows from these to a purpose built
stormwater infiltration trench. When you excavate the stormwater infiltration trench, separate the topsoil (typically
the topsoil depth is around 15 cm, but may be shallower on the ridges). The topsoil can be used for landscaping. The clay subsoil (i.e. below 15 cm) is not suitable for use in areas where plants are intended to grow.
Don’t connect roof runoff directly to roadside drainage swales. Don’t place the stormwater infiltration trench within 5 m of any building or property
boundary or below the crowns of trees that will be retained.
Bushland Management Area (BMA) and Bushland Conservation Area (BCA) Stormwater infiltration trenches are not allowed in the BMA or BCA.
4.10.3 Explanation
The above requirements are based on Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) principals. WSUD is a holistic approach to the planning and design of development to minimise the negative impacts on the natural water cycle and protect the health of aquatic ecosystems. Typically, urban development in an area that was previously dominated by natural bushland results in faster and larger volumes of surface water runoff and associated pollutants. The above measures will achieve a more natural flow and water quality regime by diverting roof runoff into water tanks for household use and providing for storage and retention of overflows from the tanks within the soil profile. The measures are derived from the Jerberra Estate Integrated Water Cycle and Stormwater Management Plan prepared by Footprint (NSW) Pty Ltd in 2012. Available online at: http://doc.shoalhaven.nsw.gov.au/Displaydoc.aspx?Record=D12/49746
4.11 Driveways and vehicle access
4.11.1 Introduction
Vehicles including four wheeled drives (4WD), cars, trail bikes and motorcycles have a significant impact on biodiversity when they leave the roads and enter areas of native vegetation. These vehicles impact the environment by altering the soil structure (soil compaction), destroying soil crusts and fine gravel surfaces, reducing soil stability and increasing soil erosion (Ouren et al. 2007). Vegetation is also affected by the reduction of moisture available in soil, above ground plants are broken and crushed and an increase in dust particles on plants reduces the plants ability to access to light (Ouren et al. 2007).
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Wildlife habitat, including threatened species, is impacted by vehicle movement by fragmentation and a reduction in habitat connectivity, excessive noise produced by vehicles, increased stress and collision (Ouren et al. 2007).
4.11.2 Dos and Don’ts
APZs and potential building areas Do align driveways to avoid the removal of any hollow-bearing trees, and minimise
removal of Glossy Black-cockatoo feed trees (Allocasuarina littoralis), and Yellow-bellied Glider feed trees (Corymbia gummifera). Contact Council before preparing your development application to find out if any such trees occur on your property and if so, any advice that Council may be able to provide on driveway location.
Do show your driveway, turning and parking areas, and access for fire fighting vehicles (if relevant) on your site plan that will be submitted with your development application.
Don’t drive vehicles including 4WD, cars, trail bikes and motorcycles on the effluent application area.
Refer to the Stormwater Management section for additional requirements and information.
Bushland Management Area (BMA) Do align driveways to avoid the removal of any hollow-bearing trees, and minimise
removal of Glossy Black-cockatoo feed trees (Allocasuarina littoralis), and Yellow-bellied Glider feed trees (Corymbia gummifera). Contact Council before preparing your development application to find out if any such trees occur on your property and if so, any advice that Council may be able to provide on driveway location.
Do provide a fence to prevent vehicles entering any other parts of the BMA
Bushland Conservation Area (BCA) Do provide a fence to prevent vehicles entering the BCA
4.12 Stock piling of building material
4.12.1 Introduction
Stockpiling building material smothers vegetation, including compromising the integrity of canopy trees by smothering their root systems, restricts the amount of light reaching plants, changes the composition of soil.
4.12.2 Dos and Don’ts
APZs and potential building areas Don’t stockpile building or landscaping materials around the base of trees or within
the effluent application area.
Bushland Management Area (BMA) and Bushland Conservation Area (BCA) Don’t stockpile building or landscaping materials within the BMA or BCA.
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5 Voluntary Conservation Programs
Support for managing land with high conservation values such as within the BCA and BMA could potentially be available under various conservation programs. A brief description of three potentially suitable conservation programs is provided below, but other programs may emerge and be worth considering. For more information contact the relevant agencies directly.
5.1 Biobanking
Biobanking is a market-based scheme that provides an opportunity for rural land owners to generate income by managing land for conservation. Biobanking enables ‘biodiversity credits’ to be generates by landowners who commit to enhance and protect biodiversity values on their land through a bio-banking agreement. These credits can then be sold, generating funds for the management of the site. Credits can be used by buyers to counter balance (or offset) the impacts on biodiversity values that are likely to occur as a result of development. For a general guide to the scheme and how it works, go to http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/biobanking/
5.2 Conservation Agreements
A conservation agreement is an agreement between landholders and the Minister for the Environment. The agreement provides permanent protection for the special natural and cultural heritage values of your land and is voluntary to enter into to. The area under the agreement is registered on the title of the land, ensuring that if the land is sold, the agreement and management requirements remain in place. A Conservation Agreement provides rate relief, meaning that Council rates are exempt on the area subject to the Agreement. Where a Conservation Agreement applies to multiple landholdings, all participating landholders should work together and agree on a management plan that can be used across all properties. For further information, go to: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/cpp/ConservationAgreements.htm
5.3 Property vegetation Plans
A Property Vegetation Plans (PVP) is a legally binding agreement between you and your local Catchment Management Authority (in this case, Local Lands Services) that describes how the native vegetation on your property is to be managed. PVPs are made under the Native Vegetation Act 2003 (NSW). A PVP can be tailored to meet the specific circumstances of the land but they are legally binding. PVPs are on-title agreements and can be in perpetuity. Unlike some other forms of private conservation agreements, PVPs are not eligible for tax incentives or rate rebates. However, CMAs may be able to offer financial assistance to undertake certain works if it is consistent with its resource priorities.
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6 Profiles of threatened species and relevant legislation
The threatened species known to occur in Jerberra Estate are listed in Table 2 (page 15). Some of these species have a very small home range and could be impacted if sufficient habitat is not conserved and enhanced and/or development is not managed in a sensitive manner. This section provides information on the ecology and needs of each species to assist you in this regard.
6.1 East Coast Free-tailed Bat (Mormopterus norfolkensis)
The East Coast Free-tailed Bat (Mormopterus norfolkensis) is a microbat that weighs approximately 7 grams (slightly more than a 10 cent coin). It is dark brown to reddish-brown with a slightly paler belly. It has a long, thin, bare tail that protrudes from its tail membrane that is 3-4 cm long. Free-tailed bats have a hairless face, wrinkled lips and triangular ears (Figure 7). These bats roost in tree hollows but may also live under bark and in manmade structures. Normally they roost alone, but may also be found roosting communally, especially when mating or with babies. The East Coast Free-tailed Bat has very specific roosting and foraging needs and is very sensitive to changes and impacts on their environment. Threats to the East Coast Free-tailed Bat include habitat destruction including removal of hollow bearing trees, predation by cats and foxes and entanglement on barbed wire.
Figure 7 - East Coast free-tailed Bat (Mormopterus norfolkensis)
6.2 Greater Broad-nosed Bat (Scoteanax rueppellii)
The Greater Broad-nosed Bat (Scoteanax rueppellii) weighs approximately 25 grams. It has a broad head and a short, square muzzle. It is dark reddish-brown above and slightly paler below (Figure 8). This bat uses many different habitat types and roosts mainly in tree hollows but may also be found roosting in buildings. As with most species of mircobat, the Greater Broad-nosed Bat feeds on insects and forages after sunset flying slowly along creek beds or cleared paths through the woodland. They prefer slower flying insects such as beetles and have also been known to eat other microbats.
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Great Broad-nosed Bats have very specific roosting and foraging requirements and are susceptible to changes and impacts on their environment. Threats to the East Coast Free-tailed Bat include habitat destruction (removal of hollow bearing trees and foraging habitat), predation by cats and foxes and entanglement on barbed wire.
Figure 8 - Greater Broad-nosed Bat (Scoteanax rueppellii) Photo: Brad Law
6.3 Grey-Headed Flying Fox (Pteropus poliocephalus)
The Grey-headed Flying Fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) is the largest Australian bat weighing approximately 780 grams. It has dark grey fur on the body, lighter grey fur on its head and a russet collar encircling its neck (Figure 9). The wing membranes are black and this species of bat has a wing span of up to one metre. Unlike microbats, the grey-headed Flying Fox is a ‘megabat’, feeding on nectar and fruit rather than insects. Due to their diet, Flying Foxes use their excellent sense of smell and good eyesight to find food. Flying Foxes roost in camp during the day, sometimes containing up to 10’s of 1000’s of bats, usually in gullies, close to water and in vegetation with a dense canopy. These camps are often located within 20 km of regular foraging sites, but these bats can easily travel up to 50 km in search of food in one night. Threats to the Grey-headed Flying Fox include habitat destruction including removal of camps, removal of foraging habitat, predation by cats and foxes and entanglement on barbed wire.
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Figure 9 - Grey-headed Flying Fox (Pteropus poliocephalus)
6.4 Yellow-bellied Glider (Petaurus australis)
The Yellow-Bellied Glider (Petaurus australis) is a large, active, nocturnal glider. Adults weigh 450-700 grams. They have grey to brown fur, with a cream to yellow belly and a dark stripe that running down its back. It has a gliding membrane that extends from the wrist to the ankle (Figure 10). Yellow-bellied Gliders feed on predominately tree sap. They extract sap by incising a ‘V’ in the trunks and branches of preferred feed trees. There is often a distinctive ‘V’ shaped scar left on tree where this species of glider has been feeding. This is primarily due to them returning year after year to the same few ‘feed trees’. They also feed on honeydew, pollen and insects. They live in small family groups of two-six individuals and during the day they sleep in tree hollows in these family groups. Threats to the Yellow-bellied Glider include destruction of habitat, including removal of hollow bearing trees and forage trees, predation by cats and foxes and entanglement in barbed wire.
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Figure 10 - Yellow-bellied Glider (Petaurus australis) Photo: Steve Parish
6.5 Eastern Bristlebird (Dasyornis brachypterus)
Eastern Bristlebirds (Dasyornis brachypterus) are a medium sized bird, with a long tail and distinctive bristles located at the base of the bill. They are a dull brown with a light grey stomach with rufous wings (Figure 11). These birds are shy and cryptic and live in dense, coastal vegetation. Eastern Bristlebirds rarely fly and may be seen scampering across the ground in cleared areas. They feed on insects, preferably ants. It is estimated that less than 200 birds remain and this species is only located in an area of about 120 square kilometres. Because they live on the ground, threats to the Eastern Bristlebird include habitat destruction, irregular fire regimes and predation by cats and foxes.
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Figure 11 - Eastern Bristlebird (Dasyornis brachypterus) Photo: Chris Charles
6.6 Gang-gang Cockatoo (Callocephalon fimbriatum)
The Gang-gang Cockatoo (Callocephalon fimbriatum) is a small species of cockatoo. Males are predominately grey, with a scarlet head, whilst females are all grey, except for some slight pink colouring on the edge of the breast feathers. Both male and female cockatoos have a wispy crest (Figure 12). Gang-gang Cockatoos nest in tree hollows from October to January. They feed on seeds obtained in trees and shrubs, mostly from Eucalyptus and Acacia species as well as insect larvae. Threats to the Gang-gang Cockatoo include habitat destruction, particularly clearing of hollow bearing trees and feeding resources, irregular fire regimes and predation by cats and foxes. Gang-gang Cockatoos are also affected by Psittacine Circoviral (beak and feather) Disease which causes death in parrot species.
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Figure 12 - Female and male gang-gang cockatoo (Callocephalon fimbriatum) Photo: Gary Lewis
6.7 Glossy-black Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus lathami)
The Glossy-black Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus lathami) is a d black cockatoo with a large beak and red feathers in the tail. The red in the tail is barred with black and edged with yellow. The female usually has irregular pale-yellow markings on her head and neck, with yellow flecks on her underparts and underwing (Figure 13). The Glossy-black Cockatoo utilises large tree hollows for breeding, and eggs are laid between March and August. The feed almost exclusively on the seeds of several species of She-oak (Casuarina and Allocasuarina). Threats to the Glossy-black Cockatoo include habitat destruction, particularly the clearing of hollow bearing trees and feed trees, drought, frequent fire, habitat fragmentation increasing nest hollow competition, nest predation by Brush-tailed Possums (Trichosurus vulpecular) and predation by cats and foxes.
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Figure 13 - Male and female Glossy-black Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus lathami)
6.8 Masked Owl (Tyto novahollandiae)
The Masked Owl (Tyto novahollandiae) is a medium sized owl with dark eyes set in a prominent flat, heart-shaped fac. The feet are powerful, with fully feathered legs down to the toes. There is a wide variation in the plumage of this species, but generally the underparts are grey to dark brown, with buff to rufous mottling, and fine, pale spots (Figure 14). The Masked Owl roosts and breeds in tree hollows and sometimes caves. They eat tree-dwelling and ground-dwelling mammals, especially rats. This species often hunts along forest edges, including roadsides. Threats to the Masked Owl include habitat destruction, especially removal of hollow bearing trees, habitat fragmentation, increased fire regime, predation of fledglings by cats and foxes and secondary poisoning from pesticides used to control rats.
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Figure 14 - Masked Owl (Tyto novaehollandiae)
6.9 Sooty Owl (Tyto tenebricosa)
The Sooty owl (Tyto tenebricosa) is a medium sized forest owl, with dark eyes set in a prominent flat, heart shaped face. They are dark sooty-grey in colour with large eyes in a grey face, fine white spotting above and below, and a pale belly (Figure 15). This species of owl use tree hollows for breeding and roosting can occur in tree hollows or sheltered trees. The Sooty Owl hunts at night for small ground dwelling mammals or tree dwelling mammals like the Common Ringtail Possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) and Sugar Glider (Petaurus breviceps). Threats to the Sooty Owl include habitat destruction, especially removal of hollow bearing trees, habitat fragmentation, increased fire regime, predation of fledglings by cats and foxes and secondary poisoning from pesticides used to control rats.
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Figure 15 - Sooty Owl (Tyto tenebricosa)
6.10 Square-tailed Kite (Lophoictinia isura)
The Square-tailed Kite (Lophoictinia isura) is a reddish, medium sized, long winged raptor. Adults have a white face with thick black streaks on the crown and finer streaks elsewhere. Their back is blackish with grey-brown barring. The underparts are predominately grey-brown with black tips (Figure 16). This species nests near watercourses from July to February. They build large stick nests usually in the fork of a tree or along a thick branch. The Square-tailed Kite is a specialist hunter of small birds, preferably honeyeaters and nestlings, but will also eat insects. Square-tailed Kites have a hunting range of more than 100 square kilometres. Threats to the Square-tailed Kite include habitat destruction, increased fire regimes, illegal shooting, egg collection and disturbance to nest trees.
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Figure 16 - Square-tailed Kite (Lophoictinia isura)
6.11 Biconvex Paperbark (Melaleuca biconvexa)
Biconvex Paperbark (Melaleuca bioconvexa) is a small tree, usually up to 10 metres tall. This species has papery bark typical of Melaleuca species; the leaves are small (18 mm long and 4 mm wide). The placement of the leaves is very distinctive, with each pair emerging at right angles from the branch and each pair is offset at right angles to the previous pair so the branch has a squarish appearance when looked at ‘end-on’. This species has white flowers which are usually clustered in dense heads (Figure 17). Biconvex Paperbark generally grows in damp places, often near streams or flood prone low-lying areas. This species is often found in in SSF, an EEC.
Figure 17 - Biconvex Paperbark (Melaleuca biconvexa)
6.12 Pterostylis ventricosa
Pterostylis ventricosa is a species of orchid that is listed as critically endangered in NSW. The only known populations of this species are between Nowra and Ulladulla.
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Its flowering stem is 8-30 cm tall, which emerges from an underground tuba and it produces 1-6 flowers (Figure 18). The flowers are approximately 10 mm long and 4.5-5.5 mm wide. A leaf rosette of 4-9, 3-12 mm long, dark green leaves emerge around the same time as the flowering stem. It flowers between March and May. Threats to Pterostylis ventricosa include clearing of habitat, disturbance of habitat by vehicles and domestic animals and stock, and illegal collection of the orchid.
Figure 18 - Pterostylis ventricosa flowers
6.13 Swamp Sclerophyll Forest (EEC)
Swamp Sclerophyll Forest is an Endangered Ecological Community (EEC). An EEC is an ecological community listed as facing a very high risk of extinction in NSW under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995. SSF is found in water logged soil or areas that are subject to periodic inundation or flooding. The vegetation structure of this community can vary but is generally an open forest, however if partial clearing has occurred the canopy may be reduced and comprised of scattered trees. Sometimes the tree canopy can be low and dense, taking on the structure of scrub. This community may also have some areas of fernland, tall reedland or sedgeland where the canopy is more open. Generally, this vegetation community is dominated by Paperbarks (Melaleuca) species but also present are She-oak (Casuarina) species, Banksia species, Eucalyptus Species and many different native grasses and sedges.
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SSF is an important vegetation community which can provide the following functions: cleanse and filter water removing pollutants control and mitigate floods safely confine acid sulphate soils prevent blackwater discharge support the food chain provide vital habitat for flora and fauna
6.14 Other threatened species that could potentially occur in Jerberra
In addition to the species recorded in Jerberra Estate, a further three threatened plants and 14 threatened animals are predicted to potentially occur. These are listed in Table 4 and Table 5 respectively. Table 4 - List of threatened plants that could potentially occur in Jerberra Estate
Common Name Scientific Name
Tessellated Spider Orchid Caladenia tessellata
Bauer’s Midge Orchid Genoplesium baueri
Leafless Tongue Orchid Cryptostylis hunteriana
Table 5 - List of threatened animals that could potentially occur in Jerberra Estate
Common Name Scientific Name Common Name Scientific Name
Eastern Pygmy Possum
Ceratetus nanus Eastern Bent-wing Bat
Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis
Large-eared Pied Bat
Chalinolobus dwyeri Large-footed Myotis Myotis macropus
Southern Brown Bandicoot
Isoodon obesulus Koala Phascolarctos cinereus
Powerful Owl Ninox strenua Squirrel Glider Petaurus norfolcensis
Striated Fieldwren Calamanthus fuliginosus
Rosenberg’s Goanna
Varanus rosenbergi
Giant Burrowing Frog
Heleioporus australiacus
Regent Honeyeater Xanthomyza phrygia
Green and Golden Bell Frog
Litoria aurea Swift Parrot Lathamus discolor
6.15 Legislation protecting threatened species and native vegetation
A number of native plants and animals and their habitats found in Jerberra Estate are protected under state and/or federal law.
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The legislation that applies to Jerberra Estate is listed below.
6.15.1 Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, 1999
The Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) is the Australian Government’s central piece of environmental legislation. Under the EPBC Act a person proposing to take action which may have a significant impact on a listed threatened species or Commonwealth land must refer the proposed action to the Commonwealth Minister for the Environment for consideration. In terms of the native plants and animals that occur in Jerberra Estate, the Eastern Bristlebird, the Biconvex Paperbark and the Grey-headed Flying-fox are protected under the EPBC Act. A formal referral to the Department under the EPBC Act was submitted to the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (DoSEWPaC) on 4 June 2012. On 18 July 2012, the Proposal was determined by SEWPaC not to be a “controlled action if undertaken in a particular manner”. The manner specified included a number of conditions to help mitigate any potential impacts on species protected under the EPBC Act and Planning Proposal Maps 1 and 5 were attached to the determination. In response to a letter received from SEWPaC on 12 March 2013, Council requested that the revised Planning Proposal maps that were adopted by Council in December 2012, be substituted for the previous versions on which the determination was originally made. This request was granted on 5 June 2012. http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/epbc/epbc_ap.pl?name=current_referral_detail&proposal_id=6415 This means that any development occurring in accordance with the requirements of the Jerberra LEP and DCP does not require approval under the EPBC Act. Conversely, any development proposal that is inconsistent with the Jerberra LEP and DCP should be referred under the EPBC Act.
6.15.2 Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act) and the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (EP&A Act)
The NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act) provides for the conservation of threatened species, populations and ecological communities of animals and plants. Section 5A of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (The EP&A Act) sets out a ‘seven-part test’ for considering the potential impact of a proposed development on critical habitat, threatened species, populations or endangered ecological communities, and their habitats. As development of land in Jerberra will potentially impact on known threatened species habitat, Council has engaged consultants to undertake the necessary ‘seven-part test’ to help streamline the assessment process at development application stage. The assessment was based on the full suite of planning controls and measures in the LEP and DCP for Jerberra Estate. Any development proposal that is not consistent with these measures will need to be supported by a separate seven-part test. Where there is any
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doubt regarding the likely impact or where detailed information is not available, supplementary information may need to be provided by the applicant. A Species Impact Statement (SIS) will need to be prepared if the seven-part test concludes that there will be a significant impact.
6.15.3 National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974
The National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 (The NP&W Act) provides for the protection of native animals and native plants, including threatened species, populations and ecological communities, and their habitats, and critical habitat.
6.15.4 Native Vegetation Act, 2003 (NV Act)
Clearing remnant native vegetation or protected regrowth requires approval under the Native Vegetation Act 2003 (NV Act) unless the clearing is a permitted activity. Clearing of the minimum amount of native vegetation needed to comply with a current Development Consent for the construction of a single dwelling is permitted and therefore does not require a separate approval under the NV Act. If you propose to clear vegetation under any other circumstance, contact Local Land Services to see if you need approval under the NV Act.
6.15.5 Summary and conclusion
Breaches of threatened species legislation can result in significant fines and/or imprisonment. It is very important that any necessary approvals are required before threatened species or their habitat is harmed or removed.
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7 Weeds and Their Control
7.1 Introduction
The most widely accepted definition of a weed is 'a plant growing where it is not wanted'. Several species of “noxious weeds” have been identified in Jerberra Estate and must be removed by law. Weeds that are declared noxious are those weeds that have potential to cause harm to the community and individuals, can be controlled by reasonable means and have the potential to spread within an area and to other areas. A weed is declared noxious if its control will provide a benefit to the community over and above the cost of implementing control programs. Profiles of the noxious species and weed removal techniques are provided in section 7.3. Species profiles and weed removal techniques for environmental weeds that occur in the Estate are provided in section 7.4. Removal and control of all weeds is vital within the Bushland Management Area (BMA) and Bushland Conservation Areas (BCA) to reduce the impacts of urbanisation and to preserve and enhance the ecological integrity of these areas.
7.2 Overview of weed removal techniques
Weeds can be removed mechanically (hand pulling and digging out) and/or using chemicals (herbicides). Manual removal of weeds is preferred because of the risks and potential environmental impacts associated with herbicide use, but may not always be practical. Some information on removal techniques for the weeds found in Jerberra is provided in the following sections. It is recommended that you contact Council’s Noxious Weeds Officer on 4429 3111 to ensure that best practices are followed and potential environmental harm is minimised.
7.2.1 Mechanical removal
Some weeds can be dug out or pulled by hand. Plants with bulbs, tubers and corms must be completely removed from the soil by digging them out as they will often reproduce from broken off pieces. Crowning involves cutting through the roots close to the base of the plant and is useful for weeds such as asparagus fern, which have their growing points below the surface of the soil (corms, rhizomes or tufted fibrous root systems).
7.2.2 Use of herbicides
The use of herbicides and other chemicals can be used to treat weeds that are particularly vigorous and can be highly effective if employed as a component of an integrated weed control program. Particular care must be taken when using herbicides in the BMA and BCA to avoid poisoning native vegetation.
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Numerous application techniques and types of equipment are available to apply herbicides depending on the size of the infestation, the available resources, access and personal preference. Overuse or inappropriate use of herbicides can kill other plants that you wish to retain, pollute the soil and waterways and have a negative effect on sensitive fauna species, such as frogs. Herbicides should only be used in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. The Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) register pesticides and herbicides for use in Australian States and Territories according to the provisions of the Agvet Code Act 1994. Any use of herbicides must adhere to the Pesticide Act 1999. Always follow directions and safety precautions provided on the container.
7.2.3 Monitoring
To ensure the ecosystem and biodiversity values of the Estate are maintained, areas should always been monitored for re-sprouting of weeds, or the introduction of different species not listed below.
7.2.4 Preventing the spread of weeds
The following advice is summarised from the NSW Department of Primary Industries – Agriculture (http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/pests-weeds/weeds/no-space/stop-the-spread )
Choose garden plants carefully and avoid planting species that can become weeds. Manage your plants so they don’t jump the fence.
o Remove old flower heads, collect and remove fruit and berries and control runners and vines.
o Apply dense mulch such as sugar cane. This will reduce the chances of a weed re-establishing.
o Replant weeded areas with desired plants and provide nutrients to encourage active growth.
o Buy weed-free soil, mulches and fertilisers, including manure and be prepared to manage any weeds that establish from these sources.
o Be careful using weeds in your mulch as weed seeds can survive the mulching process. Fine mulching offers the best opportunity of eliminating weeds.
o Remove waterweeds from your garden pond. Visiting birds can move weeds from your pond into local waterways.
o Dispose of your garden waste appropriately (see section below). Never dump garden waste in the bush, vacant land or on roadsides. Dispose of
your garden waste appropriately. Dispose of weeds that are already seeding or are able to reproduce vegetatively through suckers and bulbs by placing them in a black plastic bag, sealing it and 'baking it' in the sun until destroyed. This method alone may not kill all parts of the weed, for example bulbs, and may need to be used in combination with other methods such as mulching.
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7.2.5 Further information
Further information is available from: Weed profiles: http://www.weeds.org.au/ Noxious and environmental weeds in the Shoalhaven:
http://shoalhaven.nsw.gov.au/ A full list of all the declared Noxious Weeds in NSW is provided by the Department
of Primary Industries – Agriculture NSW: http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/pests-weeds/weeds/profiles
General weed removal and/or management techniques – Department of Primary Industries Noxious and Environmental Weed Control Handbook: a guide to weed control in non-crop, aquatic and bushland situations: http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/123317/Noxious-and-environmental-weed-control-handbook.pdf
The NSW Office of Environment and Heritage has published a number of fact sheets on weed removal techniques for different types of weeds. These are available on OEH’s website at:
http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/cpp/WeedRemovalFactsheets.htm
7.3 Noxious weeds known to occur in Jerberra Estate
Noxious weeds known to occur within Jerberra Estate are listed in Table 6. Profiles and weed removal/control techniques are provided in the following sections. Table 6 - Noxious weeds known to occur in Jerberra Estate
Common Name Scientific Name
Bamboo Phyllostachys spp.
Giant Parramatta Grass Sporobolus fertilis
Fireweed Senecio madagascariensis
Prickly Pear Optunia spp.
Scotch Thistle Onopordum acanthium
Tree of Heaven Ailanthus altissima
7.3.1 Bamboo (Phyllostachys spp.)
There are two common types of bamboo, running and clumping. Clumping bamboos (Arundinaria spp.) spread slowly from the centre and are considered environmental weeds, and running bamboos (Phyllostachys spp.) which are invasive and spread rapidly, the latter is listed under the Noxious Weeds Act 1993. Running bamboos are woody plants that grow to 6 m in height with underground runners (rhizomes) (Figure 19). Dispersal is via these underground runners which forms loosely clumped shoots over large areas.
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Running bamboo is extremely invasive and causes a significant impact on the environment. This species creates an impenetrable network of roots, heavy leaf litter and dense shade restricting the growth of native plant species.
Figure 19 - Running Bamboo (Phyllostachys spp.) Photo: Sheldon Navie
Controlling bamboo Clumps of bamboo can be removed with a shovel and smaller shoots by hand. It is vital that all roots and rhizomes are removed from the soil as any roots that are left behind can easily re-sprout. Fill the hole and mulch the area to discourage any regrowth from any remaining stem fragments. The area should be monitored closely for any regrowth. Herbicides can be used for the control of running bamboo. The selection of herbicide, proper application, timing and rate are important for good results. For further information on herbicide use for controlling running bamboo see the Department of Primary Industries Noxious and Environmental Weed Control Handbook: a guide to weed control in non-crop, aquatic and bushland situations: http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/123317/Noxious-and-environmental-weed-control-handbook.pdf
7.3.2 Giant Parramatta Grass (Sporobolus fertilis)
Giant Parramatta Grass (Sporobolus fertilis) is a course, tussock grass that grows to a height of 70 cm – 2 metres. The seed heads are up to 40 cm long and resemble a rat’s tail (Figure 20). The branches at the bottom of the seed head are often droop away from the central stem. The seeds, which are about the size of a sugar grain, form the end of each floret. They are initially white and turn yellow-brown at maturity. Main seeding occurs in late summer/autumn. Single tussocks can grow up to 40 cm in diameter and produce more than 200 seeds per year.
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Giant Parramatta Grass is a threat because it is a vigorous, persistent and invasive perennial grass of poor quality and low palatability, and it is due to these qualities that mean it is not controlled by native or introduced grazing animals. It can reduce the habitat values of vegetation communities as it out competes native species. Its large number of seed production indicates that this species can spread prolifically, and the seeds can remain in the soil for many years. Seed spread is by vehicles, machinery, livestock and floods – it is not spread by wind.
Figure 20 - Giant Parramatta Grass (Sporobolous fertilis)
Controlling Giant Parramatta Grass There may be other species of Parramatta grass present within Jerberra Estate, which also cause environmental impacts and should be removed. The same removal methods apply to those species as to the Giant Parramatta Grass. Cut the seed heads and put them in a bag for destruction before digging out or spraying the plant. Dog out or spot spray and plants as soon as you find them. After digging out plants it is a good idea to fill the whole with native grass seedlings to compete with any Giant Parramatta Grass seedlings and to reduce disturbed areas that provide areas for germination. When spot spraying, it is important to only spray directly onto the crown and green leaves of the plant. Spraying the seed heads is ineffective, and only spreads the herbicide further, often killing surrounding desirable species. The area should be monitored closely for any regrowth.
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7.3.3 Fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis)
Fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis) is a daisy like plant that grows from 10-60 cm high (Figure 21). It has a variable growth habit and leaf structure, but the most common form of fireweed is a low, heavily branched, annual short lived perennial plant. The leaves are generally bright green in colour, and are fleshy and narrow, 2-7 cm long. They are arranged alternatively on the stem and have serrated, entire or lobed margins. The flowers are small, yellow and daisy like. They are 1-2 cm in diameter and are arranged in clusters at the end of each branch. There can be up to 200 flowers per plant and the flowers commonly have 13 petals. The light fluffy seeds of Fireweed are easily spread by wind, which is the main method of seed dispersal.
Figure 21 - Fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis)
Controlling Fireweed Hand weeding is appropriate in areas with a small infestation and in environmentally sensitive areas. Wear gloves when hand weeding. If the plant is flowering, even after removal, it can still produce viable seed. All parts of the plants, especially the flowers, should be bagged and appropriated destroyed. The area should be monitored closely for any regrowth. Herbicides can be used for larger infestations, but proper application, timing and rate are important for good results. More detail on the chemical removal of Fireweed is provided in the Department of Primary Industries Noxious and Environmental Weed Control Handbook: a guide to weed control in non-crop, aquatic and bushland situations: http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/123317/Noxious-and-environmental-weed-control-handbook.pdf
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7.3.4 Prickly Pear (Opuntia spp.)
The Prickly Pear is a shrub native to the Americas, different species reach different heights and some Optunia species can reach 5 metres. The stem segments, which are often confused with leaves, are flattened and in older plants the segments are up to 40 cm long and 25 cm wide (Figure 22). There are small clusters of bristles present within small depressions on the segments, within these depressions there may also be one or more spines up to 6 cm long. The Prickly Pear is a major weed problem in several states including NSW. Several species of Prickly Pear are declared under the Noxious Weeds Act 1993, including Optunia stricta (common), Harrissia species and Cylindropuntia rosea. The common Prickly Pear has been declared a weed of National Significance. The Prickly Pear can cause injury to humans and animals and they can spread quickly over large areas of land. The Prickly Pear spreads via seed dispersal or vegetatively by segments that root where they contact the ground.
Figure 22 - Prickly pear (Optunia spp.)
Removal of Prickly Pear The Prickly Pear plant can be physically removed using hand tools to dig the plant out, however due to the plants ability to re-establish where segments are left on the ground it is essential that all segments are removed. As these plants have large spines, protective equipment and care should be taken when physically removing any Prickly Pear plant. The area should be monitored closely for any regrowth. Several insect species were introduced to help control the spread of Prickly Pear in Australia. These insects have proven to be successful in killing Prickly Pear plants. The use of Cochineal and Cactoblastis biological control agents suited to the variety of Prickly Pear is the best management practice, where appropriate. For the removal of a small scale of plants this method is not preferred. Herbicides can be very effective in controlling Prickly Pear, but the correct dosage and herbicides must be used in relation to Prickly Pear species.
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For further information on herbicide use for controlling Prickly Pear see the Department of Primary Industries Noxious and Environmental Weed Control Handbook: a guide to weed control in non-crop, aquatic and bushland situations: http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/123317/Noxious-and-environmental-weed-control-handbook.pdf
7.3.5 Scotch thistle (Onopordum acanthium)
Scotch thistles (Onopordum acanthium) were introduced into Australia from Europe. This species is an erect biennial thistle that grows up to 2 metres high. The leaves are woolly and hairy, toothed and up to 40 cm long and 25 cm wide, withering in mature plants. Seeds are 4 ribbed, oval shaped and 0.5cm long, topped with minutely barbed bristles up to 0.9 cm long (Figure 23). Plant dispersal is via seed; however, Scotch Thistles can re-sprout from severed root segments. Seeding occurs between November and February. This species is a prolific seeder and one plant can produce more than 20,000 seeds. Scotch thistle out-competes native ground covers and due to its spines it is not eaten by herbivorous fauna.
Figure 23 - Scotch Thistle (Onopordum acanthium)
Controlling Scotch Thistle The main control method for Scotch Thistle is controlling the onset of seed. Removing seedlings before they mature is an easy way of preventing plants from maturing and reproducing. If managing mature plants, removing them prior to seeding (before November) prevents the release of those seeds. Isolated plants should be removed using a hoe or mattock (chipping or grubbing). Remove as much of the taproot as possible so that regrowth does not occur. Uprooting seedlings is
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very effective. Slashing or mowing seedlings or mature plants is not usually effective as the plant establishes new growth from the base of the plant. As these plants have bristles, protective equipment and care should be taken when physically removing any Scotch Thistle plant. Herbicide control is very effective and the selection of herbicide, proper application, timing and rate are important for good results. In NSW there are two other species of Thistle that are considered Noxious Weeds, they are the Illyrian Thistle (Onopordum illyricum) and the Stemless Thistle (Onopordum acaulon). Both these species can be removed physically using the same methods described for the Scotch Thistle. For further information on herbicide use for controlling Scotch Thistle see the Department of Primary Industries Noxious and Environmental Weed Control Handbook: a guide to weed control in non-crop, aquatic and bushland situations: http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/123317/Noxious-and-environmental-weed-control-handbook.pdf
7.3.6 Tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima)
Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) is a fast growing deciduous tree that grows up to 20 metres high (Figure 24), which is native to eastern China. The leaves are large, compound (made up of two or more leaflets attached to the leaf stalk), up to 1 metre long, with many pointed leaflets in opposite pairs, each up to 12 cm long, turn red in autumn before dropping. The flowers are small, white and clusters at branch ends. The seeds are large, red and winged that allow the seeds to be carried long distances by the wind. Seeds can also be carried in water. Plant regeneration can occur via suckering from the roots and cut stumps often regenerate. Humans also facilitate the spread of this plant by planting Tree of Heaven in gardens.
Figure 24 - Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) Photo: Trevor James
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Removal of Tree of Heaven It is possible to remove young seedlings and smaller plants. Care must be taken to ensure the entire root has been removed as any root fragments remaining in the ground will attempt to regrow. Girdling, or cutting through the bark all around the trunk of the tree may kill the upper part of this species. For medium to large trees this is sometimes easier than cutting down the whole tree. Removing tree of heaven via cutting is very difficult as the tree has the ability to re-sprout with vigour and massive root suckering can also occur. Usually, cutting trees results in numerous stems covering a wider area than before. There are several techniques that can make cutting this species more effective:
This species requires full sunlight to grow, if new sprouts and suckers emerge in shady areas, these will eventually die off if they cannot reach the tree canopy and sunlight.
Cutting early to mid-summer, reduces the tenacity of growth as this is before the trees have had time to resupply the roots with food.
Cut the trees before they get large as a young Tree of Heaven has not had as much time to develop extensive root systems. Sprouting and suckering will still occur, but it won’t be as vigorous.
Cut them repeatedly and frequently. By cutting the tree more often to the ground, the damage to the tree will increase.
The area should be monitored closely for any regrowth. Herbicides are commonly used for Tree of Heaven control. The selection of herbicide, proper application, timing and rate are important for good results. The spraying of herbicides must be conducted pursuant to the Pesticide regulation 2009 and the Pesticide Act 1999. Do not spray herbicides in the BMA and BCA. For further information on herbicide use for controlling Tree of Heaven see the Department of Primary Industries Noxious and Environmental Weed Control Handbook: a guide to weed control in non-crop, aquatic and bushland situations: http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/123317/Noxious-and-environmental-weed-control-handbook.pdf
7.4 Environmental Weeds
Environmental weeds are weeds that invade, persist and proliferate within, and cause maintenance, management, aesthetic or other problems in native vegetation, terrestrial or aquatic, outside their natural range (Csurhes & Edwards 1998). Environmental weeds can grow and spread rapidly, outcompeting locally indigenous plant species for sunlight, moisture and nutrients. Environmental weeds include exotic water weeds that clog and choke waterways, rampant climbers that smother trees and simple free seeding shrubs that form dense thickets. The following plants found in Jerberra Estate are regarded as environmental weeds.
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Table 7 - Plants found in Jerberra that are regarded as environmental weeds
Common Name Scientific Name Common Name Scientific Name
Agapanthus Agapanthus praecox Black Eyed Susan Thunbergia alata
Cootamundra Wattle Acacia baileyana English Ivy Hedera helix
Radiata Pine Pinus radiata Spider Plant Chlorophytum comosum
Stone Crop Crassula multicava Watsonia Watsonia spp.
Whiskey Grass Andropogon virginicus African Daisy Senecio pterophorus
Blackberry Nightshade Solanum nigrum Cassia Senna pendula
Fishbone Fern Nephrolepis cordiflora Flatweed Hypochaeris
radicata
Formosa Lilly Lilium formosanum Ginger Lilly Hedychium gardnerianum
Kikuyu Grass (see Note 1)
Pennisetum clandestinum Coral Tree (Erythrina spp.)
Notes: 1. Plants such as Kikuyu would be considered as a weed within the BCA and BMA or the
Orchid Management Areas but is otherwise a suitable lawn species. 2. There may be other species present in areas not surveyed or new species may be listed
as “environmental weeds” in the future. To ensure the ecosystem and biodiversity values of the Estate are maintained, areas should always been monitored for re-sprouting of weeds, or the introduction of different species not listed above.
7.4.1 Agapanthus (Agapanthus praecox)
Agapanthus (Agapanthus praecox) is regarded as a significant environmental weed in Victoria and is also deemed to be an environmental weed or potential environmental weed in New South Wales, Tasmania, South Australia and Western Australia. Its dense clumping roots are capable of displacing other ground-dwelling plant species and it may also prevent the regeneration of trees and shrubs. Agapanthus is a deep green plant that grows in long leafy clumps up to approximately 60 cm (Figure 25). The flower heads are up to 120 cm tall displaying a ball of flowers, usually purple or white which appear November – February. This plant produces a sticky sap. Agapanthus spreads by both reproducing seed and vegetatively by root growth or plant fragments. Seeds are easily transported by soil movement and wind. This plant invades bushland and roadside areas easily and will out-compete native grasses and groundcovers. The sap of Agapanthus also attracts a large number of snails and slugs. Agapanthus is a difficult species to contain as they can tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions.
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Figure 25 - Agapanthus (Agapanthus praecox) Photo: Sheldon Navie
Removal of Agapanthus Preferably Agapanthus should be removed prior to seeding but it can be removed at any time of the year. Cut the flower heads off before seeding to prevent spreading. Hand removal can be successful if all roots are removed from beneath the soil, otherwise the plant can regrow. It is critical that soil removed from the plant is not dumped elsewhere. The area should be monitored closely for any regrowth. To prepare the plant for spraying, cut the leaves off to promote new leaf growth. Once the new leaves have emerged, spray with a registered herbicide.
7.4.2 Black Eyed Susan (Thunbergia alata)
Black Eyed Susan (Thunbergia alata) is a slender vine that grows up to 4 metres long. It is native to eastern Africa and has become an invasive weed species in Australia. The flowers are bright yellow-orange, with a striking black centre (Figure 26). The flowers have 5 petals and grow on a long stalk. Leaves are roughly triangular to heart-shaped, with soft fine hairs and broadly toothed margins. Roots form at the nodes of the stem when they come in contact with the soil, anchoring the plant and forming new plants. This species can reproduce vegetatively, when nodes of the stem come in contact with the ground. It can also spread via seed dispersal, with bees probably being the major pollinator of flowers. Once the flower has been pollinated, fruit forms and splits open, mechanically spreading the seeds.
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Figure 26 - Black Eyed Susan (Thunbergia alata) Photo: Forest and Kim Starr
Controlling Black Eyed Susan It is relatively easy to hand pull, or use hand tools, to remove this species; however, as it spreads vegetatively, it is imperative that all roots and nodes are collected and disposed of correctly. Herbicides can be used on widespread infestations; generally a broadleaf herbicide should be affective at killing Black Eyed Susan. The area should be monitored closely after removal for any re-sprouting plants.
7.4.3 Cootamundra Wattle (Acacia baileyana)
Although the Cootamundra Wattle (Acacia baileyana) is native to Australia, it has become an environmental weed in many parts of New South Wales that are beyond its natural range (particularly in coastal districts and in the Blue Mountains region). It can displace other wattles (Acacia spp.) that are native to a particular area, and can also form dense stands that shade out other native plants. It is a small tree, up to 10 m tall (usually 5-8 metres) and is single trunked, with a dense, spreading canopy. Its leaves are silver-grey to blue-green, and have a feathery or fern-like appearance (Figure 27). The flowers are prolific, golden yellow and ball shaped. The seeds are easily dispersed by animals, in water and wind. Human activities also facilitate the spread of seeds via planting for ornamental purposes.
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Figure 27 - Cootamundra Wattle (Acacia Baileyana)
Removal of Cootamundra Wattle Young seedlings should be pulled out by hand and larger plants should be cut off at ground level. Younger plants may occasionally re-sprout if not cut low enough. It is important to take care not to disturb the existing ground litter to prevent germination of soil stored seed. Seeds can remain viable for long periods of time so regular monitoring will be required to remove seedlings as they germinate.
7.4.4 English Ivy (Hedera helix)
English Ivy (Hedera helix) is regarded as a significant environmental weed in Victoria, the ACT, South Australia, New South Wales and Tasmania. It is also as one of the "exotic vines and scramblers" that are listed together as a "key threatening process" in NSW. It is a climber or creeper that may occasionally become somewhat shrubby with age, when climbing it can reach up to 20 metres or more in height. Its stems are rather woody and produce short arterial roots that attach to supporting structures. Its leaves are 3-15 cm long and 3-10 cm wide, and are either shallowly 3-5 lobed or entire (Figure 28). As well as seed dispersal, English Ivy can also reproduce vegetatively. Stems that come in contact with the soil develop roots can form new plants, stem segments that have been separated from the main plant can take root and underground root stems (rhizomes) can also produce new plants. Seeds and pieces of stems can also reproduce from dumped garden waste.
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Figure 28 - English Ivy (Hedera helix)
Controlling English Ivy Small scattered plants should be removed before targeting the outside edges of an infestation. Plants should be removed before they flower and fruit (May-October). Due to the ability of English Ivy to re-sprout where runners touch the soil, care should be taken to remove all leaves, runners and roots from this plant, bag and dispose of them properly. Remove vines that have started growing up trees first to prevent flowering and spreading seed. Cut all the stems, including any finer stems hidden in rough bark, leading up the tree so the upper part dies off. Pull out the parent plant, following the runners to their source. Young seedlings may be sprayed if appropriate. If the vine is too large to remove by hand, pull the stems away from supporting tree trunks. Strip the bark back of the large Ivy vine for at least 20 cm and immediately paint with herbicide, cutting notches in the exposed vine to aid retention of the chemical. Monitor the site for any new plants emerging. Once removed, replace English Ivy plants with native alternatives to discourage re-sprouting of the Ivy.
7.4.5 Radiata Pine (Pinus radiata)
Radiata pine (Pinus radiata) is regarded as an environmental weed in NSW. It is an evergreen conifer and grows up to 50 metres tall, with a diameter of 1 metre (Figure 29). This tree is a fast growing species. Leaves are characteristically dark green pine needles, approximately 5-13 cm long. Raditata Pine is the pine species most commonly used in pine plantations. Each pine cone contains hundreds of winged seeds that aid wind dispersal. The Radiata Pine has a negative impact on native bushland as it creates dense shade and carpets the ground in needles. This tree also poses a significant fire hazard.
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Figure 29 - Radiata Pine (Pinus Radiata) Photo: Greg Jordan
Removal of Radiata Pine Radiata pines can be removed without Council’s consent if the tree is less than 10 metres in height. To successfully remove this tree species cut the trunk low to the ground. Another successful method includes injecting the tree with herbicide; however this method is only suitable if the tree will not cause safety issues as the tree dies. Younger trees that are less than 2 metres tall can be easily removed. The area should be monitored closely for any regrowth.
7.4.6 Spider Plant (Chlorophytum comosum)
Spider Plant (Chlorophytum comosum) is native to sub-Saharan Africa. It is regarded as a minor environmental weed in New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria. Plants become established in native habitats when they are introduced to the area in discarded garden refuse. Once established they spread by plantlets and individual clumps can spread quite extensively, excluding native plants in the ground layer of natural vegetation. Spider plant is a tufted grass-like perennial herb, approximately 60 cm high. The leaves are grass like and may be solid green, although a variegated form with pale green and white longitudinal stripes is more common (Figure 30).
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Figure 30 - Spider Plant (Chlorophytum comosum) Photo: Sheldon Navie
Controlling Spider Plant It is essential when removing this plant not to dump it with garden waste, because it is likely that this plant will naturalise in native vegetation without assistance from humans. This plant can be dug out; however, it is essential that all roots and plantlets be removed as well to ensure that the plant does not re-sprout. Herbicides can be used for the control of Spider Plant. The selection of herbicide, proper application, timing and rate are important for good results. The area should be monitored closely for any regrowth.
7.4.7 Stone Crop (Crassula multicava)
Stone Crop (Crassula multicava) is a long lived, fleshy plant native to South Africa, with spreading to semi-upright stems up to 40 cm long. Shade crassula (Crassula multicava subsp. multicava) is regardedas a potential environmental weed or "sleeper weed" in NSW. It is spread vegetatively with small plantlets often developing in the branches of the flower clusters after flowering. It can also spread via seed dispersal. Its paired leaves (2-5 cm long) are relatively broad and often covered with small, pitted dots. Its flowers are arranged in branched clusters at the tips of the stems. The white or pink flowers are tinged with red and have four petals (Figure 31).
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Figure 31 - Stone Crop (Crassula multicava)
Controlling Stone Crop It is essential when removing this plant not to dump it with garden waste, because it is likely that this plant will naturalise in native vegetation without assistance from humans. This plant can be dug out; however, it is essential that all roots and plantlets be removed as well to ensure that the plant does not re-sprout. Herbicides can be used for the control of Stone Crop. The selection of herbicide, proper application, timing and rate are important for good results. The area should be monitored closely for any regrowth.
7.4.8 Watsonia (Watsonia spp.)
Watsonia (Watsonia spp.) is an erect perennial herb native to South Africa. A number of species of Watsonia are regarded as environmental weeds in NSW. Watsonia grows by forming large clumps, with strap like leaves, slender reddish flowering stems 0.5 – 2 metres high, with pink, orange or red flowers (Figure 32). It has underground corms and clusters of small corms (known as bulbils or cormils). The leaves and flowering heads are produced annually. Flowering generally occurs in November and December. Seed dispersal is not known to occur in Australia and the plant reproduces by replacement and multiplication of the underground corms and by cormils.
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Figure 32 - Watsonia (Watsonia borbonica) Photo: Trevor James
Controlling Watsonia Controlling Watsonia is very difficult and more than one management method is needed in order to effectively reduce the spread. Plants may be hand pulled to remove the corm in winter and spring when the ground is soft and wet. Unless the soil is suitably soft, the top growth will be removed, leaving the corm in the ground. Plants that have been removed should not be left on the as they will re-root. Hand tools are suitable for removal of Watsonia corms. All flowering stems of plants which cannot be killed should be removed by cutting with shears or hedge clippers after the infestation has finished flowering and before the cormels are mature. Early cutting of flowering stems may result in the formation of new stems. Cut material and whole plants should be collected and heaped in an area where any new growth can be killed. The area should be monitored closely for any regrowth.
7.4.9 Whiskey Grass (Andropogon virginicus)
Native to America, Whiskey Grass (Andropogon virginicus) grows up to 1 metre tall with a distinctive erect, columnar habit and curly leaves. It is an orange-brown colour during warmer months and fades to straw colour during winter. Seed is surrounded by white hairs to about 1 cm long, giving the seed head a fluffy appearance (Figure 33). This species is currently of most concern in eastern New South Wales, where it is seen as a threat to the integrity of several plant communities and the survival of some rare and threatened species. It appears on numerous local and regional environmental weed lists in New South Wales.
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This species invades open woodlands, grasslands, forests and other native vegetation in eastern Australia. However it prefers very open sunny areas and is particularly common along tracks and roadsides. Unlike many exotic weeds, it is also known to invade native plant communities that are extremely deficient in nutrients. The main method of plant spread appears to be caused by slashing of seeding plants. Wind dispersal is also suggested by plant spread into adjacent areas after disturbance. Seeds can also adhere to animals which facilitates seed dispersal. Whisky grass is highly flammable at certain times of the year and can significantly alter the fire regime in areas where it invades. It is also known to affect other ecosystem-level functions (e.g. it lowers soil evaporation and causes accelerated erosion).
Figure 33 - Whisky Grass (Andropogon virginicus)
Controlling Whiskey Grass Dig plants out and dispose of them carefully to avoid spreading the seeds. Individual plants can be spot sprayed with herbicides when they are actively growing. Herbicide control is not effective once the plant turns brownish-orange and stops growing. The area should be monitored closely for any regrowth.
7.4.10 African Daisy (Senecio pterophorus)
The African Daisy (Senecio pterophorus) is an erect perennial herb that grows to 1.5 metres (rarely reaches 3 metres) high. The leaves are green above and white cobwebby below, 5-10 (up to 14) cm long and 0.5-1.5 (up to 2.5) cm wide. The flower heads contain 8-13 yellow, petal like ray florets with strap like parts (Figure 34). There are native Senecio species to NSW so care must be taken to correctly identify this plant. African daisy (Senecio pterophorus) is regarded as an environmental weed in South Australia, and is actively managed by community groups in that state. This plant produces seeds that are 1.5-2 mm long topped by hairs about 5 mm long that readily separate from the seed. The seeds are dispersed by wind, water or movement in mud. Seeding occurs between November and April. Mature plants produce approximately
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50,000 seeds annually. The African Daisy readily invades areas following burning or clearing and outcompetes native ground covers.
Figure 34 - The African Daisy (Senecio pterophorus) Photo: Sheldon Navie
Controlling African Daisy Seedlings and smaller plants can be removed by hand. To remove larger plants, cut and swab with herbicide as the disturbance of the soil from removing large plants will encourage favourable conditions for further African Daisy germination. When the plant is in flower, use disposable bags to contain plants and prevent accidental spreading of seed. Herbicide control is very effective when controlling African Daisy and the selection of herbicide, proper application, timing and rate are important for good results. The area should be monitored closely for any regrowth.
7.4.11 Blackberry nightshade (Solanum nigrum)
Blackberry nightshade (Solanum nigrum) is a bushy and herbaceous plant growing up to 1.25 metres tall. The stems are rough in texture and its leaves are slightly hairy or hairless, 2-7.5 cm long. Its small star shaped flowers are white (often tinged with purple) are about 10 mm with 5 spreading white petals and borne in small clusters (4-12 flowers) in the leaf forks. Its fruit are globular berries usually 6-8 mm in diameter and are dull green when young, turning purplish-black and remaining dull in nature as they mature (Figure 35). Blackberry nightshade (Solanum nigrum) is regarded as an environmental weed in Victoria, Western Australia, New South Wales, Queensland and the Northern Territory. It reproduces mainly by seed which are most often spread by birds and other animals that
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eat the fruit. Blackberry nightshade can easily invade gardens, pastures, stockyards, woodlands, streams, wetlands and disturbed areas.
Figure 35 - Blackberry Nightshade (Solanum nigrum)
Controlling Blackberry Nightshade In bushland situations, manually remove plants before flowering. Plants will not re-shoot from any remaining root fragments. Encourage shrub species and litter build up to reduce re-infestation. Blackberry Nightshade usually only germinates in bare soil. Cultivate in early summer to kill seedlings and encourage germination of the seed bank. Herbicides can be used to control Blackberry Nightshade and the selection of herbicide, proper application, timing and rate are important for good results. The area should be monitored closely for any regrowth. By planting perennial species that provide good mulch over the summer period, the instance of re-invasion is reduced. 1 L/ha 2,4-D amine(500g/L) or 20 mL in 10 L water is also used for the control of young plants in early summer and at these rates causes little damage to most established native species.
7.4.12 Cassia (Senna pendula)
Cassia (Senna pendula) is a perennial sprawling, multi-stemmed shrub or tree originating from South America. It grows up to 5 metres tall and the stems and leaves are hairless. This plant has compound leaves which divide into 3-5 opposite pairs of oval leaflets. Leaflets are dark green with a yellow coloured edge. Its flowers are bright yellow with 5 petals, clustering at branch ends (Figure 36). Flowering occurs in autumn. Cassia produces hard black seeds in bean-like pods, 5-10 cm long, narrow and rounded. Easter cassia (Senna pendula var. glabrata) is regarded as a significant environmental weed in New South Wales and Queensland. Seed dispersal aided by birds and other animals which consume the seeds and spread them via defecation. Cassia replaces native vegetation and establishes in a wide range of native vegetation communities.
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Figure 36 - Cassia (Senna pendula) Photo: Sheldon Navie
Controlling Cassia The large seed pods should be removed to prevent further spread of this plant. Smaller plants can be removed by hand and larger plants may be dug out. Care should be taken to remove all roots and shoots as the plant can re-sprout from any remaining plant material. Cassia may also be treated by using the cut and paint technique. The area should be monitored closely for any regrowth, especially after fire.
7.4.13 Fishbone Fern (Nephrolepis cordiflora)
Although Fishbone Fern (Nephrolepis cordiflora) is native to south-eastern Queensland it has established well out of its natural distribution due to favourable conditions and little competition. It is regarded as an environmental weed in New South Wales. This plant has glossy lime green fronds which grow 50-100 cm tall and around 5-9 cm wide (Figure 37). The leaflets are slightly serrated, and the leaf underside may be covered with brown spores. They grow in masses of matted fibrous roots, along with underground rhizomes and fleshy water storing tubers. It forms large clumps growing outwards from the central core within a short time. Many tubers are attached to the dense rhizome network. The Fishbone Fern disperses by releasing the spores on the underside of the fronds which are spread by wind, water and dumping of garden waste. It can also spread vegetatively from the thin, wiry, underground rhizomes. The spread of this weed into native bushland can reduce and prevent the penetration of rainwater into the soil surface. It also effectively out-competes other ground covers.
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Figure 37 - Fishbone Fern (Nephrolepis cordiflora) Photo: Sheldon Navie
Controlling Fishbone Fern The whole plant can easily be dug out of the ground and the water tubers will not re-grow, however, as they are closely attached to the thin rhizome network, it is best to remove the entire root system. Dispose of the plant carefully and systematically weed out new growth. The area should be monitored closely for any regrowth. Herbicides can be used for the control of Fishbone Fern. The selection of herbicide, proper application, timing and rate are important for good results. For further information on herbicide use for controlling Fishbone Fern see the Department of Primary Industries Noxious and Environmental Weed Control Handbook: a guide to weed control in non-crop, aquatic and bushland situations: http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/123317/Noxious-and-environmental-weed-control-handbook.pdf
7.4.14 Flatweed (Hypochaeris radicata)
Flatweed (Hypochaeris radicata) is a herb that grows from 15 – 80 cm in height, with a characteristic yellow daisy type flower, up to 30 mm in diameter, borne on a simple or branched, at any time of the year with a flush in spring to early summer (Figure 38). The leaves for a flat rosette up to 400 mm wide and are variable being entire or shallowly lobed, and usually has a covering of bristles but can be hairless. The seeds are spread via wind and carriage on animals. Flatweed is regarded as an environmental weed in New South Wales and Victoria. It is particularly aggressive in disturbed habitats, although it even invades relatively undisturbed forests. Other habitats invaded include grasslands, remnant grassy woodlands, open woodlands and wetland margins. It can become dominant where there is regular soil disturbance and, because it produces rosettes, individual plants can cover a relatively large area of soil. This allows this species to suppress native grasses and herbs quite effectively.
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Figure 38 - Flatweed (Hypochaeris radicata)
Controlling Flatweed Newly emerged, small rosettes can have a similar appearance to native orchid species, so care must be taken to correctly identify plants before control measures are implemented. Flatweed has a deep taproot with several fibrous roots that spread from it, making hand removal difficult. With the aid of hand tools the plant and the entire tap root can be removed. If the root is successfully removed, the plant will not grow back. Non selective herbicides will successfully kill flatweed, but broad scale spraying should be avoided as these herbicides kill native plants as well. Spot spraying is the most effective treatment method. The best time to spray these plants is in their first year when the plants are in the rosette stage. Care must be taken when spraying herbicides in the BMA and BCA. The area should be monitored closely for any regrowth.
7.4.15 Formosa Lilly (Lilium formosanum)
Formosa Lilly (Lilium formosanum) is a deciduous perennial herb with annual flowering stalks 1-2 metres long. The leaves are mid to dark green, elongated, linear and sessile, which are arranged spirally or whirled along the stems. The flowers are large and trumpet shaped pure white on the inside and pink or purple/brown stripes on the outside bearing prominent yellow anthers (Figure 39). The flowers are highly fragrant and occur in summer. Formosan lily (Lilium formosanum) is regarded as a major environmental weed on Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island, and as an environmental weed in Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland. The plant grows from a large underground bulb with numerous fleshy scales (resembling garlic). Formosa lily bears a large capsule that contains copious amounts of winged seeds which aid in wind dispersal. Other methods of seed dispersal include water, humans, contaminated soil and garden refuse dumping.
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Figure 39 - Formosa Lily (Lilium formosanum) Photo: Jackie Miles and Max Campbell
Controlling Formosa Lily Controlling this environmental weed can be difficult as foliar sprays are ineffective. The best method for removal includes hand digging the plant out, removing the scales. It is essential that all scales are removed otherwise the plant can re-sprout from remaining scales. Removal of this plant is best done before flowering and all seed heads (capsules) should be removed and bagged. The area should be monitored closely for any regrowth.
7.4.16 Ginger Lily (Hedychium gardnerianum)
Ginger Lily (Hedychium gardnerianum) is an erect perennial herb that is approximately 2 metres high, which forms large clumps over time. This species is native to India, Himalayas and China. The leaves are long and broad, approximately 40 cm long and 15 cm wide. They are glossy and pale to dark green, arranged alternatively on a pithy stem. The flowers are cream to yellow with long red stamens (Figure 40). Ginger Lily is regarded as an environmental weed in Queensland and New South Wales. It forms vast, dense, colonies that smother and displace native groundcover vegetation. These dense stands also can prevent the regeneration of trees and shrubs, significantly modify the habitat available to native animals, and eventually threaten the integrity of the forest ecosystems. This plant disperses rapidly via underground rhizomes and will also
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disperse from seeds which are spread by birds, water and contaminated soil or dumped garden waste.
Figure 40 - Ginger Lily (Hedychium gardnerianum) Photo: Sheldon Navie
Control of Ginger Lily Plants can be dug out of the ground, the root system is relatively shallow, which means plants can be peeled off the soil surface with less effort than anticipated. All of the roots and rhizomes must be removed from the soil, otherwise plants can easily re-sprout. Plants left lying on the soil surface can re-sprout again. The area should be monitored closely for any regrowth.
7.4.17 Kikuyu Grass (Pennisetum clandestinum)
Kikuyu Grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) is a creeping, aggressive, course, perennial lawn grass. The leaves are bright green, and the emerging is folded at the bud. This species of grass reproduces by seed and stem fragment, but spreads via runner (Figure 41). Kikuyu is regarded as an environmental weed in NSW and other states and it should be removed and or controlled in the BCA/BMA. The dense mat that is formed by this grass species smothers most other species and prevents recruitment of over storey species. It can be a fire hazard and impedes water flows in drains. It is a weed that can establish in vegetable gardens, gardens, orchards, grasslands, swamps, wetlands, dunes, riparian, bushland and disturbed areas.
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Figure 41 - Kikuyu Grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) Photo: Sheldon Navie
Controlling Kikuyu Grass Manual control of Kikuyu grass is usually very difficult because all the surface runners and underground rhizomes must be removed without breakage. Mowing is ineffective. Avoid dumping garden refuse containing these grasses in areas where they may establish. It can often be eradicated in a single season with herbicides. It is important to pay special attention to last few runners as these will quickly form a new infestation if not controlled. In sensitive areas such as the BCA/BMA, runners or crowns should be painted with glyphosate. Solarisation by covering with plastic sheets for 8-12 weeks in summer provides reasonable control. Treat regrowth after sheet removal with glyphosate. In bushland areas, encourage scrub and tree species to reduce light levels. The area should be monitored closely for any regrowth.
7.4.18 Coral Tree (Erythrina spp.)
There are various Coral Tree Species that are considered weeds. Common coral tree (Erythrina x sykesii) is regarded as an environmental weed in many parts of New South Wales. It appears on numerous local and regional weed lists in this state (e.g. in the wider Sydney and Blue Mountains region and in the North Coast and South Coast regions). This species does not produce viable seed and only propagates vegetatively, via stem segments and suckers. Braches left on the ground will re-sprout. These species invades natural areas such as creek lines and wetlands. Mature trees produce hundreds of seed pods per year that contain several seeds each. Dispersal of pods is considered to be by floodwaters into creeks and wetlands
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Figure 42 - Coral Tree (Erythrina spp.) in flower Photo: Sheldon Navie
Figure 43 - Coral Tree (Erythrina spp.) flowers and leaves Photo: Sheldon Navie
Removal of Coral Trees Seedlings can be hand pulled or dug out, or for small trees cut, scrape and paint. The stem is cut and scraped close to the ground and herbicide applied immediately with a brush or dripper bottle. As these plants have thorns, protective equipment and care should be taken when physically removing any Coral Tree. The most effective methods for removing mature trees are herbicides. The best technique for the application of herbicide is by injecting the herbicide into a series of holes drilled (at an angle of 45 degrees, spaced approximately 10 cm apart) around the stem and around the base of large branches. Each hole is filled immediately with herbicide using an injector kit or dripper bottle. Do not leave cut pieces on the ground. The area should be monitored closely for any regrowth.
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For more details on the chemical removal of Coral Trees see the Department of Primary Industries Noxious and Environmental Weed Control Handbook: a guide to weed control in non-crop, aquatic and bushland situations: http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/123317/Noxious-and-environmental-weed-control-handbook.pdf
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8 Bibliography
Amesbury, S, 2007, Wildlife Friendly fencing, National Widlife Rehabilitation Conference Proceedings Ash, N and Fazel, A, 2007, “Chapter 5: Biodiversity”, in Eds. McNeely, J and Camara, J, Global Environment Outlook GEO4, Environment for Development (pp. 157-192),Valletta, Malta, United Nations Environment Programme Australian Plant Society (APS), Victoria 2013, Australian Native Plants for Fire Protection, http://www.apsvic.org.au/plant_fire_resistant.html Bushfire and Environmental Services (BES) 2007, Flora and Fauna Assessment – Rezoning Investigations, Jerberra Estate, Tomerong, prepared for Shoalhaven City Council. Carritt, R, 1999, Natural tree Hollows, Essential for Wildlife, Conservation Management Note 5, NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. Department of Environment and Primary Industries (DEPI) 2013, State Government Victoria, The Benefits of Using Indigenous Plants, http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/forestry/private-land-forestry/on-farm-benefits/the-benefits-of-using-indigenous-plants Haigh, S, 2008, Ecologically Sustainable Grazing, Wetland Care Australia, Ballina, NSW. Harris, J, Gynther, I, Eyre, T, Goldingay, R and Mathieson, M, 2007, “Distribution, Habitat and Conservation Status of the eastern Pygmy-possum Cercartetus nanus in Queensland, Australian Zoologist, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 209-221. Land, D, 2005, Maintaining Groundcover to Reduce Erosion and Sustain Production, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Tamworth. Lumb, M, 2013, Land Degradation, the Australian Collaboration, A Collaboration of National Community Organisations. Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH) 2013, NSW Threatened Species, NSW Government, http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspecies/ Ouren, D, Haas, C, Melcher, C, Stewart, S, Ponds, P, Sexton, N, Burris, L, Fancher, T and Bowen, Z, 2007, Environmental Effects of Off-Highway Vehicles on Bureau of Land Management Lands: A Literature Synthesis, Annotated Bibliographies, Extensive Bibliographies, and Internet Resources, Open File Report 2007-1353, U.S Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. Paige, C, 2008, A Landowners Guide to Wildlife Friendly Fences, Landowner/Wildlife Resource Program, Montana, Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Helena MT. 44 pp. Schaefer, J, 2013, Impacts of Free-ranging Pets on Wildlife, Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida.
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Tasmania Parks and Wildlife Service 2011, Native Rodents, Department of Primary Industries – Tasmania, http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/file.aspx?id=6774 Csurhes S and Edwards, R 1998, National Weeds Program, Potential Environmental Weeds in Australia, Candidate Species for Preventative Control, Department of Natural Resources, Queensland. Department of Primary Industries (DPI) – Agriculture 2013, Noxious Weeds, NSW Government, http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/pests-weeds/weeds/definition Department of Primary Industries 2013, Noxious and Environmental Weed Control Handbook: a guide to weed control in non-crop, aquatic and bushland situations, NSW Government, http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/123317/Noxious-and-environmental-weed-control-handbook.pdf Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities 2013, Weeds in Australia, Weed Species, Australian Government, http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/biodiversity/invasive/weeds/weedspeciesindex.pl?id=701 North Coast Weeds Advisory Committee, 2013, Weeds Archive, http://www.northcoastweeds.org.au/ Weeds Australia, 2013, Weed identification and Information, Australian Weeds Committee national Incentive, http://www.weeds.org.au/weedident.htm