“Nutritional constraint to dairy production in the

Andes”

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA LA MOLINA

Carlos A. Gómez, PhD

Presented at U.Bonn on 11th July 2003

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA LA MOLINA

Main campus in Lima with 3 main research sites in the Coast, Highlands and Tropical Forest

4200 Students (85 % Undergraduates/15 % MSc level)AgronomyFood technologyAgricultural engineeringForest ScienceRural EconomyEnvironmental SciencesBiologyAnimal Science

Last year we had 100 aniversary

ANIMAL SCIENCE STUDIES

Offers a BSc program of five years in Animal Science ( 50 students finish yearly) and a MSc program (50 students enrolled regulary)

Teaching staff of 52 among them 18 professor

Two research groups involved in Ruminant Nutritionand pasture utilization

A.-Profs. Enrique Florez and Lucrecia Aguirre

1 Associated professor6 MSc students/ 4 BSc honors dissertation

Grassland ecology

Pasture-ruminant interactions in the andes

B.-Prof. Carlos Gomez

2 Associated professors/1 research associate5 MSc students/ 6 BSc honors dissertation

Beef and dairy nutrition in pasture and intensive production systems

- Intensive: Nutritional evaluation of agroindustrial byproducts and cultivated forages/ Feeding strategies for small dairy producers

- Pasture: Developing of appropriate feeding strategies in andes pastures (Cultivated and natural)

Research supported by FAO-IAEA, ILRI, IDRC(Canada)

Natural regions in Peru

Highlands have potential for:

Cropping (Potato, cereals) 4 million Has

Cultivated pastures 2 million Has

Native pastures 20 million Has

Weather (seasonal precipitation and frost) and altitude contraints

Mining is the principal economic activity at present

Milk production in Peru grows up around 4% annually, due to the increased domestic demand for dairy products which are made of imported milk on aprox. 50%.

Low intake of milk and derived products (42 kg percapita yearly)

Three predominant systems: Coast Highlands

Mixed/crop Pastoral

Costal low performance dairy production

Milk sold to milk buyers

16%

Milk sold to industrial

plants21%

Informal milk use63%

>40 Ha5%

20-40 Ha5%

<5 Ha59%

5 - 20 Ha31%

Structure of milk-producing farm types (in Ha) and market destination for milk in Peru

DAIRY CATTLE POPULATION AND MILK PRODUCTION IN PERU (1990 - 1999)

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Years

Milking cows (Units) Milk production (TM)

Milk production in main regions of Peru

Agriculture limited by:

Frost events Temperature Water supply

Slope

Andean crops (potatoes, Quinua, Corn)

Dairy in mixed farm systems (2500-3400 masl)Dairy production and beef prefattening

Utilization of agricultural byproducts (barley straw, maize stover) and cultivated pastures (alfalfa, rye grass

trifolium)B.Swiss, Holstein Genotype

2000-4000 kg of milk per lactation

Main issues

* Evaluation of appropriate strategies to improve nutritive value of agricultural byproducts and overcome dry season effects

* Evaluation of supplementary feeding (concentrates-cultivated forage for silage making)

* Genotype-environment interaction

Dairy in cultivated pastures (2500-4000 masl)

BSwiss genotype (1-3 head/ha)2000-4000 kg/milk/lactation

Growthperiod Protein Fiber Protein Fiber

Phenology weeks % % % %

Preflowering 2 - 4. 23 21 18 23

Preflowering 5 - 8. 19 22 13 23

Pre flowering 9 - 10. 17 22 11 24

Flowering 11 - 12. 15 23 10 24

Rye grass ingles / trifolium Rye grass ingles

Chemical composition (% D.M.) of rye grass x trifolium pasture

Change of native to cultivated pasture

DM Protein Fat Cz Fiber ELN% % % % % %

Rye grass english 17 20 5 22

Rye grass english + trifolium white 15 22 5 21

Rye grass italian 17 17 4 19

Rye grass italian + trifolium white 13 24 4 18

Fertilization strategies

Rye GrassxTrifoium pasture growth under P Fertilization

0.005.00

10.0015.0020.0025.0030.0035.0040.0045.00

Kg DM./ha/day0 kg P2O5/ha

80 kg P2O5/ ha

Phosphorous content (%) in pasture Rye Phosphorous content (%) in pasture Rye grass / Trifoliumgrass / Trifolium

Díaz, 2001

With P Without P(80 kg P2O5/ha)

Rainy 0.47 0.45

Dry 0.38 0.35

Fertilization with phosphorous: Fertilization with phosphorous: Nutritive value of Rye grass / Nutritive value of Rye grass /

Trifolium Trifolium

Díaz, 2001

Rainy Dry Rainy DryRumen degradabilityO. matter (%) 59.6 48.1 60.2 49

Protein, % 19 16.7 19.1 14.9

With P (80 kg P2O5/ha) Without P

Main issues

* Evaluation of improved pasture species different to available at present including rzyobium

* Selection of appropriate grazing strategies(Stocking rate/grazing pressure)

* Evaluation of supplementary feeding (concentrates-cultivated forage for silage making)

* Genotype-environment interaction

Dairy in native pastures (4000-4300 masl)

Criollo X B.Swiss genotype (0.2-0.4 head/ha)Suckling calf + 400-800 kg/milk/lactation

Native pasture includes 10-20 species. No possibility for other cropp sucesfully

Land use mostly under comunal management

Strong effect of dry vs rainy season of the year on productivity and nutritive value

Alpaca and Alpaca and llamallama

SheepSheep

Vicugna

Protein and mineral content of native Protein and mineral content of native pasturespastures

Average Range Average RangeProtein, % 9.15 4.9 - 26.8 4.32 1.7 - 7.6Calcium, % 0.44 0.12 - 3.03 0.28 0.07 - 1.8Phosphorus, % 0.22 0.11 - 0.43 0.068 0.02 - 0.24Copper, ppm 5.9 1.5 - 14.1 3.13 1.7 - 9.2Cobalt, ppm 0.21 0.04 - 0.83 0.2 0.07 - 0.64Manganese, ppm 203 34 - 841 73 14 - 135Molibdenum, ppm 0.11 0.02 - 0.35 0.25 0.06 - 0.42

SeasonRainy Dry

Deteriorating effects of mining on pastures in the highlands

Main issues

* Dry season undernutrition/Nutrition-reproductive performance interaction

Multinutrient supplementation Utilization of block Urea-molasses-Minerals Strategic use of cultivated pastures to complement animals during certain times of the year

* Soil conservation (Overgrazing) Development of apropriate stocking rate and grazing management

* Genotype-environment interaction

Danke schoen----------

Muchas gracias