nutrition review exam3
TRANSCRIPT
Nutrition 101 Exam 3 Review Session
TAs: Helen Corless
and Delma Betancourt
Chapter 15Life Cycle Nutrition:
Pregnancy and Lactation
Which of the following is not likely to affect male fertility?
a) Alcoholb) Vitamin Cc) Vitamin Ed) Zince) Iron
Which of the following is not likely to affect male fertility?
a) Alcoholb) Vitamin Cc) Vitamin Ed) Zince) Iron
Heavy alcohol use can lower sperm production, but light to moderate intake does not appear to have an effect
Vitamin C&E are antioxidants, and men with diets rich in antioxidant nutrients have higher sperm counts and motility
A deficiency of zinc can impair male fertility but this can be reversed over time with supplementation.
Overweight and obesity also can impair fertility, as obese men have low sperm counts and hormonal changes that reduce fertility
A fertilized ovum is called a…
a) Blastocyst
b) Zygote
c) Embryo
d) Fetus
A fertilized ovum is called a…
a) Blastocyst
b) Zygote
c) Embryo
d) Fetus
Egg + Sperm = Zygote
A blastocyst is a fertilized ovum by the time it is ready to implant
Embryo: 2-8 weeksFetus: week 9-delivery
Name the three structures that develop during pregnancy to help protect and nourish the growing fetus
Placenta: metabolically active organ embedded in the uterine wall; performs the respiratory, absorptive, and excretory functions that the fetus’ lungs, digestive system, and kidneys will provide after birth
Umbilical cord: a ropelike structure containing fetal blood vessels that extends through the fetus’s belly button-to-be to the placenta
Amniotic sac: a fluid-filled balloon-like structure that houses the developing fetus
True or False?
Maternal and fetal blood mingles in the placental villi, allowing oxygen, nutrients, and waste products to be exchanged.
FALSE!
Organs start developing during which of the following stages of fetal development?
a) Zygotic stage
b) Embryonic Stage
c) Fetal Stage
Organs start developing during which of the following stages of fetal development?
a) Zygotic stage
b) Embryonic Stage
c) Fetal Stage
By the end of 8 weeks, the embryo has a complete central nervous system, a beating heart, a digestive system, well-defined fingers and toes and the beginnings of facial features
Which of the following best characterizes the fetal stage?
a) It is a critical period for major organs, such as the central nervous system
b) It is a period of rapid cell division, in which cells differentiate into fetus and placenta
c) It is a period of rapid growth, in which the fetus grows significantly larger and heavier
Which of the following best characterizes the fetal stage?
a) It is a critical period for major organs, such as the central nervous system
b) It is a period of rapid cell division, in which cells differentiate into fetus and placenta
c) It is a period of rapid growth, in which the fetus grows significantly larger and heavier
What is a “critical period”?
• Times of intense development and rapid cell division
• Window of opportunity: certain cellular activities can only occur during these times
• Organ and tissue development most vulnerable to adverse influences
• Occur in first trimester• Each organ has its own critical period
Name the two most common types of neural tube defects and explain the difference between them.
Anencephaly: – Failure of the upper end of the neural tube to
close– Brain either missing or fails to develop
Spina bifida: – Incomplete closure of spinal cord and its bony
encasement – Meninges membranes covering the spinal cord
often protrude as a sac, which can rupture and lead to meningitis
– Varying degrees of paralysis depending on damage to spinal cord
Which nutrient has been shown to prevent neural tube defects?
FOLATE!
• Prevents & reduces severity of neural tube defects
• Folate status important prior to pregnancy and during 1st trimester
Which of the following has been proven to cause neural tube defects?
a) Maternal diabetes
b) Maternal obesity
c) Anti-seizure medications
d) Mutations in enzymes
e) Folate deficiency
Which of the following has been proven to cause neural tube defects?
a) Maternal diabetes
b) Maternal obesity
c) Anti-seizure medications
d) Mutations in enzymes
e) Folate deficiency
TRICK QUESTION:
We don’t know what causes neural tube defects!
*It is important to realize that folate deficiency does not necessarily ‘cause’ neural tube defects.
What is the DRI for folate during pregnancy?
a) 200 g/day
b) 400 g/day
c) 600 g/day
d) 800 g/day
What is the DRI for folate during pregnancy?
a) 200 g/day
b) 400 g/day
c) 600 g/day
d) 800 g/day
DRI for folate:
Non-pregnant women: 400 g/day
Pregnant women: 600 g/day
Infants are considered full term if they are born between ____ weeks gestation.
a) 30-34b) 34-38c) 38-42d) 42-46
Infants are considered full term if they are born between ____ weeks gestation.
a) 30-34b) 34-38c) 38-42d) 42-46
If a baby is born at 38 weeks and weighs 4lbs, he/she would be considered:
a) Pretermb) Small for gestational agec) Within normal range
If a baby is born at 38 weeks and weighs 4lbs, he/she would be considered:
a) Pretermb) Small for gestational agec) Within normal range
Remember…
Preterm infants may be small, but if their size and weight is appropriate for their gestational age, they have potential for catch-up growth given adequate nutritional support
Remember…Infants who are small for gestational age (SGA) have suffered growth failure in utero and do not catch up as well
It’s all about whether the infant’s weight is appropriate for their gestational age
What is the name of the theory which proposes that maternal nutrition status may change gene expression in the fetus in a way that sets the stage for chronic diseases later in life?
Fetal programming!
…can anyone give me an example?
How much weight should a healthy-weight woman carrying a single fetus gain during pregnancy?
a) 5-15 pounds
b) 15-25 pounds
c) 25-35 pounds
d) 35-45 pounds
How much weight should a healthy-weight woman carrying a single fetus gain during pregnancy?
a) 5-15 pounds
b) 15-25 pounds
c) 25-35 pounds
d) 35-45 pounds
What is the recommendation for overweight pregnant women?
a) They should try to lose 5-10lbs through diet alone
b) They should try to lose 5-10lbs through a combination of diet and exercise
c) They should gain less weight than a normal weight pregnant woman: about 10-15lbs
d) They should gain less weight than a normal weight pregnant woman: about 15-25lbs
What is the recommendation for overweight pregnant women?
a) They should try to lose 5-10lbs through diet alone
b) They should try to lose 5-10lbs through a combination of diet and exercise
c) They should gain less weight than a normal weight pregnant woman: about 10-15lbs
d) They should gain less weight than a normal weight pregnant woman: about 15-25lbs
Dieting while pregnant is never a good idea! A healthy weight should try to be achieved prior to pregnancy.
Overweight women:15-25lbsHealthy weight: 25-35lbsUnderweight: 28-40lbs
Which of the following is true of exercise and pregnancy?
a) Pregnant women should exercise very little and rest as much as possible
b) Pregnant women should get as much exercise as possible, even if they did not exercise prior to getting pregnant
c) Pregnant women can continue an exercise regimen that they had prior to getting pregnant with some adjustments
Which of the following is true of exercise and pregnancy?
a) Pregnant women should exercise very little and rest as much as possible
b) Pregnant women should get as much exercise as possible, even if they did not exercise prior to getting pregnant
c) Pregnant women can continue an exercise regimen that they had prior to getting pregnant with some adjustments
True or false:
Pregnant women have little to no increased caloric need during the first trimester.
TRUE!
Caloric needs during pregnancy• First trimester: No or little extra• Second trimester: +340 kcals/day• Third trimester: +450 kcals/day
Increase in BMR occurs in second and third trimester
Why is adequate carbohydrate intake during pregnancy so important?
*Ample carbohydrate is necessary to fuel fetal brain
*Also, remember carbohydrate’s protein-sparing action -> proteins are vital to the growth and development of fetus
Which of the following nutrients should a woman avoid in supplement form during pregnancy?
a) Vitamin A b) Ironc) Vitamin B12 d) Folate
Which of the following nutrients should a woman avoid in supplement form during pregnancy?
a) Vitamin A b) Ironc) Vitamin B12 d) Folate
Pregnant women have increased needs for all but which of the following nutrients?
a) Vitamin B12 b) Calciumc) Zinc d) Iron
Pregnant women have increased needs for all but which of the following nutrients?
a) Vitamin B12 b) Calciumc) Zinc d) Iron
The AI levels for calcium and vitamin D do not increase during pregnancy; however it is important for pregnant women to get sufficient amounts of these nutrients in their diet
Vitamin B12: 2.4->2.6 g/dayIron: 18->27 mg/dayZinc: 8->11 mg/dayFolate: 400->600 g/day
What are some nutrient deficiencies that vegan and vegetarian pregnant women are particularly at risk for?
Iron Vitamin B12Vitamin DCalcium
What are some of the benefits of breastfeeding for infants?
• Immune protection • Fewer allergies and intolerances• Fewer respiratory, GI, and ear infections• Cognitive benefits • May protect against some chronic diseases later
in life, such as obesity, heart disease, and diabetes
For Infants:
What are some of the benefits of breastfeeding for mothers?
• Reduced risk of postpartum blood loss• Possible reduced risk of breast and ovarian
cancers • Amenorrhea and decreased fertility• Promotes mother-infant bond• Weight loss• Convenience• Economic benefits
For Mothers:
List the two hormones involved in human lactation and describe their functions
Prolactin: responsible for the production of milk; released in response to sucking stimulus
Oxytocin: responsible for let-down reflex
What is colostrum?
Colostrum:
• First milk
• Thick, yellowish, small amounts
• Rich in immune factors and protein–Important nutrition for the baby!
• About 20 kcal/oz
• Bifidus flora
Describe the key nutrient requirements for lactating women
Lactating women:
– Increased caloric need of 500kcal/day
• Helps with postpartum weight loss
– Increased need for carbohydrate
• Glucose used to make lactose
• Proteins and fats about the same
– Increased fluid needs
True or False?
It is safe for a pregnant woman to consume up to 1 alcoholic drink per day
FALSE!
Even one drink a day threatens neurological development and behaviors of her infant
Chapter 16Life Cycle Nutrition:
Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence
What are some factors that may influence a child’s growth pattern
– Gestational age
– Birth weight
– Parental stature
– Nutritional status
The most rapid growth occurs during…
a) Infancy
b) Childhood
c) Adolescence
d) Adulthood
The most rapid growth occurs during…
a) Infancy
b) Childhood
c) Adolescence
d) Adulthood
Birth weight doubles in the first 4-6 months and triples in the first year of life. It takes 5 more years to double the weight seen at 1 year. Growth is never again as rapid as it is during this time.
Energy and protein needs are highest during infancy (proportionately i.e. per kg body weight) of any life cycle stage
Infants require about 100 kcal/kg of body weight per day, whereas most adults need fewer than 40
Which of the following nutrients provides most of the energy in breastmilk and formula to support the infant’s rapid growth?
a) Carbohydrateb) Proteinc) Fat
Which of the following nutrients provides most of the energy in breastmilk and formula to support the infant’s rapid growth?
a) Carbohydrateb) Proteinc) Fat
Carbohydrate is important for brain development - the infant’s brain uses relatively more glucose than adults (because their brain is relatively bigger!)
Fat provides most of energy that supports rapid growth (high energy needs, small stomach!)
Protein is essential to growth, as it is the basic building material of the body’s tissues; highest needs of any life cycle
Nutrients of special interest for infants:
Vitamins: K, D, B12
Minerals: iron, zinc, fluoride
Water
When can parents begin to introduce solid foods
a) 3-5 months
b) 4-6 months
c) Only after 6 months
d) It doesn’t matter
When can parents begin to introduce solid foods
a) 3-5 months
b) 4-6 months
c) Only after 6 months
d) It doesn’t matter
The AAP supports exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months but recognizes that infants are often developmentally ready to accept complementary foods between
4 and 6 months of age
The pincer grasp generally develops when the infant is how old?
a) 4-6 months
b) 6-8 months
c) 8-10 months
d) 10-12 months
The pincer grasp generally develops when the infant is how old?
a) 4-6 months
b) 6-8 months
c) 8-10 months
d) 10-12 months
The loss of the extrusion reflex usually occurs when the infant is how old?
a) 4-6 months
b) 6-8 months
c) 8-10 months
d) 10-12 months
The loss of the extrusion reflex usually occurs when the infant is how old?
a) 4-6 months
b) 6-8 months
c) 8-10 months
d) 10-12 months
The ability to stand alone without support generally develops when the infant is how old?
a) 4-6 months
b) 6-8 months
c) 8-10 months
d) 10-12 months
The ability to stand alone without support generally develops when the infant is how old?
a) 4-6 months
b) 6-8 months
c) 8-10 months
d) 10-12 months
The ability to sit with little to no support generally emerges when the infant is how old?
a) 4-6 months
b) 6-8 months
c) 8-10 months
d) 10-12 months
The ability to sit with little to no support generally emerges when the infant is how old?
a) 4-6 months
b) 6-8 months
c) 8-10 months
d) 10-12 months
Which of the following is an appropriate solid food to introduce in the first year of life?
a) Honey
b) Cow’s milk
c) Chopped meat
d) Hot dogs
Which of the following is an appropriate solid food to introduce in the first year of life?
a) Honey
b) Cow’s milk
c) Chopped meat
d) Hot dogs
Macronutrient needs during childhood
Fat: Higher proportion of total energy intake for first three years of life (30-40% vs. 25-35%)
Protein: Needs increase after first three years of life, but decrease proportionately
Carb: After 1 yr same as adults
Macronutrient needs during childhood
Fat: Higher proportion of total energy intake for first three years of life (30-40% vs. 25-35%)
Protein: Needs increase after first three years of life, but decrease proportionately
Carb: After 1 yr same as adults