nutrition chptr 6 proteins. what are proteins? they are the basic material of every body cell greek...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
NUTRITION
CHPTR 6PROTEINS
![Page 2: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What are proteins?
• They are the basic material of every body cell
• Greek meaning “of first importance”
![Page 3: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Function of protein
• Builds and repairs tissue
• Protein can provide energy if there aren’t enough carbs and fats
![Page 4: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
More functions of proteins…
• Protein helps maintain fluid and electrolyte balances in the body preventing edema. Where there is protein, there is water…water dilutes the big protein molecules to separate them. Protein takes up a lot of space in the blood, it needs water to push molecules apart
• Proteins are essential for the development of antibodies which = a healthy immune system
![Page 5: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• In order for proteins to build and repair tissue and cells, the correct number of amino acids must be present
![Page 6: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
How many calories are in 1 gram of protein?
• 4 calories
![Page 7: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Sources of protein
• Animal food provides the highest quality they include:
• Meats fish • eggs • Poultry Milk and cheese• (These also contain saturated fats and
cholesterol) people must be careful
![Page 8: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Catabolism & Anabolism
• Are important in the cells breaking down during metabolism (catabolism)
• AND
• From that breakdown, some amino acids are released into the blood and are recycled to build new and repair other tissue (anabolism)
![Page 9: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Amino acids
• Are the building blocks of proteins and are the end products of protein digestion or hydrolysis
• Proteins themselves are too big to fit through digestion, they must be broken down to fit
![Page 10: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Complete protein
• When we talk about amino acids, we talk about complete proteins…
• Complete proteins are proteins that contain all the essential amino acids
![Page 11: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Essential amino acids
• Are necessary for normal growth and development and MUST BE PROVDIDED IN THE DIET
• The nonessential amino acids are produced in the body from essential amino acids, vits and minerals
![Page 12: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Incomplete proteins
• These proteins don’t have all of the essential amino acids therefore, they cannot do the job of building and repairing
• The value of the incomplete protein becomes increased when you combine other incomplete proteins together (like vegetarians) they must combine foods to get all the amino acids
![Page 13: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• Remember that protein-rich foods usually contain lots of saturated fat which is not good for you
![Page 14: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• There are 20 amino acids but only 10 are essential to humans
![Page 15: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Proteins contain…
• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen AND….
• Nitrogen
![Page 16: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Digestion
• Food enters the mouth and is chewed up
• Ptylin (amylase) mixes with the food in saliva
• The bolus is swallowed and travels down the esophagus
• It enters the cardiac sphincter and to the stomach
![Page 17: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• It gets kneaded and torn
• And mixed with gastric lipase to act on any fat and HCL which prepares the stomach for pepsin which is an enzyme that reduces the proteins to polypeptides (a chain of 10 or more amino acids)
![Page 18: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Polypeptide chain – this is still too big to fit as a whole string
![Page 19: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• The polypeptides(chain of 10 or more amino acids) and chyme, travel to the duodenum where the final and last breaking down of anything you ate occurs
• The pancreas squirts out 3 enzymes, one is called protease which breaks down this polypeptide/amino acid chain into little pearl-like balls and removes it from its chain
![Page 20: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
After Digestion…
• The amino acids are now ready to be absorbed and travel to the jejunum and ileum to be pushed out of the intestinal wall, into the villi and out to capillaries
• At this point…
![Page 21: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
• What’s being pushed out of the intestines are amino acids from the original protein you ate
![Page 22: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
• The amino acids continues on into the bloodstream and travels to the cells to be used and metabolization occurs = energy, heat water and CO2.
• It is at this point that something new happens to the amino acid after the cell uses it…it turns to ammonia….yuck
![Page 23: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
To the liver
• The cell spits out the ammonia molecule and sends it back to the bloodstream.
• The liver picks up the ammonia molecule and strips, filters, deaminates the ammonia molecule in order to make it small enough to be excreted out of the kidney.
• Now it turns into a small uric acid or urea molecule
![Page 24: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
UREA
• UREA is a nitrogenous waste which mean it’s going to be part of the urine and this is normally found in urine
![Page 25: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Urea
• Urea contains nitrogen…
• Urea is the chief nitrogenous waste product of protein metabolism and must get excreted out of the kidney
![Page 26: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
• The urea then leaves the liver and travels through the bloodstream that’s also filled with nutrients such as glucose, fatty acids (fat), and electrolyte salts
• This nutrient filled blood goes into the heart and out to the rest of the body including the kidneys where the urea is excreted out in urine from the kidneys
![Page 27: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
What makes urine yellow?
• The ammonia that was converted to urea which is a nitrogenous waste
![Page 28: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
• Your bloodstream carries the nutrients, amino acids and electrolytes out to the cells and all of the body organs. Your kidneys know that urea is present and the kidneys don’t like urea so they rid the body of the urea
• ***The amino acids can repair and rebuild as needed in the cells*** NCLEX
![Page 29: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Broken Liver
![Page 30: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Ammonia Can’t Be Broken Down
• When the amino acids can’t be broken down d/t liver failure, huge ammonia molecules float around the blood stream
• These ammonia molecules can’t go out of the kidney cause their too big
• They end up floating around the blood stream and go to the brain…
• Oh no
![Page 31: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Encephalopathy
• The medication: Lactulose P.O. is used
• This med is usually a laxative but the ammonia molecules will bind to it and leave the body in the stool
![Page 32: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Encephalopathy
• Encephalopathy (in-sef-a-lop-ithy) is mental confusion caused by the failure of the liver to remove ammonia and other toxins from the blood.
• Signs & Symptoms (S&S)
![Page 33: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Encephalopathy symptoms
• Impaired consciousness• Sluggish or impaired speech• Drowsiness• Confusion• Coma• Mousy odor to breath• Pt can’t explain the meaning of simple sayings• Attempts to draw simple figures is impossible
![Page 34: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Other treatments
• Exchange transfusions of (blood) may occur
![Page 35: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Dietary Requirements
• Protein requirement is determined by • Age• sex• Size
• Recommendation is 15-20% of ones daily caloric intake
•
![Page 36: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Protein supplements
• Are not good, our body is designed to take in protein by EATING it not supplementing it
![Page 37: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Protein Deficiency
• If you don’t eat enough protein, muscle wasting occurs over a long time
• This is known as Marasmus
• ALSO CALLED PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION (PEM)
• And…
![Page 38: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
• Now you have water in your vessels and the water has no where to go (remember, water follows protein in the body because protein molecules are bigger than water molecules and water tries to spread the protein molecules apart)
![Page 39: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
• If there’s no protein to spread apart, water shifts from the vessels to find protein
• Then shifts out into other spaces (third spacing) which usually goes out into the abdominal cells and edema occurs in abdomen = Kwashiorkor
![Page 40: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Vegetarians
• Must calculate protein intake regularly as to not become protein deficient
• Vegans must eat several incomplete proteins in order to get enough in
![Page 41: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
2 Deficiency Diseases from lack of protein
• 1) Marasmus – severe muscle wasting caused by lack of protein and all nutrients, happens over a long period of time
• 2) Kwashiorkor – deficiency disease caused by lack of protein, and fat deposits in the liver
• spindle-like arms and legs with bloated belly d/t fluid shift because there are no proteins. Skin lesions and changes in pigmentation are seen
![Page 42: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Besides the protein deficiencies…
• Other symptoms of no protein include:
• Decreased appetite
• Decreased strength and healing
• Lethargy
• depression
![Page 43: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Who needs the most protein?
• Children
• Pregnant moms
• Breast-feeding moms
• Elderly
• Burn pts
• Surgical pts
![Page 44: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Protein Excess
• This is bad, kidneys and liver don’t like it
• Foods that have complete proteins usually contain saturated fat and cholesterol
• This leads to heart disease
![Page 45: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
• People who eat excessive amts of protein-rich foods, ignore the essential fruits and veggies
• Excess protein means more filtration through the liver and kidneys to filter out the urea = liver and kidney damage over time
![Page 46: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
People with liver damage…
• Cannot filter the ammonia and amino acids
• Therefore, the urea travels around the circulation and ends up traveling into the bloodstream and eventually to the brain
![Page 47: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
• Increased ammonia to the brain = encephalopathy of the brain and possible death
• Pts become very disoriented
![Page 48: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Vegetarian diet
• Usually these people don’t eat enough proteins to get the complete protein requirement
• Therefore…
• They must eat various incomplete proteins in order to complete the requirement of a complete protein
![Page 49: NUTRITION CHPTR 6 PROTEINS. What are proteins? They are the basic material of every body cell Greek meaning of first importance](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070305/55159aa055034674578b5d17/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
The End