nutrition chapter 3 lecture notes
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Chapter 3Chapter 3
LectureLectureOutlineOutline
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
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Body OrganizationBody Organization
Cells form Tissues Cells form Tissues Tissues form OrgansTissues form Organs Organs form Systems (e.g., Organs form Systems (e.g.,
digestive)digestive)
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Cell ProcessesCell Processes
Constant turnover of substancesConstant turnover of substances Require energy, adenosine Require energy, adenosine
triphosphatetriphosphate Require nutrientsRequire nutrients
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Cell MembraneCell Membrane
Double layers of lipid, Double layers of lipid, carbohydrate, and proteincarbohydrate, and protein
Controls passage of substancesControls passage of substances Distinct identification structuresDistinct identification structures
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OrganellesOrganelles
CytoplasmCytoplasm
Mitochondria Mitochondria —— Power plantPower plant– Major site for energy productionMajor site for energy production
Endoplasmic reticulum Endoplasmic reticulum —— Communication Communication networknetwork– Rough endoplasmic reticulum - protein Rough endoplasmic reticulum - protein
synthesissynthesis– Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - fat synthesisSmooth endoplasmic reticulum - fat synthesis
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OrganellesOrganelles
Golgi ComplexGolgi Complex– Packaging site for proteinPackaging site for protein
LysosomesLysosomes– Cell’s digestive systemCell’s digestive system
PeroxisomesPeroxisomes– Detoxify harmful chemicalsDetoxify harmful chemicals
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NucleusNucleus
Double membraneDouble membrane Genetic material DNAGenetic material DNA Directs protein synthesis and cell Directs protein synthesis and cell
divisiondivision
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Four Types of TissuesFour Types of Tissues EpithelialEpithelial
– Lines the outside surfaces and external Lines the outside surfaces and external passagespassages
ConnectiveConnective– Holds structures togetherHolds structures together
MuscleMuscle– Contracts to cause movementContracts to cause movement
NervousNervous– Transports nerve impulsesTransports nerve impulses
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Exchange of NutrientsExchange of Nutrients
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Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Cardiovascular and Lymphatic SystemsSystems
Heart and blood vesselsHeart and blood vessels Blood Blood Pulmonary circulationPulmonary circulation Systemic circuitSystemic circuit Lymphatic systemLymphatic system
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Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System
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Capillary and Lymph VesselsCapillary and Lymph Vessels
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Portal CirculationPortal Circulation
Transports nutrientsTransports nutrients From the small intestineFrom the small intestine Delivers to the liverDelivers to the liver
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Blood CirculationBlood Circulation
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Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System Contains lymphContains lymph Immune cells Immune cells Passage for large particlesPassage for large particles Empties into veins leading to the heartEmpties into veins leading to the heart
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Nervous SystemNervous System
Regulatory systemRegulatory system Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System
– Brain and the spinal cordBrain and the spinal cord Peripheral Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous System
– Branches out to organsBranches out to organs Basic unit is NeuronBasic unit is Neuron
– Responds to electrical and chemical Responds to electrical and chemical signalssignals
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TransmissionTransmission
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Sending SignalsSending Signals
Change in sodium and potassium Change in sodium and potassium concentrationconcentration
NeurotransmitterNeurotransmitter– Secretion of dopamine, epinephrine, and Secretion of dopamine, epinephrine, and
norepinephrinenorepinephrine Dependent on nutrient supply Dependent on nutrient supply
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Endocrine System Endocrine System
Secretes regulatory substances Secretes regulatory substances (hormones)(hormones)
Target cells with receptor proteinsTarget cells with receptor proteins Body’s messengerBody’s messenger InsulinInsulin Thyroid hormonesThyroid hormones
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Immune SystemImmune System
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The SkinThe Skin
Continuous barrierContinuous barrier Effects of nutritional deficiencies Effects of nutritional deficiencies LysozymeLysozyme
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The Intestinal CellsThe Intestinal Cells
Barrier to invading microbesBarrier to invading microbes ImmunoglobulinsImmunoglobulins Muscosal membrane Muscosal membrane Effects of nutritional deficiencyEffects of nutritional deficiency
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White Blood CellsWhite Blood Cells
Attack microorganismAttack microorganism PhagocytesPhagocytes Cell-mediated immunityCell-mediated immunity
– AntibodiesAntibodies– Antibody-antigen responseAntibody-antigen response– Template (memory) madeTemplate (memory) made
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The Digestive SystemThe Digestive System
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The MouthThe Mouth
MasticationMastication TasteTaste SalivaSaliva
– SolventSolvent– EnzymesEnzymes– MucusMucus
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The EsophagusThe Esophagus
Long tubeLong tube EpiglottisEpiglottis PeristalsisPeristalsis Lower esophageal sphincterLower esophageal sphincter HeartburnHeartburn
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The StomachThe Stomach
SphinctersSphincters SizeSize Gastric juicesGastric juices Holding “tank”Holding “tank” Formation of chymeFormation of chyme Prevention of autodigestionPrevention of autodigestion
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Physiology of the Stomach Physiology of the Stomach
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Stomach AcidStomach Acid
Destroys activity of proteinDestroys activity of protein Activates digestive enzymesActivates digestive enzymes Partially digests dietary proteinPartially digests dietary protein Assists in calcium absorptionAssists in calcium absorption Makes dietary minerals soluble for Makes dietary minerals soluble for
absorptionabsorption
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PeristalsisPeristalsis
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The Small IntestineThe Small Intestine
Approximately 10 feet longApproximately 10 feet long Folded wallsFolded walls VilliVilli Absorptive cellsAbsorptive cells Rapid cell turnoverRapid cell turnover
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The Small IntestineThe Small Intestine
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Nutrient AbsorptionNutrient Absorption
Passive absorptionPassive absorption Facilitated absorptionFacilitated absorption Active absorptionActive absorption Phagocytosis and pinocytosisPhagocytosis and pinocytosis
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Nutrient AbsorptionNutrient Absorption
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The Large IntestineThe Large Intestine
Indigestible food stuff Indigestible food stuff No villi or enzymes No villi or enzymes Mucus-producing cellsMucus-producing cells Absorption of water, some Absorption of water, some
minerals, vitaminsminerals, vitamins BacteriaBacteria EliminationElimination
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RectumRectum
Stool Stool EliminationElimination Muscle contractionMuscle contraction Anal sphinctersAnal sphincters
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Accessory OrgansAccessory Organs PancreasPancreas GallbladderGallbladder LiverLiver
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The LiverThe Liver
BileBile Enterohepatic Enterohepatic
circulationcirculation
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The PancreasThe Pancreas
Digestive enzymesDigestive enzymes HormonesHormones
– Glucagon and insulinGlucagon and insulin Pancreatic juicesPancreatic juices
– BicarbonateBicarbonate
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The Urinary SystemThe Urinary System
KidneysKidneys UreterUreter BladderBladder UrethraUrethra Waste productsWaste products Blood acid-base Blood acid-base
balance (pH)balance (pH)
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Storage CapabilitiesStorage Capabilities
Maintaining reservesMaintaining reserves Adipose tissueAdipose tissue GlucoseGlucose Amino acids Amino acids Vitamins and mineralsVitamins and minerals
– Calcium in bonesCalcium in bones
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GeneticsGenetics NutrigenomicsNutrigenomics Nutritional Diseases with a genetic Nutritional Diseases with a genetic
linklink– Cardiovascular diseaseCardiovascular disease– HypertensionHypertension– ObesityObesity– DiabetesDiabetes– CancerCancer– OsteoporosisOsteoporosis
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Common Problems with Common Problems with DigestionDigestion
UlcersUlcers HeartburnHeartburn ConstipationConstipation HemorrhoidsHemorrhoids Irritable Bowel SyndromeIrritable Bowel Syndrome DiarrheaDiarrhea GallstonesGallstones
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UlcersUlcers
Can occur in esophagus, stomach Can occur in esophagus, stomach and small intestineand small intestine
CauseCause– H. PyloriH. Pylori
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HeartburnHeartburn Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
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ConstipationConstipation Difficult or infrequent evacuationDifficult or infrequent evacuation CausesCauses
– Ignoring normal urgesIgnoring normal urges– Muscle spasmsMuscle spasms– Certain medicationsCertain medications
TreatmentTreatment– Dietary fiberDietary fiber– FluidsFluids– Regular physical activityRegular physical activity
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LaxativesLaxatives
Irritate the intestinal nerve Irritate the intestinal nerve Draw water into the intestineDraw water into the intestine Regular use is harmfulRegular use is harmful
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Hemorrhoids (piles)Hemorrhoids (piles)
Swollen veins of the rectum and anus Swollen veins of the rectum and anus Intense pressure and straining Intense pressure and straining Dietary recommendation:Dietary recommendation:
– Fiber and fluidFiber and fluid
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Irritable Bowel SyndromeIrritable Bowel Syndrome SymptomsSymptoms
– Cramps, bloating, increased frequency, Cramps, bloating, increased frequency, diarrhea, constipationdiarrhea, constipation
CausesCauses– Altered intestinal peristalsisAltered intestinal peristalsis– Decreased pain thresholdDecreased pain threshold
Individualized treatmentIndividualized treatment– Elimination dietElimination diet– Moderate caffeineModerate caffeine– Low-fat, small, frequent mealsLow-fat, small, frequent meals– Stress reductionStress reduction
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DiarrheaDiarrhea
Fluidity and frequencyFluidity and frequency CausesCauses
– InfectionsInfections– Poorly absorbed substancesPoorly absorbed substances
Treatment:Treatment:– Plenty of fluidPlenty of fluid
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GallstonesGallstones
SymptomsSymptoms– Upper right abdominal pain, gas, Upper right abdominal pain, gas,
bloating, nausea and vomitingbloating, nausea and vomiting TreatmentTreatment
– Removal of gallbladderRemoval of gallbladder