nutrients and feeding [objectives] explain how animals and plants vary in the acquisition of...
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NUTRIENTS AND FEEDING[objectives]
• Explain how animals and plants vary in the acquisition of nutrients
• Discuss the nutrient requirements of aquaculture species
• Explain how nutrient requirements are met during culture
• Describe kinds and sources of feed• Identify and evaluate approaches in feeding• Discuss buying and storing feed
NUTRIENTS & FEEDINGChapter 5
Nutrient – a substance used by organisms to live and grow.
Food – any material ingested that contains needed nutrients.
Ingest – consume or eat food.
TROPHIC LEVELS
Producer (Autotroph)– plants, algae, and cyanobacteria make their food by photosynthesis.
Consumer (Heterotroph) – must consume other organisms.
*herbivore – eats plants only *carnivore – eats meat only *omnivore – eats both plants and meat *detritivore – eats decaying plant/animal matter.Decomposer – (bacteria/fungi) have external
digestion.
PRODUCERScyanobacteria
PRODUCERSalgae
PRODUCERSplants
CONSUMERSherbivores
CONSUMERScarnivores
CONSUMERSomnivores
CONSUMERSdetritivore
DECOMPOSERS
MAJOR NUTRIENTS
• Proteins – made from amino acids; necessary for tissue growth and repair.
• Fats – made from fatty acids; necessary for cell membranes and energy.
• Carbohydrates – made from saccharides; necessary for energy.
• Vitamins – water soluable and fat soluable; necessary for enzymes.
• Minerals – inorganic earth materials; necessary for coenzymes.
MEETING NUTRIENT NEEDS
• Promote natural food growth – fertilizer
• Culture food materials – brine shrimp and aquaponic lettuce
• Capture food materials – copepods for snapper and cobia
• Provide manufactured feed – floating or sinking fish feed
FERTILIZER
CULTURE FOOD MATERIALS
CAPTURE FOOD MATERIALS
PROVIDE MANUFACTURED FEED
MANUFACTURE OF FEED
• Ingredients – corn, soybean meal, meat/bone meal, blood meal, fish meal.
• Life-stage feeds – larval, starter, grower, broodstock.
• Bouyancy – floating feed contains more air; can observe animals.
• Particle preparation – meals and pellets.
FEEDING APPROACHES
• Scheduled feeding – provided at specific time (ex. Redclaw crawfish before dark)
• Juveniles need to feed more frequently than older animals.
• Free-access feeding – making food available all the time by using automatic feeders.
BUYING AND STORING FEED
• Small producers usually buy feed in 50-pound bags.
• Large producers usually buy feed in bulk.• When storing feed avoid the following: *insect infestation *rodent damage and contamination *spoilage or rancidity *contact with water *chemical contamination