nuoi ca ro dong

B NNG NGHIP V PHT TRIN NNG THN

GIO TRNH M UN

XY DNG AO NUI C

M S: M 01

NGH: NUI C R NG

Trnh : S cp ngh

1

TUYN B BN QUYN:

Ti liu ny thuc loi sch gio trnh nn cc ngun thng tin c th c php dng nguyn bn hoc trch dng cho cc mc ch v o to v tham kho

Mi mc ch khc mang tnh lch lc hoc s dng vi mc ch kinh doanh thiu lnh mnh s b nghim cm.

M TI LIU: 01

2

LI GII THIU

C r ng l loi c sng trong mi trng nc ngt vng nhit i.

C hin din trong cc thy vc nh ao a, m ly, mng vn v rung

la Thi Lan, Campuchia, Lo v Vit Nam. Kh nng thch nghi vi

mi trng sng i vi c r ng rt tt, c bit c c th h hp bng kh

tri nh c quan h hp ph, nn c th tn ti v pht trin trong iu kin

mi trng bt li ngoi t nhin. C r ng d nui, c cht lng tht

thm ngon, khng c xng dm v c gi tr thng phm cao. Hin nay c r

ng l mt trong nhng i tng thy sn quan trng v ang c

nui ph bin cc tnh vng ng Bng Sng Cu Long, gn y ang

pht trin nhiu vng Min ng Nam B v cc tnh pha Bc.

Tuy nhin, nhiu b con cha c tip nhn y , c h thng cc

hiu bit v cch thc hin thao tc ca ngh nn hiu qu nui khng cao.

Xy dng chng trnh, bin son gio trnh dy ngh Nui c r ng

c xy dng trn c s phn tch ngh. Phn k thut ngh c kt cu theo

cc m un. To iu kin thun li cho cc c s dy ngh trong qu trnh

thc hin, vic xy dng chng trnh, bin son gio trnh o to ngh Nui

c r ng l cp thit hin nay o to cho ngi lm ngh nui c r ng

v b con lao ng nng thn, gim bt ri ro, hng ti hot ng nui c r

ng pht trin bn vng.

Chng trnh, gio trnh dy ngh Nui c r ng trnh s cp ngh

do trng Cao ng Thy sn ch tr xy dng v bin son theo hng dn ti

Thng t s 31/2010/TT-BLTBXH ngy 08/10/2010 ca B trng B Lao

ng - Thng binh v X hi.

Chng trnh dy ngh Nui c r ng trnh s cp gm 06 m un:

1) M un 01. Xy dng ao nui c

2) M un 02. Chun b ao nui c

3) M un 03. Chn v th c ging

4) M un 04. Cho n v qun l ao nui c

5) M un 05. Phng v tr mt s bnh c

6) M un 06. Thu hoch v tiu th c

Gio trnh Xy dng ao nui c c bin son theo chng trnh

c thm nh l mt m un chuyn mn ngh, c th dng dy c lp

hoc cng mt s m un khc cho cc kha tp hun hoc dy ngh di 3

3

thng (dy ngh thng xuyn). Sau khi hc m un ny hc vin c th hnh

ngh Xy dng ao nui c. M un ny c hc u tin.

Gio trnh Xy dng ao nui c gii thiu v chn a im xy dng ao

nui, v s ao nui, cm tiu ngoi thc a v gim st thi cng ao nui

phc v nui c r ng thng phm; ni dung c phn b ging dy trong

thi gian 76 gi, gm 5 bi.

Ni dung ging dy gm cc bi:

Bi 1. c im sinh hc ca c r ng

Bi 2. Chn a im xy dng ao

Bi 3. V s ao nui

Bi 4. Cm tiu ngoi thc a

Bi 5. Gim st thi cng ao

Trong qu trnh bin son, chng ti c s dng, tham kho nhiu t

liu, hnh nh ca cc tc gi trong v ngoi nc, cp nht nhng tin b khoa

hc k thut, s gp ca cc chuyn gia, ng nghip, c bit l m hnh ao

nui thc t ti cc a phng . Chng ti xin chn thnh cm n.

Nhm bin son xin c cm n V T chc cn b - B NN&PTNT,

lnh o v ging vin trng Cao ng Thy sn, cc chuyn gia v cc nh

qun l ti a phng ng gp nhiu kin qu bu v to iu kin thun

li chng ti hon thnh cun gio trnh ny.

Mc d c nhiu c gng nhng khng th trnh khi thiu st, rt

mong nhn c s ng gp kin ca c gi gio trnh c hon thin

hn.

Tham gia bin son:

1. Ch bin: Th.S L Vn Thng

2. Th.S Vn Sn

4

MC LC

MC TRANG

LI GII THIU ................................................................................................ 2 CC THUT NG CHUYN MN, CH VIT TT ................................... 6 M UN XY DNG AO NUI C .............................................................. 7 Bi 1: c im sinh hc ca c r ng ............................................................ 9

1. c im phn loi ca c r ng .............................................................. 9 2. c im hnh thi cu to ca c r ng .................................................. 9 3. c im dinh dng ca c r ng ........................................................ 11 4. c im sinh trng ca c r ng ........................................................ 12 5. c im sinh sn ca c r ng .............................................................. 13

5.1. Tui thnh thc .................................................................................... 13 5.2. Ma v sinh sn: .................................................................................. 13 5.3. c im v tp tnh sinh sn: ............................................................. 14

5.4. Sc sinh sn: ............................................................................................ 14 Bi 2: Chn a im xy dng ao .................................................................... 15

1. Tiu chun v t, cht nc ..................................................................... 15 1.1. Tiu chun cht t .............................................................................. 15 1.2. Tiu chun pH t ................................................................................ 16 1.3. Tiu chun cht nc ........................................................................... 17

2. Kim tra cht t: ....................................................................................... 18 2.1. Thu mu: .............................................................................................. 18 2.2. Xc nh loi t: ................................................................................. 21

3. Xc nh pH t ......................................................................................... 25 3.1. o bng my ........................................................................................ 25 3.2. Xc nh bng b kim tra nhanh ........................................................ 27 3.3. nh gi kt qu: ................................................................................. 30

4. Kim tra ngun nc: ................................................................................ 30 4.1. Kho st ngun nc: .......................................................................... 30 4.2. Kim tra cht nc: ............................................................................. 31 4.3. nh gi kt qu: ................................................................................. 45

5. Xc nh iu kin giao thng: .................................................................. 46 6. Tm hiu iu kin t nhin ....................................................................... 46

6.1. Tm hiu v tr a l, a hnh ............................................................. 46 6.2. Tm hiu kh hu .................................................................................. 46

7. Tm hiu iu kin kinh t - x hi ............................................................ 48 7.1. iu kin kinh t .................................................................................. 48 7.2. iu kin x hi ................................................................................... 48

Bi 3: V s ao nui ..................................................................................... 53 1. Tiu chun ao nui: .................................................................................... 53

1.1. Hnh dng ao: ....................................................................................... 53 1.2. Din tch ao, su nc ao: .............................................................. 53 1.3. Kch thc b ao.................................................................................. 54

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1.4. Cng cp v thot nc ....................................................................... 55 2. Chun b dng c: ...................................................................................... 59 3. V mt bng ao ........................................................................................... 59 4. V s b ................................................................................................ 60

4.1. V chiu rng mt b ........................................................................... 60 4.2. V chiu cao b ................................................................................... 61 4.3. V mi b ............................................................................................. 62 4.4. V chiu rng y b ........................................................................... 62

5. V s cng ............................................................................................. 63 5.1. V v tr cng ....................................................................................... 63 5.3. V mt ct ngang, dc ca cng .......................................................... 63

Bi 4: Cm tiu ngoi thc a .......................................................................... 69 1. Chun b dng c, nhn lc ........................................................................ 69

1.1. Chun b dng c ................................................................................. 69 1.2. Chun b nhn lc ................................................................................ 70

2. Cm tiu ao ................................................................................................. 70 2.1. Cm tiu hnh dng ao ......................................................................... 70 2.2. Cm tiu b .......................................................................................... 72

3. Cm tiu cng............................................................................................. 73 Bi 5: Gim st thi cng ao ............................................................................... 77

1. Chun b: .................................................................................................... 77 1.1. Chun b bn v s ao ..................................................................... 77 1.2. Chun b dng c kim tra ................................................................... 77

2. Gim st p b: ........................................................................................ 77 2.1. Gim st cht lng k thut p b ................................................... 77 2.2. Kim tra kch thc b ao ................................................................... 80

3. Gim st xy cng: ..................................................................................... 80 3.1. Gim st v tr cng .............................................................................. 80 3.2. Kim tra kch thc, cht lng xy dng cng ................................. 80

4. Gim st san y ao .................................................................................... 80 5. Kim tra nh gi cht lng ao nui ........................................................ 81

5.1. Kim tra din tch, su ao ............................................................... 81 5.2. Kim tra cht lng b, cng, y ao .................................................. 81

HNG DN GING DY M UN .......................................................... 84 I. V tr, tnh cht ca m un: ....................................................................... 84 II. Mc tiu: .................................................................................................... 84 III. Ni dung chnh ca m un: .................................................................... 84 V. Ti liu tham kho ..................................................................................... 90

6

CC THUT NG CHUYN MN, CH VIT TT

B test/ test kit: B kim tra nhanh yu t mi trng

NH3: Kh amoniac

H2S: Kh hydr sulfua

DO: Hm lng xy ha tan

Hong kh: l qu trnh lm kh mu t m khng chu tc ng trc tip t nh nng mt tri chiu vo

7

M UN XY DNG AO NUI C

M m un: M 01

Gii thiu m un:

M un 01 Xy dng ao nui c c thi gian hc tp l 76 gi, trong

c 12 gi l thuyt, 56 gi thc hnh v 8 gi kim tra. M un ny trang b cho

ngi hc cc kin thc v k nng ngh thc hin cc cng vic nhn bit c

im sinh hc ca c r ng; chn a im xy dng ao nui; v s ao

nui; cm tiu ngoi thc a v gim st thi cng ao.

M un ny gip cho ngi hc:

- Hiu bit c im hnh thi cu to, dinh dng, sinh trng, sinh sn

ca c r ng;

- Trnh by c tiu ch chn a im xy dng ao nui, v s ao

nui, cm tiu ngoi thc a v gim st thi cng ao nui c r ng.

- Thc hin c vic chn a im xy dng ao nui, v s ao nui,

cm tiu ngoi thc a v gim st thi cng ao nui c r ng.

- Tun th ng quy trnh k thut xy dng ao nui.

Ni dung m un gm:

- c im sinh hc ca c r ng

- Chn a im xy dng ao

- V s ao nui

- Cm tiu ngoi thc a

- Gim st thi cng ao.

hon thnh m un ny, hc vin phi m bo mt s yu cu sau:

- Hc l thuyt trn lp v ngoi thc a.

- T nghin cu ti liu nh.

- Thc hnh k nng c bn: tt c cc bi tp thc hnh c thc

hin ao nui c r ng ca cc h gia nh ti a phng m lp.

Trong qu trnh thc hin m un: kim tra nh gi mc thnh

tho cc thao tc.

Kt thc m un: kim tra mc hiu bit kin thc v kh nng

thc hin cc k nng.

c cp chng ch cui m un, hc vin phi:

8

- Khng vng mt qu 20% s bui hc l thuyt v c mt y

cc bui thc hnh.

- Hon thnh tt c cc bi kim tra nh k v bi kim tra kt thc

m un.

- im kim tra nh k v kt thc m un phi t 5 im.

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Bi 1: c im sinh hc ca c r ng

M bi: M01- 01

Mc tiu:

- M t c c im phn loi, phn b, hnh thi cu to ca c r ng;

- Trnh by c c im dinh dng, sinh trng, sinh sn ca c r ng v kh nng thch ng mi trng.

A. Ni dung:

1. c im phn loi ca c r ng.

Ngnh: ng vt c dy sng (Chordata)

Lp: C vy tia (Actinopterygii)

B: C vc (Perciformes)

H: C r ng (Anabantidae)

Loi : C r ng (Anabas testudineus, Bloch, 1972)

2. c im hnh thi cu to ca c r ng

C r ng c thn hnh bu dc, dp bn, cng chc. u ln, mm ngn. Ming hi trn, rng va, rch ming xin ko di n ng thng ng k qua gia mt. Rng nh nhn.

Mi bn u c hai l mi, l pha trc m ra bng mt ng ngn. Mt to, trn nm lch v na trn ca u v gn cht mm hn gn im cui np mang.

Hnh 1.1.1: Hnh thi ngoi c r ng

Phn trn gia mt cong li tng ng 1,5 ng knh mt. Cnh di xng l, xng gia np mang, xng di np mang v cnh sau xng np mang c nhiu gai nh nhn, to thnh rng ca.

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L mang rng, mng mang hai bn dnh nhau v c ph vy. Trn u c

nhiu l cm gic.

Vy lc ph ton thn, u v mt gc vy lng, vy hu mn v vy

ui, vy ph ln cc vy nh hn vy thn v u. Gc vy bng c mt vy

nch hnh mi mc.

ng bn nm ngang v chia lm hai on: on trn t b trn l

mang n ngang cc vy lng cui cng. on di t ngang cc gai vy lng

cui cng n im gia gc vy ui, hai on ny cch nhau mt hng vy.

Gc vy lng rt di, phn gai gn bng bn ln phn tia mm.

Khi im vy lng trn vy ng bn th ba v ko di n gc vy

ui.

Khi im vy hu mn ngang vy ng bn th 14 15, gn im gi

gc vy ui hn gn cht mm v chy di dn gc vy ui.

Vy ui trn, khng ch i. Gai vy lng, vy hu mn, vy bng

cng nhn.

Mt lng ca u v thn c mu xm en hoc xm xanh v nht dn

xung bng, mt s c th ng ln mu vng nht.

Cnh sau xng np mang c mt mng da nh mu en. C mt m

en m gia gc vy ui, ngoi ra cn c mt s im en nm ri rc trn

thn.

Hin nay, trong thc t nui ngi dn ang nui mt dng c r ng

c hnh thi sai khc tng i vi c r ng bnh thng l c r u vung

(dng c ny c pht hin u tin tnh Hu Giang- Vit Nam).

Hnh thi cu to ca c r u vung tng i ging vi c r ng

bnh thng, ch khc l kch thc, khi lng v tc tng trng ln hn

rt nhiu so vi c r ng bnh thng.

C r u vung c phn trn u nh v trc, hi vung v bng.

c bit c r u vung khc vi c r ng bnh thng khc l c c

v ci khng chnh lch nhiu v kch c, trng lng, hnh th tng trng

trong cng mt ao.

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Hnh1.1.2: Hnh thi ngoi ca c r u vung

3. c im dinh dng ca c r ng

C r l loi ng vt n tp. Chng n c cc loi ng vt thn mm, c con v thc vt, k c c. Chng c th n cc cht hu c v v c, c coi l "bn" trong nc.

Cu to ng tiu ho ca c gm c d dy, rut ngn, t l gia chiu di rut so vi chiu di thn l 0,95 (dao ng t 0,45-0,91). C r ng c tnh n thin v ng vt.

Ming c nhiu rng c th nghin nhng loi thc n l ht c v cng, c thch n nhng loi ng vt khng xng sng trong nc hoc bay trong khng kh, su b mn b hu c, ng vt cht v cc loi rong, c, ht.

Khi phn tch thnh phn thc n trong ng tiu ho ca c cc giai on cho thy thc n ca c rt a dng v phong ph.

Giai on cn nh c n ch yu ng vt ph du v mn b hu c.

Khi c ln chng vn tip tc thch n nhng loi thc n trn ng thi l nhng loi thc n c kch thc ln gm nhm thc vt c ht nh ( la, mm, ht, c, l bo, l rong) v cc nhm ng vt nh (tp, giun, trng c v c con).

Ngoi ra chng c th n c thc n ni trn mt nc, trong cc tng nc v di y ao gm mn b hu c v ng vt y.

Nhn chung c r ng l loi c tng i d tnh trong vic la chn thc n.

Nui c r ng trong ao bng thc n t ch bin sau 05- 06 thng c t trng lng trung bnh 60- 100g, c nui bng thc n t ch bin kt hp vi thc n vin c hm lng m 28- 35% sau 05- 06 thng nui cng t 60- 100g.

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4. c im sinh trng ca c r ng

Tc sinh trng ca c r ng chm, c nui thm canh (mt 20 40 con/m

2, c ging th 300 400 con/kg), cung cp y thc n, mi trng thun li, sau 6 7 thng nui c t trng lng trung bnh: con ci 80 120 g/con, con c 50 80 g/con.

L loi d hnh phi tnh: ci ln hn con c khi trng thnh.

Trong cc ao nui, bt u t thng nui th 3 c bt u phn n r rt.

T thi gian ny, tc tng trng ca c c chm hn nhiu so vi c ci v khi n thi k thnh thc (6 7 thng tui) hu nh c c khng ln na.

C tng trng mnh t 3,5 - 6,5 thng tui. Giai on trc v t sau 6 7 thng tui: c ci mang trng nhng vn tip tc tng trng tuy chm, c c tng trng rt chm, c con hu nh ngng tng trng.

Qua kho st ng bng sng Cu Long cho thy m ca c cao nht vo thi k sau sinh sn t thng 8 n thng 12 t 3- 5,8% so vi 1,2- 2,4 % cc thng cn li, thi k ny c rt bo, 87% s c c lng m bao quanh gn ht cc on rut.

C r ng l loi c c kch thc nh, thng gp c c trng lng t 20- 100g, t khi gp c c trng lng 300- 400g, tc tng trng chm so vi nhiu loi c khc, c c thng c kch thc nh hn so vi c ci cng la, khi t kch c 50g c c ln rt chm.

C c kch thc ln nht gp trong t nhin c chiu di ti 23cm l c 1 nm tui c trng lng t 60- 80g.

Cc giai on pht trin c r ng t giai on trng th tinh n 20 ngy tui

+ Trng sau khi th tinh 10 pht, non hong tch khi trng.

+ 12 gi 30 pht, hnh thnh t c, phi c ng lin tc.

+ 17 gi 20 pht, c n, c th c nhiu sc t, non hong to, ng tiu ha thng, c t c.

+ 60 gi sau khi n c n c phiu sinh ng vt (moina) v thc nhn to.

+ Ngy th 8 tr i c rt ui nhng loi nh hn n tht.

+ Tnh n ng vt ca c th hin 8- 10 ngy tui. Do ng c r ng mun c t l sng cao phi cung cp thc n y .

c bit khi cung cp thc n cn lu thc n phi dng l lng trong nc v c khng c tp tnh sc y tm thc n.

C ging khi ng nui phi hn ch s chnh lch ln v kch thc nhm trnh c n tht ln nhau.

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+ Ngy 10 c di 0,57 - 0,76cm.

+ Ngy 17 c di 0,96 - 1,2cm.

+ Ngy 30 c di 1,9 - 2,43cm.

+ n 20 ngy tui, c r ng ngoi ln khi mt nc p kh tri, iu chng t c quan h hp trn mang hnh thnh.

Tc tng trng ca c r ng ph thuc vo thnh phn v s lng thc n cung cp, bn phn kt hp cho n tng trng ca c cao nht.

(a)

(b)

Hnh 1.1.3: C r ng c (a) v c ci (b)

Ring dng c r ng u vung c tc tng trng nhanh hn hn.

Theo nhng ngi nui c r ny cho bit ch khong 3,5 4 thng nui, c t c t 8 - 10 con/kg. Sau 9 - 10 thng nui, c r u vung ging c th t kch c 600 - 800g/con.

Hin nay, mt s tri pha Nam sn xut ging nhn to thnh cng dng c ny cung cp cho ngi nui cc vng khc nhau. Ngoi ra mt s c s sn xut ging tin hnh lai to gia c r u vung vi c r thng to ra c r lai vi tc tng trng tng ng vi c r u vung khi nui cng nghip.

Phng php lai c tin hnh bng cch chn c c l r u vung lai vi c ci r thng.

5. c im sinh sn ca c r ng

5.1. Tui thnh thc

Trong t nhin, c thnh thc sau mt nm tui, chiu di khong 12 cm. Tuy nhin, nhiu tc gi cho rng c thnh thc ln u sau 8-10 thng nui.

C c c kch thc 12,2 cm v c ci l 10,32 cm, trng lng trung bnh 50-60 gram.

5.2. Ma v sinh sn:

Ma sinh sn bt u t thng 5 6, c r con c tp tnh i tng n ln cc knh rch.

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ng bng sng cu long c r ng sinh sn vo ma ma, nhng tp trung nht t thng 6-7 dng lch.

5.3. c im v tp tnh sinh sn:

C thng tp trung sau nhng trn ma ln.

Khi c thng tm ti nhng ni c dng nc mt, chy chm, chnh dng nc l yu t kch thch qu trnh hng phn v trng ca c r ng.

su mc nc thch hp cho qu trnh sinh sn ca c r ng khong 0,3- 0,4m.

Khng ging vi nhng loi c r cng h Anabantidae, c r ng khng c tp tnh lm t hoc chm sc trng, trng ni trn b mt nc.

C r ng c kh nng chu ng iu kin mi trng khc nghit: thiu oxy, pH thp do c c quan h hp ph trn mang, c th s dng oxy t kh tri; y l u im trong vic nui v vn chuyn c.

C thch nghi vi kh hu nhit i, lc kh hn c vi mnh di bn sut my thng. Vi s gip ca np mang, cc vy v cung ui c c th di chuyn c mt qung ng tng i xa tm ni thch hp.

5.4. Sc sinh sn:

Cc pha ca t bo trng trong non so c r ng khng hon ton ng nht y l c im ca c nhiu ln trong nm.

C c kh nng 4 ln trong nm. Sc sinh sn ca c dao ng t 2.200 28.000 trng/c ci.

Trng c r thnh thc thng c mu trng ng hoc mu trng ng hi vng, ng knh trng sau khi trng nc dao ng t 1,1-1,2mm v trng c r thuc loi trng ni. Sc sinh sn ca c cao t khong 300.000 n 700.000 trng/kg c ci.

B. Cu hi v bi tp thc hnh:

1. Cc cu hi:

Cu hi 1: Nu mt s c im sinh hc ca c r ng?

Cu hi 2: So snh s khc nhau c bn gia dng c r ng bnh thng vi c r u vung?

C. Ghi nh:

c im hnh thi bn ngoi ca c r u vung.

C r u vung c tc tng trng cao v c nui hin nay.

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Bi 2: Chn a im xy dng ao

M bi: M01- 02

Mc tiu:

- Nu c cc bc kim tra cht t v cht nc; tm hiu iu kin giao thng;

- Kim tra c cht t, cht nc; nh gi c iu kin giao thng ca im xy dng ao nui.

A. Ni dung:

1. Tiu chun v t, cht nc:

1.1. Tiu chun cht t

- Khi nim v t:

t c hnh thnh v tin ha chm hng th k do s phong ha

v s phn hy xc thc vt di nh hng ca cc yu t mi trng. Mt s

t c hnh thnh do bi lng ph sa sng bin hay do gi. t c bn cht

khc c bn vi l c ph nhiu, to sn phm cy trng.

- Mt s loi t trong nui thy sn:

+ t ct: t ct l loi t trong thnh phn ct chim hn 70% trng lng.

t ct d thm nc, gi nc km. t ct chu tc ng nhit mnh, d nng, d lnh.

t ct ngho cht dinh dng v cc cht keo kt dnh, d b xi mn v kh khn trong vic xy dng ao.

Trong iu kin a l Vit Nam t ct ch yu tp trung nhng vng ven sng, h, bin.

Khi chn v tr xy dng ao nui vng t ct cn lu nhng tnh cht c trng ca loi t ny khc phc.

+ t st: t st l loi t cha hn 65% st. N c tnh cht ngc li hon ton t ct. Kh thm nc, gi nc tt, t st cht.

t st kh nng ln nhng lu ngui, t st cha nhiu cht dinh dng hn t ct. c bit thun li cho vic xy dng ao nui.

+ t tht: t tht mang tnh cht trung gian gia t ct v t st. Trong t tht c th phn loi thnh t pha ct, t tht pha ct, t tht nh.

Nu l t a tht nh th n c tnh cht ng v t ct, t tht nng th c tnh cht ng v t st.

Trong thc t hin nay, t tht l loi t thng c chn xy dng ao nui c r ng. V t tht kh ph bin cc vng min ca Vit Nam.

16

Ngoi ra t tht c rt nhiu tnh cht ph hp cho xy dng ao nui cng nh to mi trng tt khi nui c r ng sau ny.

Bng 1.2.1: Phn loi cc loi t

Loi

t

Cp ht,

tn gi

T l thnh phn trng lng

Ct

(2- 0,02mm)

Bi

(0,02-0,002mm)

St

(

17

pH > 7 : Mi trng baz

- Ngng pH t tiu chun chn lm ni xy dng ao nui c r

ng hin nay ph bin pH t 5- 8.

1.3. Tiu chun cht nc

1.3.1. Tiu chun ngun nc:

Di y l cc thng s tiu chun mt s ngun nc c lin quan trong

nui thu sn t cc tiu chun nc ca B khoa hc v mi trng Vit

Nam, tham kho tiu chun ngun nc trn th gii. (QUY CHUN

QCVN 08 : 2008/BTNMT -QUY CHUN K THUT QUC GIA V

CHT LNG NC MT )

1.3.2. Tiu chun v mu nc:

Nc nguyn cht khng c mu, cn nc thin nhin thng c nhiu

mu khc nhau do s xut hin ca cc hp cht v c v hu c ho tan hay

khng ho tan, hay s pht trin ca to.

Trn thc t trong cc ao nui thu sn c th c cc mu sau:

- Mu xanh nht (xanh nn chui): nc c mu xanh nht chng t

nc c thnh phn v mt to thch hp. Ao y oxy, t kh c v nhiu

thc n t nhin gip tm c ln nhanh

- Mu xanh m (xanh ru): to pht trin qu mc, thiu oxy vo sng

sm.

To pht trin qu mc do trong ao c qu nhiu cht dinh dng, ao

nhiu cht dinh dng thng xy ra vo thi im cui ma v nui.

Khi nc c mu xanh m. Nn dng bn phn, gim cho n, thay

nc.

- Mu nu en hoc mu en: ao nhiu cht hu c ang phn hu, thiu

oxy v nhiu kh c.

Nc ao nui cha nhiu cht hu c c ngun gc t thc n d tha

trong qu trnh nui, lng cc cht o thi ca i tng nui, hay t ngun

nc thi sinh hot ca con ngi hoc t cc chung tri chn nui gia cm,

gia sc... y l biu hin ca ngun nc b nhim.

Khi nc c mu nu en hoc mu en. Nn dng bn phn, gim cho

n, thay nc, iu chnh kim v gi tr thch hp v kt hp bn men vi

sinh c th ci thin c tnh hnh.

- Mu vng cam: nc nhiu st, c cho vt nui.

18

V d : Nc ngm khi bm ln, nc rt trong, nhng ch sau 1-2 gi

nc chuyn sang mu vng v c mi tanh, th ngun nc ngm cha mt

hm lng st cao . Nc nhim st lm cho to cht v rt kh gy mu cho

nc.

- Mu trng c (mu nc hn): nc ao cha nhiu ht st, trng hp

ny thng do nc ma ra tri t t trn b ao.

- Mu bn ph sa do nc ao cha nhiu ht ph sa. Ph sa sa lng lm

gim th tch ao, nc t thc n t nhin v bn ph sa mc vo mang lm nh

hng n kh nng h hp ca vt nui.

Khi nc c mu vng cam, trng c hay mu bn ph sa. Nn thay

nc nu c ngun nc thch hp hoc c th bn vi sa lng sau bn phn

gy li mu nc.

2. Kim tra cht t:

2.1. Thu mu:

- Xc nh vng t cn thu mu:

+ Vng t cn thu mu l vng c xc nh thng qua bn , bnh

vng min, i phng tin hnh thm d, kho st.

+ Tin hnh thm d, kho st bng cc nghip v chuyn mn (trc a,

th nhng) la chn xy dng ao nui.

+ Xc nh c vng thu mu thng qua kt qu thm d kho st

tin hnh thu mu t.

- Thu mu t:

+ Chun b thit b thu mu: khoan th nhng, xng, cuc, ti nilon, x

chu, gng tay, nhin liu in, xng, du

+ Tin hnh thu mu t:

Bc 1. Xc nh im thu mu t:

Ty theo din tch vng thu mu m s im thu mu t hay nhiu.

Thng t 5- 10 im c phn b u trn ton b din tch vng t

thu mu. Cc im c xc nh cm mc v nh s th t.

19

Hnh 1.2.1: Xc nh cc im thu mu t

Bc 2. Thu mu:

t c thu bng khoan th nhng chuyn dng ly c nhiu tng t hn. Nu th nhng vng min tng i ng u th dng cuc, xng o ly mu t tng mt xung khong 0,5- 1,0m.

Thng thng i vi thu mu t phc v chn ni xy dng ao nui thy sn th dng dng c th s ly mu nh cuc, xng

Hnh 1.2.2: Ly mu t ngoi thc a

Cho mu t tng a im vo tng dng c thu mu khc nhau. Mu t c cho vo thau, chu hoc ti nilong.

20

Hnh 1.2.3: o h ly mu t cc tng khc nhau

Bc 3. nh du mu t:

t sau khi thu c cho vo ti nilong hoc x chu v tin hnh nh s theo cc im xc nh.

Mu t c chuyn i xc nh thnh phn, loi t hoc xc nh trc tip loi t ti thc a.

Hnh1.2.4: nh du mu t sau khi thu xong

21

2.2. Xc nh loi t:

- Xc nh loi t bng phng php cm quan:

+ Xc nh vng t bng quan st mt thng v nhn nh loi t da vo mu sc t.

Hnh1.2.5: t ct

Hnh1.2.6: t st

22

Hnh1.2.7: t tht

+ Xc nh loi t thng qua mu nc t nhin ca vng t ngp nc.

Hnh 1.2.8: Xc nh loi t da vo ngun nc t nhin (phn st)

+ Xc nh loi t thng qua ch th sinh vt sng trn vng t cn xc nh.

- Tin hnh xc nh loi t bng phng php sa lng:

+ Chun b thit b: bnh ng thy tinh 1.000ml trong sut hoc chu th tch 10-20 lt, nc sch, que tre, a thy tinh, thc o, knh lp.

+ Cc bc tin hnh

23

Bc 1. Cho nc sch vo bnh vi lng chim khong 2/3- 3/4 th tch bnh ng.

Hinh 1.2.9: Ly nc vo bnh thy tinh

Bc 2. Cho mu t vo bnh ng vi lng t chim 1/3 th tch bnh ng. T l t vi nc l 1/3 (mt lng t, 3 lng nc)

Hnh1.2.10: Cho mu t t t vo bnh

Bc 3. Dng que tre hoc a thy tinh khy u t c ha tan trong bnh. ng thi thm t vo bnh n khi dung dch t trng thi bo ha.

24

Hnh 1.2.11: Dng que ha tan t vo nc

Bc 4. t sa lng hon ton trong bnh.

Hnh 1.2.12: t sa lng hon ton trong bnh

Bc 5. Quan st, o kim tra thnh phn ct, t trong bnh xc nh loi mu t (t ct, t st hoc t tht).

Ly thc phn ct lng y cc xem chim t l % v i chiu vi tiu chun xc nh loi t.

25

Hnh 1.2.13: o xc nh % lng ct, t xc nh loi t.

3. Xc nh pH t

3.1. o bng my

- Xc nh pH t: pH t l yu t ht sc quan trng nh gi cht lng t.

Xc nh pH t bng phng php o trc tip trn vng t ngoi t nhin thng qua my o pH nh sau:

Hnh 1.2.14: Thit b o pH ca t

u o l 3 vng kim loi u o l 2 vng kim loi

26

Cch o:

Bc 1: Cm u o xung t

u o c cm xung t sao cho 2 (hoc 3) vng kim loi ca u o ngp trong t v hng mn hnh ln trn.

Hnh 1.2.15: Cm thit b o pH xung t

Bc 2: c kt qu

Quan st kim ch di chuyn trn mn hnh.

c ch s pH theo kim ch trn mn hnh (thang o pH tng ng t 3 - 8)

Nu pH t > 4 th c th chn xy dng ao nui

Hnh 1.2.16: Kim ch mc pH=7

Khng xy dng ao nui t c pH 4

Hnh 1.2.17: Kim ch mc pH=4

Lu :

t o pH cn m, mm

Nn o pH nhiu ni, cc tng khc nhau ca khu t cn kho st.

Lau sch cc vng kim loi sau khi o.

27

3.2. Xc nh bng b kim tra nhanh

+ Chun b thit b: cuc, xng, chu th tch 10-20 lt, nc lc sch, que tre, bt, b pH kim tra nhanh.

+ Tin hnh: gm cc bc sau

Bc 1. Tin hnh thu mu t ngoi thc a, vng t chn xy dng ao nui. Thu mu t bng cch o bng xng hoc cuc cho vo x hay chu mang v. Thu mu t 5- 10 im khc nhau ty thuc vo din tch vng chn xy dng ao nui.

Hnh1.2.18: o t ly mu xc nh pH t

Bc 2. Mang t vo phng hong kh nc, t m bo trnh tip xc trc tip vi nh nng mt tri m bo tnh chnh xc ca pH t.

Hnh 1.2.19: Hong kh t trong phng

28

Bc 3. Cho nc lc sch vo bnh (nc m bo l nc lc c mi trng trung tnh- pH bng 7). Nn kim tra pH nc trc khi cho vo t m bo tnh chnh xc ca pH t.

Hnh 1.2.20: Ly nc ct

Hnh 1.2.21: Kim tra li pH nc ct

Bc 4: Cho t hong kh t t vo bnh nc ct.

Hnh 1.2.22: Cho t t t vo bnh nc

Bc 5. Dng que khong u t v nc c ha tan trong bnh c th thm t t c ha tan bo ha.

29

Hnh 1.2.23: Dng que thy tinh ha tan t vo nc

Bc 6. Dng giy qu hoc b kim tra nhanh o pH t c ha tan

trong nc trung tnh.

Hnh 1.2.24: Tin hnh o pH t bng giy qu

30

Bc 7: So mu v c kt qu xc nh pH t.

Hnh 1.2.25: So mu v c kt qu pH t

3.3. nh gi kt qu:

- nh gi vic xc nh vng t cn thu mu: m bo v s lng im thu mu.

- nh gi vic thu mu t: m v s lng t trn mt im thu mu v m bo su t tng mt xung 0,5m.

- nh gi vic xc nh loi t bng phng php sa lng: m bo ng phng php v thc hin y cc bc.

- nh gi vic xc nh loi t: kt thc qu trnh phi xc nh c chnh xc loi t ca vng chn xy dng ao nui.

- Xc nh chnh xc pH t ca vng t cn kim tra v la chn theo pH t.

- Kt lun: loi t ph hp xy dng ao nui c r ng.

4. Kim tra ngun nc

4.1. Kho st ngun nc

- Kho st ngun nc thng qua thng k theo di ngun nc ma hng nm ti ni chn xy dng ao.

- Kho st ngun nc thng qua bn a l xc nh cc ngun nc trong vng gm:

+ Ngun nc t h thng sng, ngi t nhin.

+ Ngun nc t h thng h cha t nhin, nhn to.

+ Ngun nc t h thng mch ngm.

31

- Kho st ngun nc cung cp gn nht ni xy dng ao nui gm:

+ Tr lng nc ca ngun cung cp gn nht.

+ a hnh ngun nc (thun li hay kh khn).

+ H thng knh mng t nhin, nhn to n n ni xy dng ao.

4.2. Kim tra cht nc:

4.2.1. Kim tra xy ha tan:

- Dng c o: gm c 2 dng chnh.

+ Dng 1: B kim nhanh xy.

+ Dng 2: My o xy.

B kim tra xy gm:

1. Thuc th

2. Thang so mu

3. L nha trong cha mu nc

4. Bng hng dn s dng ca nh sn xut.

Lu n hn s dng

Hnh 1.2.26: Cc thnh phn ca hp kim tra Oxy

32

My o xy (loi my o c in cc) gm:

1. u d ni vi my bng dy dn (oxymeter).

2. Bng iu khin gm cc nt m, tt, mn hnh hin th.

3. L ha cht dng bo qun u d.

Hnh 1.2.27: My o oxy ha tan

- Phng php o:

+ o bng b kim tra nhanh xy:

Bc 1: Trng u l cha mu nc vi ln bng nc nh kim tra

Hnh 1.2.28a: Trng l cha mu nc

Cho l cha mu trc tip xung v tr nc cn ly mu ly nc, lng nc ly vo phi y n ming l.

Hoc c th dng x, ca, l kch thc ln cho xung vng nc v tr ly mu ly nc. Sau , cho l ly mu vo v tr gia ca, x, ly nc mu vo n y l.

33

Bc 2: Lau kh bn ngoi l

Hnh 1.2.28b: Lau kh bn ngoi l

Bc 3: Nh thuc th s 1

vo l (s git c th thay i

ty theo loi test dc phn

hng dn ca nh sn xut)

sau khi lc u chai thuc th

V d: vi hp test SERA

(c), nh 6 git thuc th 1

vo l nc mu

Hnh 1.2.28c: Cho thuc th 1 vo l

Bc 4: Nh thuc th s 2

vo l (s git c th thay i

ty theo loi km tra) sau khi

lc u chai thuc th

V d: vi loi SERA (c),

nh 6 git thuc th 2 vo l

nc mu

Hnh 1.2.28d: Cho thuc th 2 vo l

34

Bc 6: y kn l bng np nha ngay (phi khng c bt kh trong l)

Hnh 1.2.28e: y np l

Bc 7: Lc u l (hnh bn)

Hnh 1.2.28f: Lc u l

Bc 8: So mu, c kt qu

M np l ra

t l ni nn trng ca thang so mu, so mu vi nh sng t nhin, khng trc tip chiu vo l

c kt qu hm lng oxy ca mu nc l tr s ca mu trng hoc gn nht vi mu mu nc.

Ghi kt qu kim tra vo s ghi chp s liu

Hnh 1.2.28g: So mu

Hnh 1.2.28: Cc bc o oxy ha tan bng b kim tra nhanh.

35

+ o bng my:

Bc 1: Ni my vi u o.

Bc 2: Ly u o t trong l bo qun, vy nh ri a u o vo ngun nc cn xc nh.

Bc 3: Bt cng tc my v ON v gi yn my, ch khong 1 2 pht s trn mn hnh LCD n nh ri c kt qu.

L : i vi my o xy thng c gi c t nn khi s dng my cn bo m oan ton cho my.

4.2.2. Kim tra pH:

- Dng c o:

+ Giy qu v bng so mu

+ B kim tra nhanh pH

+ My o pH

- Phng php o:

+ o bng giy so mu (giy qu):

Giy c tm dung dch ch th mu thch hp. Ty thuc pH ca nc, giy s hin mu khc nhau. Sau em so mu vi bng mu tiu chun km theo trn np hp, ta s bit c pH ca nc.

Hp giy qu gm:

Giy qu;

Thang so mu.

Lu n hn s dng ca giy qu.

Hnh 1.2.29: Mt s kiu hp giy qu

Giy qu

Thang so mu

36

Tin hnh o thng qua cc bc sau:

Bc 1: o trc tip ngun nc sng, rch, cch b khong 2m, cch mt nc khong 0,5m

Hoc o mu nc ly t sng, rch vi im ly mu nh trn

Hnh 1.2.30a: Ly mu nc

Bc 2: Ly mt mu giy qu di khong 2- 4cm

Hnh 1.2.30b:Ly mu giy qu

Bc 3: Nhng mu giy qu vo nc sng, rch hoc mu nc cn o

Hnh 1.2.30c: Nhng mu giy qu vo nc

37

Bc 4: ro khong 5-10 giy

Mu giy qu chuyn mu.

Hnh 1.2.30d: ro mu giy qu

Bc 5: t mu giy ln thang so mu, so snh mu ca mu giy vi cc mu trn thang so mu.

+ Mu giy qu m hn mu trn thang so mu

Hnh 1.2.30e: So mu (1)

+ Mu giy qu nht hn mu trn thang so mu

Hnh 1.2.30e: Mu mu giy nht hn (2)

38

Bc 6: c kt qu tr s pH mu trng so vi mu mu giy.

Hnh 1.2.30f: Kt qu ca pH=8 o bng giy qu

Hnh 1.2.30: Cc bc o pH nc bng giy qu

+ o pH bng dung dch th

B kim tra pH gm:

Thuc th;

Thang so mu;

L nha trong cha mu nc.

Hnh 1.2.31: Cc thnh phn ca hp kim tra pH

Tin hnh o:

Bc 1: Cho nc mu vo l, trng u l vi ln

Hnh 1.2.32a: Trng l

Thang so mu

Thuc th

L nha

39

nc trng l ra

Hnh 1.2.32b: nc trng l

Bc 2: Cho nc mu vo l n mc quy nh

Lau kh bn ngoi l

Hnh 1.2.32c: Cho mu nc vo l

Bc 3: Cho thuc th vo l vi s git quy nh ty theo nh sn xut.

Lu trc khi cho thuc th vo mu nc cn lc u chai thuc th.

Hnh 1.2.32d: Cho thuc th vo l

40

Bc 4: Lc nh trn u l thuc th ha tan vo mu nc th.

Mu nc th bin mu

Hnh 1.2.32e: Lc u l nc mu

Bc 5: So mu v dc kt qu:

t l nc mu ln thang so mu, so snh vi cc mu trn thang so mu

c kt qu tr s pH mu trng hoc gn nht so vi mu nc mu.

Hnh 1.2.32f: So mu mu nc vi thang so mu

Hnh 1.2.32: Cc bc o pH nc bng b kim tra nhanh.

+ o pH bng my:

My o pH cm tay c 2 loi:

- Bt o pH: c u d (in cc) nm trc tip, pha di ca my (bn trong).

c dng kh ph bin, do gi thnh khng cao v s dng n gin.

Hnh 1.2.33: Bt o pH

Np

u d

Mn

hnh

s

Vt hiu chnh

Nt tt-m

41

- Loi c u d ni vi my bi dy dn.

t dng do t tin v kh s dng

Hnh 1.2.34: My o pH u d ri

Cch tin hnh o nh sau:

Bc 1: Hiu chnh my:

- M np my.

- M my bng nt m - tt.

- Gi phn di ca my trong cc nc ct.

- Xoay nh vt trong khe hiu chnh (bn hng hoc mt sau ca my), quan st mn hnh.

- Ngng xoay khi mn hnh hin ln s 7,0.

- Chuyn my ra khi cc nc ct.

Hnh 1.2.35: Hiu chnh my o pH cm tay

Mn hnh s

u d

42

Bc 2: o pH mu nc:

- Trng cc vi ln bng nc mu va ly.

- Cho mu nc cn o vo cc.

- Cho phn di ca my vo cc nc mu.

- Lc nh phn di ca my trong nc vi ln.

- Ch 15 30 giy cho s trn mn hnh ng yn.

- c kt qu, ghi vo s theo di.

- a my ra khi cc nc.

- Tt my

- Ngm u d vo cc nc sch khong 10- 15 giy, ly ra, ro.

- y np my.

Hnh 1.2.36: o pH mu nc bng my o pH cm tay

Cch bo qun:

- Trnh pin c qu lu trong my v c th gy hng my.

- Khng nn o trc tip vo nc ao.

- Khng phn trn ca my tip xc vi nc trnh chm mch.

Bng 1.2.1: u nhc im ca cc phng php nh gi pH nc

TT PP o

Ch tiu Bng giy qu Bng b test Bng my o

1 Mc tin dng Nhanh, tin dng Lu, s dng nhiu thao tc, c hng dn

Lu, s dng nhiu thao tc, hc cch s dng my

2 Kt qu chnh xc cha cao, ph thuc vo yu t bn ngoi (mt nhn, nh sng)

Vn cn sai s khi nh dung dch th, so mu

Chnh xc

43

3 Phng php s dng

n gin, d hc, d p dng

Phc tp hn, cn c ngi hng dn v thc hnh

Thao tc phc tp, cn c chuyn mn

4 Chi ph Thp Cao hn t, kh p dng vi nng dn

4.2.3. Kim tra H2S:

- Dng c o: b kim tra nhanh

- Phng php o:

Bc 1: Thu mu nc

Bc 2: Xc nh hm lng H2S trong mi trng nui bng b th nhanh

- Bo qun: ng np chai thuc th ngay sau khi s dng, lu tr ni thong mt v trnh xa tm tay tr em.

2.2.4. Kim tra NH3:

- Dng c o: b kim tra nhanh

B th NH3/NH4+ hng SERA c s dng ph bin o hm lng

NH3 trong nui trng thy sn.

B th ny gm 3 chai thuc th, l nha trong cha mu nc v bn hng dn s dng c thang so mu:

44

Hinh 1.2.37: B th nhanh NH3/NH4+

- Phng php o:

Bc 1: Thu mu nc

Bc 2: Xc nh hm lng NH3 trong mi trng nui bng b th nhanh.

Bc 3: c kt qu.

- Cch s dng:

Bc 1. Lm sch trong v ngoi l thy tinh bng nc my trc v sau mi ln kim tra. Lc u cc chai thuc th trc khi s dng.

Bc 2. Ra l thy tinh nhiu ln bng mu nc cn kim tra, sau 5ml mu nc vo l. Lau kh bn ngoi l.

Bc 3. Cho 6 git thuc th ca chai thuc th 1 vo l thu tinh cha mu nc cn kim tra, ng np v lc u.

Bc 4. M np, cho 6 git thuc th ca chai thuc th 2 vo l, ng np v lc u ri m np ra.

Bc 5. Cho tip 6 git thuc th ca chai thuc th 3 vo l, ng np l, lc u. Ch : Nu mu th l nc ngt th ch dng 3 git mi chai thuc th 1,2,3.

45

Bc 6. Sau 5 pht, i chiu mu ca dung dch vi bng mu. Ch : bng so mu, a biu th mu nc ngt, b biu th mu nc mn

Bc 7. i chiu gi tr NH4+ vi gi tr pH kim tra c t NH3 c

trong nc ao.

Bng 1.2.2: Hm lng kh NH3 (mg/l) theo gi tr pH

Gi tr NH4+ sau

khi so mu

pH

Gi tr NH3

thc t

7,0 7,5 8,0 8,5 9,0

0,5 0,003 0,009 0,03 0,08 0,18

1,0 0,006 0,02 0,05 0,15 0,36

1,5 0,01 0,03 0,11 0,30 0,72

5,0 0,03 0,09 0,27 0,75 1,80

10,0 0,06 0,17 0,53 1,51 3,60

Ch thch:

Mc an ton

Mc nguy him

Mc rt nguy him

- Bo qun: ng np chai thuc th ngay sau khi s dng, lu tr ni thong mt v trnh xa tm tay tr em.

- Ch : thuc th s 3 c cha sodium hydroxide v sodium hypochlorite d chy, rt hi cho mt. Trnh tip xc trc tip vo mt, da v qun o. Trng hp thuc th ny tip xc vi mt, nn ra ngay bng vi nc chy v nn lm theo li khuyn ca bc s.

4.3. nh gi kt qu:

- nh gi vic kho st ngun nc:

+ Kho st c ngun nc cung cp cho h thng ao nui

+ Kho st c tr lng nc dng cung cp cho h thng ao nui

+ Kho st c h thng knh mng dn vo vng nui

- nh gi vic kim tra cht nc:

46

+ Kim tra c hm lng xy ha tan trong nc

+ Kim tra c pH trong vng nc

+ Kim tra c hm lng H2S trong nc phc v ao nui

+ Kim tra c hm lng NH3 trong nc phc v ao nui

5. Xc nh iu kin giao thng:

- Xc nh iu kin giao thng ca vng tin hnh xy dng ao. Giao thng phc v cho qu trnh vn chuyn, hot ng sn xut kinh doanh v tiu th sn phm.

- Xc nh iu kin giao thng cc vng ln cn: da vo bn bnh ca vng min khu vc chn xy dng ao nui

- Xc nh iu kin giao thng gia khu vc nui vi quc l gn nht lu thng n cc vng ln cn.

6. Tm hiu iu kin t nhin

6.1. Tm hiu v tr a l, a hnh

Tm hiu thng tin v tr a l, a hnh c k hoch xy dng ao nui c cho ph hp.

- Phng php xc nh v tr a l, a hnh:

Bc 1: Cng tc chun b nhn lc, bn a l.

Bc 2: Tin hnh kh st vng cn chn xy dng ao.

Bc 3: Kt lun v a l, a hnh vng nui.

6.2. Tm hiu kh hu

- Tm hiu iu kin thi tit vng nui c r ng l mt nhim v

bt buc v quan trng trong nui c r ng.

Hiu r iu kin thi tit vng nui cua nhm mc ch sau:

+ Trnh c ma v thi tit xu.

+ Chn c ma v thi tit ph hp cho s pht trin ca c.

+ C nhng bin php phng trnh trong qu trnh nui .

- Tm hiu ch nhit:

i vi c r ng nhit t l thun vi tc tng trng ca i

tng nui. Nhit thp s c ch s sinh trng ca c, nu nhit

thp di ngng chu ng ca c s cht.

Nhit trung bnh ti Vit Nam dao ng t 210C n 270C v tng

dn t bc vo nam. Ma h, nhit trung bnh trn c nc l 250C (H

47

Ni 230C, Hu 250C, thnh ph H Ch Minh 260C). Ma ng min Bc,

nhit xung thp nht vo thng Mi Hai v thng Ging.

Mi vng sinh thi c nhng c trng ring. V vy, hiu r c

im ch nhit ca vng nui l vn rt cn thit v c ngha su

sc trong vic chn ni xy dng ao nui nui c r ng sau ny.

- Phng php xc nh ch nhit ca vng nui:

Bc 1: Cng tc chun b:

+ Nhn lc

+ a ch thu thp ti liu: phng nng nghip, trung tm d bo kh

tng thy vn ca vng, thng tin d bo thi tit trn truyn hnh, i,

bo.

Bc 2: Tin hnh thu thp thng tin v ch nhit ca vng nui

+ Bng thng k nhit hng thng, nm.

+ Biu bin i nhit hng thng, nm.

Bc 3: Kt lun nhit vng nui.

Thng qua tm hiu ch nhit a ra kt lun nhit trung

bnh ca vng nui t a ra quyt nh la chn thi v nui.

Trong thc t, nhit cua sinh trng v pht trin dao ng t

22 280C.

- Ch ma

Ma bo c th lm c r ng tht thot ra khi vng nui, ph v

h thng cng trnh nui.

Vit Nam c lng ma trung bnh hng nm t 1.500 n 2.000

mm. m khng kh trn di 80%. Do nh hng gi ma v s phc

tp v a hnh nn Vit Nam thng gp bt li v thi tit nh bo, l lt,

hn hn.

- Phng php xc nh ch ma ca vng nui c th:

Bc 1: Cng tc chun b:

+ Nhn lc

+ a ch thu thp ti liu: phng nng nghip, trung tm d bo kh

tng thy vn ca vng, thng tin d bo thi tit trn truyn hnh, i,

bo.

Bc 2: Tin hnh thu thp thng tin v lng ma ca vng nui

48

+ Bng thng k lng ma hng thng, nm.

+ Biu bin i lng ma hng thng, nm

Bc 3: Kt lun lng ma vng nui.

Thng qua tm hiu thng tin v lng ma a ra kt lun lng

ma trung bnh ca vng nui t a ra quyt nh la chn thi v

nui.

Khng nn chn thi im th ging vo ma ma. min Bc ma

ma tp trung vo thng 5 8, min Trung t thng 8 11 v min Nam

t 7 11.

7. Tm hiu iu kin kinh t - x hi

7.1. iu kin kinh t

- Tm hiu v tim lc kinh t vng cn chn xy dng ao nui, vng nui c r ng pht trin trong tng lai.

- Tm hiu v mc thu nhp v u t ca ngi dn vng nui.

- Phng php xc nh iu kin kinh t:

Bc 1: Tm hiu qua thng tin, tng hp ca phng kinh t ca x, huyn, tnh.

Bc 2: Kho st, iu tra thng qua phiu iu tra vi nhng tiu ch sau:

+ Mc thu nhp nhn khu/nm.

+ Ngun thu chnh t ngh nui g?

+ Kh nng u t nui thy sn/ nm ca ngi dn...

Bc 3: Kt lun v kh nng kinh t ca a phng tin hnh xy dng vng nui c r ng.

7.2. iu kin x hi

- iu kin x hi l kh nng v dn tr, trnh vn ha, chnh tr ca cng ng nui c r ng.

- Thc hin tm him iu kin x hi:

Bc 1: iu tra qua phng thng k trnh vn ha ti a phng ni chn nui c r ng.

Bc 2: Tm hiu trc tip qua phiu iu tra thng qua cc tiu ch:

+ Mt bng dn tr ti a phng

+ Hot ng cng ng trong nui thy sn

+ C t chc hp tc x thy sn khng

49

+ Kh nng quan tm v thy sn ca cn b a phng.

Bc 3: Kt lun v iu kin x hi vng nui c r ng.


1. Cc cu hi:

Cu hi 1:Nu cc bc xc nh pH t ?

2. Cc bi thc hnh:

2.1. Bi thc hnh s 1.2.1: Xc nh loi t bng phng php sa lng

- Mc tiu:

M t phng php xc nh loi t bng phng php sa lng;

Thc hin c cc bc ly mu t, kim tra c cht t ti ni chn xy dng ao nui.

- Ngun lc:

+ Xng: 1 ci/ 1 nhm 5 hc vin

+ Cuc: 1 ci/ 1 nhm 5 hc vin

+ Bnh thy tinh: 1 ci/ 1 nhm 5 hc vin

+ Thc o: 1 ci/ 1 nhm 5 hc vin

- Cch thc thc hin: chia lp thnh 5- 6 nhm, mi nhm 5 hc vin.

- Nhim v ca nhm khi thc hin bi tp:

+ Chun b dng c

+ Xc nh im thu mu t

+ Tin hnh thu mu t

+ Chuyn mu t v phng

+ Ha tan t vi nc

+ Xc nh t l t, ct xc nh loi t.

- Thi gian hon thnh: 3 gi.

- Kt qu v tiu chun sn phm cn t c sau bi thc hnh:

STT Cc hot ng S lng v cht lng sn phm

1 Chun b dng c X hoc ti 10 chic; x nha, ti linon chc chn khng b thng hoc rch.

Cuc xng 2-3 chic; chc chn.

Cc thy tinh 100ml 2- 3 chic; trong

50

sut khng b thng.

a thy tinh 1- 2 chic.

Thc thng loi 20- 30cm; chia vch r rng.

Bt d 2- 3 chic.

2 Xc nh im thu mu 5- 10 im; trn din tch ao 1.000- 5.000m

2.

3 Ly mu t Ly t cho vo chu, ti v nh du im; ly t theo 2 tng mt v tng su 1-2m.

4 Ha tan t vo nc Ly nc vo bnh vi lng nc 1/2 - 2/ 3 bnh, t c cho t t v ha tan hon ton trong nc.

5 Xc nh % t, ct ct sa lng hon ton; dung thc o v tnh % ct.

i chiu vi tiu chun xc nh loi t.

2.2. Bi thc hnh s 1.2.2: Kim tra pH

- Mc tiu:

M t phng php xc nh pH t bng my v kim tra nhanh;

Thc hin c cc bc ly mu t, kim tra c pH cht t ti ni chn xy dng ao nui.

- Ngun lc:

+ Xng: 1 ci/ 1 nhm 5 hc vin

+ Bnh thy tinh: 1 ci/ 1 nhm 5 hc vin

+ Thc o: 1 ci/ 1 nhm 5 hc vin

+ Giy qu: 1 b/ 1 nhm 5 hc vin

+ My o pH: 1 ci/ 1 nhm 5 hc vin



+ Chun b dng c, my mc.

+ Xc nh im thu mu t

51

+ o trc tip bng my ngoi thc a (i vi o bng my)

+ Tin hnh thu mu t (i vi phng php kim tra nhanh)

+ Chuyn mu t v phng hong kh (nu lng nc nhiu)

+ Ly nc ct vo bnh thy tinh (kim tra li pH nc trong bnh b ng giy qu)

+ Ha tan t vi nc (nn ha t vo nc trng thi ha tan bo ha)

+ Nhng giy qu vo cc ha tan v so mu xc nh pH t.




1 Chun b dng c X hoc ti 10 chic; x nha, ti linon chc chn khng b thng hoc rch.

Cuc 2-3 chic; chc chn.

Cc thy tinh 100ml 2- 3 chic; trong sut khng b thng.

a thy tinh 1- 2 chic.

Bt d 2- 3 chic.

My o pH.

Hp giy qu (giy qu v bng so mu).

2 Xc nh im thu mu 5- 10 im; trn din tch ao 1.000- 5.000m

2.

3 o pH t bng my Cm trc tip u my xung v tr t cn kim tra, c kt qu hin th pH.

4 Ly mu t Ly t cho vo chu, ti v nh du im; ly t theo 2 tng mt v tng su 1-2m.

5 Hong kh t Hong t trong phng, khng cho t tip xc trc tip vi nh sang mt tri; t ro ht nc.

6 Ha tan t vo nc Ly nc vo bnh vi lng nc

52

1/2 - 2/ 3 bnh, t c cho t t v ha tan hon ton trong nc.

7 Xc nh pH t bng giy qu

Nhng giy qu vo dung dch.

So mu, i chiu vi bng mu xc nh pH t.

3. Kim tra:

- Ni dung kim tra: kim tra pH t

- Thi gian kim tra: 2 gi

- Phng php t chc kim tra: t chc ngi hc thao tc k nng

chun b dng c v o pH ngoi thc a.

- Sn phm t c: hc vin thc hin ng thao tc o pH; c kt

qu v nh gi kt qu.

C. Ghi nh:

Hong kh mu t trong phng, khng tip xc trc tip vi nh sng mt tri vic xc nh pH c chnh xc.

Ly nc ha tan t kim tra pH t phi l nc tinh khit pH nc bng 7.

53

Bi 3: V s ao nui

M bi: M01- 03

Mc tiu:

- Trnh by c cc tiu chun ao nui; cc bc v s ao, b v cng;

- V c s ao, b v cng;

- Tun th ng cc yu cu k thut.

A. Ni dung:

1. Tiu chun ao nui:

1.1. Hnh dng ao:

Xc nh din tch ao nui c r ng nhm mc ch tin hnh v s v xy dng ao nui ph hp.

Ao nui c r ng c nhiu hnh dng khc nhau, v hnh dng ao khng phi l nhn t quyt nh n vic nui c r ng thng phm t nng sut hay khng.

Hin nay, ao nui c r ng thng c hnh dng ch nht l thch hp cho qu trnh b tr dy ao, qun l, nh bt v thi cng. Ao hnh ch nht thng chn chiu di ln hn chiu rng t 2 - 6 ln.

Hnh 1.3.1: S b tr ao nui

1.2. Din tch ao, su nc ao:

- Din tch ca ao tu thuc vo mc ch s dng, quy m hot ng ca tng c s nui.

54

- Din tch ao nui c th thay i, vic xc nh din tch ao ca tng h

thng ao phi tnh ton tng hp da vo:

+ iu kin a l vng min.

+ Yu cu i tng nui v k thut nui.

+ Tnh ton chi ph xy dng trn mt din tnh ao.

- Din tch ao nui c r ng thng phm ph bin cc c s nui t

1.000- 5.000m2/ao, trong :

+ Chiu rng ao: 25- 50m.

+ Chiu di ao: 40- 100m.

- su mc nc ao ty thuc vo tng giai on pht trin ca c. Khi

giai on mi th, c cn nh th mc nc thng thp. Khi c pht trin ln

hn theo thng nui th mc nc c tng dn ln.

- su mc nc cn ty thuc vo hnh thc nui nh nui thm

canh, bn thm canh th mc nc thng thp hn so vi hnh thc nui nui

cng nghip.

- Thng thng hin nay ao nui c r ng thng dao ng t 1,2-

2,0m nc, trong :

+ Khi c ging mi th mc nc cp vo t 1,2- 1,3m nc.

+ Sau 1,5- 2,0 thng nui mc nc tng ln khong 1,5m nc

+ Sau hai thng nui mc nc lun gi n nh t 1,7- 2,0m nc.

1.3. Kch thc b ao

- Kch thc b ao c xc nh l kch thc chiu rng y b ao v

kch thc chiu rng mt b ao.

- Kch thc b ao ln, nh cn ph thuc vo cht t xy dng b.

Nu l t st hoc t tht nng th xy dng b thng nh hn vng c cht

t l t tht nh hoc t ct.

- Kch thc b ao cn t l thun vi chiu cao b ao. cao ca b ao

cng ln th kch thc b cng rng. Nn khi xc nh, tnh ton kch thc b

ao thng i km vi chiu cao ca b ao hay ni cch khc l cn c vo

su ca ao cn xy dng.

- B ao va l ni chn gi nc, c va l ng lu thng vn chuyn

qua li. B ao c loi ch ngn mt ao, c loi ngn hai ao ( b lin ao) v b

bao, nn cc loi b ny cng c kch thc khc nhau.

- Chiu rng b ao ph bin vi chiu cao b t 2- 2,5m qua bng sau:

55

Bng 1.3.1: Chiu rng ca b ao

Loi b ao L ng giao thng chnh(m)

Khng phi l ng giao thng chnh (m)

B lin ao 5-6 3-4

B ao 4 3

B bn, b bao 5-6 4

1.4. Cng cp v thot nc

- Cng cp l cng dng ly nc t ngoi mi trng vo ao nui, cng cp thng b tr dng cng ni tip xc trc tip vi h thng knh cp nc.

Tiu chun ca cng cp l cung cp nc cho ao mt cch d dng nhanh chng vo ao nui.

- Cng thot l cng dng thot nc t ao ra mi trng bn ngoi. Cng thot thng b tr cao trnh cng pha y thp, dng cng chm tip xc trc tip vi h thng knh thot nc.

- Cng thot l cng dng iu tit nc trong ao. Cng thot ch yu s dng thot nc ra ngoi mi trng.

Tiu chun ca cng thot l tho nc t ao ra ngoi mi trng d dng, nhanh chng v thao tc vn hnh n gin.

- Cng c 2 dng chnh: cng n gin v cng kin c.

Trong 2 dng cng trn c th phn loi c th sau:

+ Cng n gin.

+ Cng vn phai.

+ Cng bc thang.

+ Cng ba l.

- Hin nay, thng thng cng n gin v cng vn phai thng s dng lm cng cp v khu thng ln, cp nc nhanh, d thao tc.

- Cng dng bc thang, cng 3 l thng dng lm cng thot v kh nng tin dng ca dng cng ny. c bit khi thot nc, cng d thot nc tng phn trong ao ty vo mc nc cn tiu.

- Cng n gin l loi cng c t xuyn qua b ao cao ngang vi mc nc yu cu thp nht trong ao.

Vt liu lm cng: ng nha, ng snh hoc b tng.

56

ng knh ng cng ty thuc vo lng nc v thi gian cp nc, thng t 30- 60cm.

Hai u cng nh ra khi b ao 30-50cm trnh xi mn l b.

Ming cng pha ngoi ao lun gn bng mt khung li ngn rc lm tc cng. Kch thc mt li 2a = 6- 10mm.

Np cng ng m c iu chnh mc nc trong ao.

u im: chi ph thp, d thi cng, ph hp vi ao nh.

Nhc im: d h hng, thi gian s dng ngn, phi sa cha thng xuyn.

Hnh 1.3.3: Loi cng cp nc n gin

Hnh 1.3.2b: ng cng b tng Hnh 1.3.2a: ng cng nha

57

- Cng dng vn phai: cng gm ba b phn.

+ Nn cng: C tc dng gi cho cng n nh, bn vng, b cng phi

xy trn nn t vng chc, c m nn k, c th ng thm bch n t 16

- 25 cy/m2. Sau khi ng mng v m nn k chng ta lt mt lp b tng

4 x 6 dy t 10 - 20 cm cho nn c vng chc. B cng c th xy bng gch

hay c bng b tng mc 150 - 200 kg/cm2.

+ ng cng: Nn dng loi ng b tng c sn c th c li thp hoc

khng. Cng chu nn ca cng phi t 150 - 200 kg/cm2. ng cng

thng khng chiu di, v vy khi t ng cng thng ch n cc khp

ni cho chc. Thng ngay ti khp ni ngi ta xy mt lp gch gi cht

v bt cc khp ni. ng knh ng cng ty thuc khi lng nc ca ao v

yu cu thi gian cp tiu nc. Thng thng thi gian tiu cn mt ao mt

khong 2 - 3 gi. Do ao 1000 m2 th cn ng ng c ng knh khong 40

cm.

Vic tnh ton ng knh ng tng i phc tp. Ta c th tham kho

bng sau:

Stb: din tch trung bnh= (din tch mt nc + dn tch y ao)/2

h: chnh lch ct nc bnh qun: l cao chnh lch mc nc trong

ao v mc nc bn ngoi (knh hoc sng).

Bng 1.3.2: Bng tra ng knh ng cng (cm)

Din

tch

trung

bnh

(m2)

Chnh

lch

ct

nc

(m)

Mc nc trong ao (m)

1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5

Thi gian cp (tiu) nc (gi)

2,5

5 10 2,5 5 10 2,5 5 10 2,5 5 10

500 0,2 35 25 15 40 30 20 45 35 25 50 40 30

0,4 30 20 15 35 25 20 40 30 20 45 35 25

0,6 25 20 10 30 25 15 35 30 20 40 35 25

0,8 25 20 10 30 25 15 35 25 15 40 30 20

1000 0,2 50 35 25 60 40 30 70 50 35 75 55 40

0,4 40 30 20 50 35 25 60 40 30 65 45 30

0,6 35 30 20 45 30 20 50 35 25 60 40 30

0,8 35 25 15 40 30 20 50 35 25 55 40 30

1500 0,2 55 40 30 70 50 35 80 55 40 90 70 40

0,4 45 40 25 60 45 30 65 50 35 70 60 40

0,6 40 35 20 55 40 25 60 50 30 65 55 35

58

0,8 40 30 20 50 40 25 55 45 30 65 50 35

2000 0,2 70 50 35 85 60 40 95 70 50 110 75 55

0,4 55 40 30 70 50 35 80 60 40 90 60 45

0,6 55 35 25 65 45 30 75 50 35 80 60 40

0,8 50 35 25 60 40 30 70 50 35 80 55 40

2500 0,2 80 60 40 100 70 50 110 80 55 120 90 65

0,4 70 50 35 80 65 40 95 75 50 100 85 55

0,6 60 50 30 75 55 35 85 65 40 95 75 50

0,8 60 45 30 70 55 35 80 60 40 90 70 45

3000 0,2 110 75 55 130 95 65 150 110 75 170 120 85

0,4 90 65 45 110 80 55 130 90 65 140 100 70

0,6 80 60 40 100 70 50 120 85 60 130 90 65

0,8 75 55 35 95 65 45 110 75 55 120 85 60

+ Thn cng: Thn cng c tit din hnh ch U, b lm quay vo trong

ao n nc. Tng cng dy 12 cm. B rng 50 -100 cm. Pha trong c 2 -

3 khe phai lp vn phai, khe phai rng 5 - 10 mm, su 5 - 10 mm. Thn cng

thng c xy bng gch hay b tng hay b tng ct thp, c cng chu

lc 100 - 150 kg/cm2. Tm vn phai dy 3 - 4 cm; cao 10-50 cm; di ty theo

ming cng 50 - 100 cm. Kch thc chiu di thn cng ph thuc vo v tr

t.

- Cng dng bc thang:

Nn cng v ng cng cng ging nh cng vn phai nhng thn cng

ngi ta thit k theo hnh bc thang ln xung thao tc d dng v c th

khng ch mc nc trong ao theo su thch hp. S lng bc cng c th

thay i t 3 - 5 bc ty theo yu cu ca ao c. Thn cng c th lm bng

gch xy hay c b tng, cng chu lc khng nh hn 100 kg/cm2. Np

cng thit k theo hnh nn ct gi c nc. Np cng c c bng b

tng trn np c khuyn st d m.

59

Hnh 1.3.4: Cng dng bc thang

- Cng dng 3 l:

Nn cng v ng cng ba l cng ging nh cng vn phai nhng thn

cng ngi ta xy kn thnh mt hnh tr vung tit din 50 x 50 cm, tng dy

10 cm, xy bng gch hay c b tng. B mt cng hng v pha ao c

thit k lm ba l trn vi ng knh 20 - 25cm. Trn mt cng c mt l

cng. Thng thng ngi tit k cng ba l qun l mc nc ao theo ba

mc nc.

2. Chun b dng c:

- Yu cu:

+ S lng: dng c m bo y v s lng thc hin ln s . S lng ny nhiu t ty thuc vo thc t thc hin, din tch cn ln s v tin hnh cm tiu ngoi thc a.

+ Cht lng: dng c c kim tra, la chn cn thn.

+ Chng loi: dng c ln s trn giy l giy A0, A3, A4 , bt, thc k, compa, my tnh tay

- Dng c dng cm tiu thc a l thc ngm, thc dy, dy buc, dy cng lm vch, cc tre cm tiu.

3. V mt bng ao

- Mt bng ao l thc hin v hnh dng, kch thc ao ngoi thc t phn nh ln giy theo t l nht nh.

60

- Cc bc v mt bng ao

+ Bc 1: Di t giy A0 ln mt bng phng (bn hoc nn t).

+ Bc 2: V chiu di ao bng 2 ng k song song trn kh giy A0, c trng cho 2 b i din chy theo chiu di ca ao.

Trn ng k c ghi ch kch thc, n vi tnh l mt (m).

+ Bc 3: V chiu rng ao bng 2 ng k song song vung gc vi 2 ng chiu di ao trn kh giy A0. Biu din cho 2 ng ny l b i din chy theo chiu rng ca ao.

Trn ng k c ghi ch kch thc, n vi tnh l mt (m).

+ Bc 4: V hnh chiu thng xung to thnh mt y ca ao v c trng su ca ao.

+ Bc 5: Ghi ch loi hnh v mt bng, hng ao, t l ngoi thc a...

4. V s b

4.1. V chiu rng mt b

- Yu cu v chiu rng mt b: th hin r rng trn giy, d c, d hiu khi thc hin xy dng ngoi thc t.

- Phng php thc hin gm 2 phng php:

+ Phng php 1: l v trc tip ln bn v mt bng ao v ghi ch cn thn chnh xc.

u im ca phng php ny l t bn v, d hiu, tit kim thi gian thc hin v s .

Nhc im l bn v nhiu chi tit, phc tp v thng nhm ln kh thc hin i vi ngi nng dn khi xy dng.

+ Phng php 2: l v tch ring khng chung vi bn v mt bng ao v ghi ch cn thn chnh xc.

u im ca phng php ny l v t chi tit, r rng, d hiu, d thc hin xy dng.

Nhc im ca phng php ny l nhiu bn v, tn thi gan thc hin v s .

- Thng thng khi v s ao, ngi v thng v kt hai phng php trn. l vn v mt bng tng th bit c cc chi tit, ngoi ra vn v thnh bn chi tit ring.

Nu v mt bng tng th th v v ghi ch nhng hng mc chnh, n gin khng cn chi tit. Mun hiu ht chi tit th v tip bn chi tit ring tng hng mc.

61

- Thc hin v:

+ V theo phng php 1:

K hai ng nt nh, hoc mu khc song song vi ng chiu di ao. V trc tip trn bn v mt bng ao, ghi ch kch thc chiu rng mt b ao.

K tip 2 ng song song nh trn nhng theo chiu rng ao th hin kch thc mt b theo chiu rng.

+ V theo phng php 2:

V mt hnh bc thang ra kh giy A3 hoc A4.

Ghi ch phn y nh, pha trn ca hnh thang l chiu rng ca mt b ao nui c r ng.

4.2. V chiu cao b

- Chiu cao b c tnh t y ao n mt b ao.

- Chiu cao b c 2 phn chnh:

+ Chiu cao mc nc: c tnh t y ao n mt nc ao, chiu cao ny hay c gi l su mc nc ao.

+ Chiu cao siu b ( cao mc nc an ton): c tnh t mt nc ao n mt b. Chiu cao ny thng cao hn mc nc cao nht t 40- 60cm.

- Thc hin v chiu cao b:

+ Bc 1: v mt ng thng t trn xung theo chiu thng ng t mt b xung y b (v t y nh hnh thang xung y ln hnh thang)

+ Bc 2: phn chia thnh 2 phn l phn chiu cao mc nc v chiu cao siu b

+ Bc 3: ghi ch s liu tng phn, n v tnh l m.

Hnh 1.3.5: Bn v mt ct b ao

62

4.3. V mi b

- dc b ao (h s mi b ao m): thng c biu din bi cotg gc

hp bi mi nghing ca b ao v mt phng nm ngang.

Hnh 1.3.6: Bn v th hin mi b ao

Th d: mi b c cao h = 2 m, y b = 3 m

th m = b/h = 3/2 = 1,5

Vy h s mi ca b ao l m = 1,5. Nu h s mi cng ln th gc

cng nh, b ao cng vng. Tham kho h s mi b theo loi t bng di

y:

Bng 1.3.3: H s mi b ca cc loi t

Loi t m t nhin m thit k

t st nh, t tht nng, t tht va 1 1,5-2

t tht nh 1,25 1,5-2

t tht pha ct hay ct si 1,5 2-2,5

t ct pha st 1,5-2 2,5-3

V d cc nhm t vng ng Bng sng Cu Long thng thuc t

tht v t st. V vy h s mi b ao thng chn m = 1 - 2.

- Mi b c v trc tip ln bn v b ao trn v ghi ch h s ty

thuc vo cht t thng qua bng tiu chun.

4.4. V chiu rng y b

- Chiu rng y b: l th hin phn chn ca b, vic xc nh chiu rng y b tnh ton h s mi b, thoi ca b.

- Chiu rng ca y b ty thuc vo cht t. Nu l t ct th y b thng ln, cn t tht th chiu rng y b nh hn v t st thng y b nh nht.

63

- Yu cu v chiu rng y b: th hin r rng trn giy, d c, d hiu khi thc hin xy dng ngoi thc t.

- Thc hin v:

+ Trn bn v chiu rng mt b th mt b th hin y nh ca hnh thang, c ghi ch kch thc.

+ y ln ca hnh thang th hin chiu rng ca y b ao.

5. V s cng

5.1. V v tr cng

- Xc nh v tr ca cng cp gn vi cao trnh y pha b cao v gn ngun nc cp.

- V tr ca cng thot gn vi cao trnh y pha b thp v gn vi h thng knh thot nc.

- Thc hin v v tr cng:

+ nh du v tr cng cp, cng thot trn bn v b ao.

+ Ghi ch cao trnh y ca tng loi cng.

5.2. Chn loi cng

- Vic chn loi cng ph thuc vo kch thc b, din tch ao nui. Nu kch thc b nh, din tch ao nh th ln chn loi cng n gin thip k v lp t cho ao.

Nu b chc chn, kch thc ln, din tch ao ln th nn chn loi cng l cng vn phai kt hp vi cng dng bc thang.

- Vic chn cng cn ph thuc vo mc ch s dng ca cng nh cng cp th nn chn loi cng n gin hoc cng vn phai. Cng thot th chn loi cng bc thang hoc cng ba l.

5.3. V mt ct ngang, dc ca cng

- V mt ct cng n gin:

64

Hnh 1.3.7: Bn v loi cng n gin

- V mt ct cng vn phai:

Hnh 1.3.8: Bn v kt cu cng vn phai

65

- V mt ct cng bc thang:

Hnh 1.3.9: Bn v cng bc thang

- V mt ct cng 3 l:

Hnh 1.3.10: Bn v cng dng 3 l

R1

R2

Np cng

Ming cng

R2

R1

Bn knh ming cngR1

R2 Bn knh ming np

Ghi ch

66


1. Cc cu hi:

Cu hi 1: M t cc bc thc hin v s ao nui?

Cu hi 2: Thc hin v h thng cng?

2. Cc bi thc hnh:

2.1. Bi thc hnh s 1.3.1: V mt bng ao

- Mc tiu:

Thc hin c cc bc v mt bng ao nui c r ng trn giy.

- Ngun lc:

+ Giy Ao: 10 t

+ Bt: 5 chic.

+ Thc: 03 chic

+ Compa: 02 chic



+ Chun b dng c

+ Di giy A0 ln mt bng

+ Thc hin v mt bng ao

+ Ghi ch t l, kch thc, n v.




1 Chun b dng c Giy A0 10 t, c kim tra m bo khng b rch.

Bt 5 chic, chia lm 2 loi mu khc nhau.

Thc 03 chic, loi kch thc 30cm 2 chic; loi 100cm 1 chic.

Compa: 02 chic

2 Di giy A0 ln mt bng

Di 1 t giy A0 ln mt phng, m bo giy c tri phng hon ton.

67

3 Thc hin v mt bng ao

V hnh dng ao, chiu di ao, chiu rng, su ca ao.

su ao c v bng mu mc khc chiu di, rng ca ao.

4 Ghi ch t l, kch thc, n v.

Ghi ch chiu di, chiu rng, chiu su ao, ghi ch n v tnh l m.

2.2. Bi thc hnh s 1.3.2: V s cng

- Mc tiu:

Thc hin c cc bc v mt s cng ao nui c r ng trn giy.

- Ngun lc:

+ Bn v mt bng ao: 01 bn

+ Giy A3, A4: 10 t

+ Bt: 5 chic.

+ Thc: 03 chic

+ Compa: 02 chic



+ Chun b dng c

+ Di bn v mt bng ao, giy A3 hoc A4 ln mt bng

+ Thc hin v s b ao

+ Ghi ch t l, kch thc, n v.




1 Chun b dng c Bn v mt bng ao: 01 bn

Giy A3, A4 10 t, c kim tra m bo khng b rch.

Bt 5 chic, chia lm 2 loi mu khc nhau.

Thc 03 chic, loi kch thc 30cm 2 chic; loi 100cm 1 chic.

Compa: 02 chic

68

2 Di bn v mt bng ao, giy A3 hoc A4 ln mt bng

Di bn v mt bng ao, giy A3 hoc A4 ln mt bng, m bo giy c tri phng hon ton.

3 Thc hin v s cng V loi cng, v tr cng, kch thc cng.

V tc tip vo bn mt bng ao 1 bn.

V tch ring ra kh giy A3 hoc A4 mt bn.

4 Ghi ch t l, kch thc, n v.

Ghi ch loi cng.

Kch thc cng, n v tnh m.

C. Ghi nh:

Nn chn loi cng n gin cho cng cp v cng bc thang cho cng thot .

Ghi ch t l, n v gia cc bn v phi thng nht.

69

Bi 4: Cm tiu ngoi thc a

M bi: M01- 04

Mc tiu:

- Trnh by c cc bc cm tiu ao, cm tiu b v cm tiu cng ngoi thc a;

- Thc hin c cng tc chun b dng c, nhn lc, cm tiu ao, cm tiu b v cm tiu cng ngoi thc a.

A. Ni dung:

1. Chun b dng c, nhn lc

1.1. Chun b dng c

- Yu cu v s lng:

Dng c m bo y v s lng thc hin cm tiu ngoi thc

a.

S lng ny nhiu t ty thuc vo thc t thc hin, din tch cn ln

s v tin hnh cm tiu ngoi thc a.

- Yu cu v cht lng:

Dng c c kim tra, la chn cn thn.

Dng c n nh ngoi mi trng nng gi trong mt khong thi gian

di.

- Yu cu v chng loi:

Dng c gin tip ph v cm tiu ngoi thc a gm bn v s ao

nui, b ao, cng.

Dng c s dng trc tip nh cc tre, dy cng, thc dy, thc thng,

cuc, xng, ba

Dng c ph tr nh bo h lao ng, bt, giy, my tnh tay...

70

Hnh 1.4.1: Mt s dng c phc v cm tiu ngoi thc a

1.2. Chun b nhn lc

- Yu cu v s lng: t nht phi c 4 ngi c trang b bo h lao

ng y .

- Yu cu v cht lng: m bo sc khe tt thc hin ngoi thc

a nng, gi

2. Cm tiu ao

2.1. Cm tiu hnh dng ao

- Cm tiu ao l thc hin cm ngoi thc a thng qua vic xc nh din tch ao trn.

- Trnh t cm tiu c thc hin nh sau:

+ Bc 1: Cm cc tiu vng c xc nh xy dng ao nui

71

Hnh 1.4.2: Cm cc tiu xy dng ao

+ Bc 2: Cm cc tiu 4 gc theo dng ao xc nh( hnh ch nht)

+ Bc 3: Tin hnh ngm cc im xen k cc cnh chiu di v chiu rng ca ao. Cc cc c cm theo t l khong 10m th cm 1 cc ly im tiu thng hng hai gc ao.

+ Bc 4: Dng dy cng gi cc im vi nhau hnh thnh hnh dng cng nh din tch ao cn xy dng

im A: im gia ao theo chiu rng

Chiu rng mt b

chiu rng

y ao

A C B D

E1

F

D1

B1

E

1

Mt t

t nhin

Hnh 1.4.2: Cm tiu, cng dy nh dng b ao

Cc tiu

Dy nylon

72

im B: im chn b o

AB = chiu rng y ao

im C: Chn b p

BC = (1-1,5) x su o

im D: Mt b

CD = (1-1,5) x cao p

im E: Mt b

DE: Chiu rng mt b

im F: Chn b p

EF = (1-1,5) x cao p

Tin hnh cm tng b cc tiu theo sut chiu di ao vi khong cch 4-5m/b

2.2. Cm tiu b

- Sau khi cm tiu hnh thnh hnh dng v din tch ca ao th tin hnh cm tiu b p b ao.

- Phng php cm tiu b ao nh sau:

+ Bc 1: Xc nh chiu rng y b: t 4- 5m v cm tiu theo chiu rng y hai bn, s lng cc tiu c cm ty thuc vo chiu di ca tng cnh trong ao. Khong cch gia cc cc tiu t 5- 10m.

+ Bc 2: Xc nh chiu rng ca mt b: t 2- 4 m v cm cc tiu theo chiu rng mt b. Cc cc tiu c cm thng hng v song song vi cc tiu chiu rng y b.

Lu : Cc cm tiu chiu rng mt b phi c chiu cao ln hn hoc bng chiu cao b xc nh (cc cao 2m)

+ Bc 3: Thc hin cng dy ni li nhng cc tiu ca chiu rng y b to thnh hai ng thng song song (thng to hng dy st y cc)

+ Bc 4: Thc hin cng dy ni li nhng cc tiu ca chiu rng b mt b to thnh hai ng thng song song (thng to hng dy cch chn cc t 0,8- 1,5m)

73

Cm cc tiu thng ng vi mt t ti hai im A v B

Ngi th nht ng A, ngi th hai cm cc tiu dng thng ng mt im C

Ngi th nht ra hiu ngi th hai iu chnh v tr cc tiu cho n khi ngi th nht thy cc tiu A (ch mnh ng) che lp hai cc tiu B v C.

Khi ba im A, B, C thng hng.

Kt thc qu trnh cm tiu b ao s hnh thnh h thng b m phng bng cc tiu v dy cng, b m phng c hnh thanh. y ln l chiu rng y b v y nh l chiu rng mt b lm cn c tin hnh thi cng xy dng b ao nui.

3. Cm tiu cng

- Cng c xy dng trn h thng b ao nn sau khi hnh thnh b ao th tin hnh cm tiu cng.

- Trnh t cm tiu cng c thc hin nh sau:

+ Cm tiu v tr cng cp.

+ Cm tiu v tr cng thot.

+ Cm tiu cao ca y cng cp.

+ Cm tiu cao ca y cng thot.

+ Cm tiu thn cng.

+ Cm tiu khu cng.

Hnh 1.4.3:Cm tiu nh tuyn b ao

74


1. Cc cu hi:

Cu hi 1: M t cc bc thc hin cm tiu b ao ngoi thc a?

2. Cc bi thc hnh:

2.1. Bi thc hnh s 1.4.1: Cm tiu ao

- Mc tiu:

Thc hin c cc bc cm tiu ao nui c r ng ngoi thc a.

- Ngun lc:

+ Thc dy: 03 chic.

+ Thc di: 02 chic.

+ Cc tre: 40 cc.

+ Dy: 500m.

+ Bn v mt bng ao: 01 bn.



+ Chun b dng c.

+ Cm tiu hnh dng ao theo 4 gc.

+ Ngm tiu cm xen k cc cc tiu.

+ Dng dy cng gia cc cc tiu.




1 Chun b dng c Thc dy 03 chic, 2 chic loi di

30-50m, 01 chic loi di 5m.

Thc di 02 chic, loi di 2m.

Cc tre 40 cc chia lm 2 loi, loi

ngn 1- 1,5 v loi di 2-3m.

Dy nilon 500m

Bn v mt bng ao: 01 bn

2 Cm tiu hnh dng ao theo 4 gc

Cm tiu cc ngn theo 4 gc chc chn thao hnh ch nht ao.

75

3 Ngm tiu cm xen k cc cc tiu

Ngm tiu cm xen k cc cc tiu di khong 5- 10m cm mt cc

4 Dng dy cng gia cc cc tiu.

Dng dy cng gia cc cc tiu hnh thnh chiu di, rng ca ao.

2.2. Bi thc hnh s 1.4.2: Cm tiu cng

- Mc tiu:

Thc hin c cc bc cm tiu ao nui c r ng ngoi thc a.

- Ngun lc:

+ Thc dy: 01 chic.

+ Thc di: 02 chic.

+ Cc tre: 20 cc.

+ Dy: 200m.

+ Bn v s cng: 01 bn.



+ Chun b dng c.

+ Cm tiu v tr xy dng cng.

+ Cm tiu kch thc cng.

+ Dng dy cng gia cc cc tiu.




1 Chun b dng c Thc dy 01 chic, loi di 5m.

Thc di 02 chic, loi di 2m.

Cc tre 20 cc chia lm 2 loi, loi ngn 1- 1,5 v loi di 2-3m.

Dy nilon 200m

Bn v s cng: 01 bn

2 Cm tiu v tr xy dng cng

Cm tiu v tr xy dng cng cp, cng thot.

76

3 Cm tiu kch thc cng

Cm tiu kch thc cng; khu , cao trnh y.

4 Dng dy cng gia cc cc tiu.

Dng dy cng gia cc cc tiu ca kch thc cng

3. Kim tra:

- Ni dung kim tra: Thc hin cm tiu b.

- Thi gian kim tra: 2 gi.

- Phng php t chc kim tra: t chc ngi hc thao tc k nng

chun b dng c v cm tiu b ngoi thc a.

- Sn phm t c: hc vin thc hin ng thao tc cm tiu, hnh

thnh hnh dng b, kch thc mt b, y b.

C. Ghi nh:

Cm tiu kch thc b ao ngoi thc a ng theo bn v.

77

Bi 5: Gim st thi cng ao

M bi: M01- 05

Mc tiu:

- M t c cc bc gim st p b v xy dng cng;

- Gim st c cng vic p b v xy dng cng.

A. Ni dung:

1. Chun b:

1.1. Chun b bn v s ao

- Bn v s ao sau khi c ln hon chnh c chun b cho qu trnh theo di thi cng da vo s . S c th l cc dng sau:

+ Bn v s tng th gm: hnh dng kch thc ao, hnh dng kch thc b, hnh dng kch thc cng cp v cng thot.

+ Bn v s chi tit hnh dng kch thc ao: gm hnh dng ao, kch thc chiu di, kch thc chiu rng.

+ Bn v s chi tit b ao: gm chiu rng y ao, chiu rng mt ao v chiu cao b ao.

+ Bn v s chi tit cng cp cng thot: v tr cng cp, cng thot; kiu cng v kch thc cng.

- Chun b s mi loi 2 bn trn 1 nhn lc theo di thi cng.

1.2. Chun b dng c kim tra

- Dng c: thc di, thc dy,...

+ S lng: mi nhn lc kim tra c mt b dng c kim tra

+ Cht lng: thc chun theo tiu chun o lng, cc vch thc r rng, cc s liu trn thc c th phn bit r rng.

- Vt liu: nhng vt liu xy dng i chiu vi vt liu thi cng

2. Gim st p b:

2.1. Gim st cht lng k thut p b

- Yu cu cht lng k thut:

+ Nn b l chc chn.

+ Ct b m bo.

+ Mt b phng.

+ Cc thng s b theo bn v s b.

78

- Trnh t p b:

+ o t, p b ao theo nh tuyn ti thc a ( c thc hin phn cm tiu b ao).

+ Tin hnh o ao, p b ao (theo chiu rng), t u n cui ao. Sau , thc hin tip ao cn li.

Lu khi xy dng b ao nhng vng t ly, nho. B c p ln thnh lp cao 30-50cm, ch cho kh chc ri mi p ln lp tip theo.

Hnh 1.5.1: o, p b ao theo tuyn

+ Tin hnh lm li ( hay gi l tim b): Tim b thng lm bng t t tht (st) m bo chc chn ca b.

Tim b c th lm 2 dng l: b 1 tim v b 2 tim.

Nhng vng t nho th phi quan tm c bit n lm tim b trnh st l sau ny.

79

Hnh 1.5.2: B ao c 2 li bng t st

Hnh 1.5.3: B ao c 1 li bng t st

- Tin hnh gim st k thut

+ Theo di trnh t p b.

+ Theo di k thut nn b v an ton ca b.

80

+ Theo di cc thng s k thut b theo s .

2.2. Kim tra kch thc b ao

- B ao sau khi c p hon thin c th hin y cc tiu ch bn v ra v c thc hin ngoi thc a.

- Tin hnh kim tra cc ch tiu b:

+ o li chiu rng y b v i chiu vi s chi tit b.

+ o li chiu rng mt b v i chiu vi s chi tit b.

+ o li chiu cao ca b v i chiu vi s chi tit b.

Hnh 1.5.5: B sau khi p xong vn cn cc tiu gim st

3. Gim st xy cng:

3.1. Gim st v tr cng

- Gim st v tr xy cng cp v i chiu vi s chi tit.

- Gim st v tr xy cng thot v i chiu vi s chi tit.

3.2. Kim tra kch thc, cht lng xy dng cng

- o li kch thc cng cp v i chiu vi s chi tit .

- o li kch thc cng thot v i chiu vi s chi tit.

- Kim tra cht lng cng thng qua cht liu xy dng, chc chn v an ton ca cng khi lu thng nc.

4. Gim st san y ao

81

Qu trnh san y ao y ao c bng bng v co xu hng nghing v pha cng thot qu trnh thot nc qua cng c hiu qu hn.

Vic san y c tin hnh gim st lin tc y ao m bo theo yu cn thit k.

Hnh 1.5.6: y ao sau khi san xong

5. Kim tra nh gi cht lng ao nui

5.1. Kim tra din tch, su ao

- Ao sau khi xy dng xong c phi ao trong mt thi gian nht nh m bo y kh, b chc chn.

- Trc khi a vo nui c cn kim tra li tng th ao:

+ o li din tch ao t tnh ton s lng c th c hp l vi din tch xy dng ao.

+ o kim tra li su ca ao c k hoch cp nc vo ao theo tiu chun nui c r ng.

5.2. Kim tra cht lng b, cng, y ao

- Sau khi xy dng ao, b cn kim tra li kch thc b v c bit l chc chn, kh nng r r c k hoch x l kp thi.

- Kim tra li cng cp nc vo ao. - Kim tra li pH y ao c k hoch x l pH khi cha t yu cu.


1. Cc cu hi:

82

Cu hi 1: Xc nh kch thc b ao?

2. Cc bi thc hnh:

2.1. Bi thc hnh s 1.5.1: Gim st p b

- Mc tiu:

Thc hin c cc bc gim st thi cng xy dng b ao nui c r ng.

- Ngun lc:

+ Bn v s mt bng ao: 01 bn

+ Bn v s b: 01 bn

+ Thc dy: 01 cun

+ Thc di: 01 chic



+ Chun b dng c

+ Gim st trnh t p b

+ Kim tra li b: chc chn, r r, kch thc y b, mt b, cao b.




1 Chun b dng c Bn v s mt bng ao: 01 bn

Bn v s b: 01 bn

Thc dy 01 cun, loi 30- 50m.

Thc di 01 chic, loi 2- 3m.

2 Gim st trnh t p b Trnh t p b ng k thut, trnh k ba chng ng.

3 Kim tra li b. o li kch thc y b, mt b, cao b v i chiu vi bn v mt bng ao, s b.

chc chn, r r.

2.2. Bi thc hnh s 1.5.2: Gim st xy cng

- Mc tiu:

83

Thc hin c cc bc gim st thi cng xy dng b ao nui c r ng.

- Ngun lc:

+ Bn v s mt bng ao: 01 bn

+ Bn v s cng: 01 bn

+ Thc dy: 01 cun

+ Thc di: 01 chic



+ Chun b dng c

+ Xc nh v tr xy dng cng

+ Gim st trnh t xy dng cng

+ Kim tra li cng: chc chc, cao trnh cng, kch thc cng.




1 Chun b dng c Bn v s mt bng ao: 01 bn

Bn v s cng: 01 bn

Thc dy 01 cun, loi 30m.

Thc di 01 chic, loi 2- 3m.

2 Xc nh v tr xy dng cng

Xc nh v tr xy dng cng cp, cng thot v i chiu vi bn v s cng.

3 Gim st trnh t xy dng cng.

Chn loi cng v khu theo tiu chun.

Trnh t xy dng cng cp, cng thot.

4 Kim tra li cng Kim tra cao trnh y cng thot.

o li kch thc cng v i chiu vi bn v.

C. Ghi nh:

p b ao trnh k ba chng ng, b r r khi a vo s dng.

84

HNG DN GING DY M UN

I. V tr, tnh cht ca m un:

- V tr: M un 01 Xy dng ao nui c c b tr hc u tin trong chng trnh s cp ca ngh Nui c r ng. Vic ging dy m un ny nhm to tin cho vic ging dy cc m un tip theo ca chng trnh.

- Tnh cht: L m un tch hp gia kin thc v k nng thc hnh ngh nghip, nn t chc ging dy ti a bn thn, x ni c ao nui c, c s sn xut c r ng ca ngh.

II. Mc tiu:

- Kin thc:

+ Hiu bit c im hnh thi cu to, dinh dng, sinh trng, sinh sn ca c r ng;

+ Trnh by c tiu ch chn a im xy dng ao nui, v s ao nui, cm tiu ngoi thc a v gim st thi cng ao nui c r ng.

- K nng:

+ Thc hin c vic chn a im xy dng ao nui, v s ao nui, cm tiu ngoi thc a v gim st thi cng ao nui c r ng.

- Thi :

+ Tun th ng quy trnh k thut xy dng ao nui.

III. Ni dung chnh ca m un:

M

bi Tn bi

Loi bi

a im

Thi lng

Tng s

L

thuyt Thc hnh

Kim tra

M1-01 c im sinh hc ca c r ng

Tch

hp Lp hc C s thc hnh

4 4

M1-02 Chn a im xy dng ao

Tch

hp Lp hc C s thc hnh

18 2 14 2

M1-03 V s ao nui Tch hp

Lp hc C s thc hnh

15 2 13

85

M1-04 Cm tiu ngoi thc a

Tch

hp Lp hc

C s thc hnh

18 2 14 2

M1-05 Gim st thi cng

ao

Tch

hp Lp hc

C s thc hnh

17 2 15

Kim tra kt thc m un 4 4

Tng cng 76 12 56 8

IV. Hng dn nh gi kt qu hc tp

4.1. Bi thc hnh 1.2.1: Xc nh loi t bng phng php sa lng

- Hng dn cc nhm t nhn xt, nh gi kt qu bi thc hnh.

- Nu tn v nhc nh nhm in hnh lm cha tt; biu dng nhm, thc hin tt theo quan st ca gio vin.

- Cc nhm khc quan st, nh gi kt qu thc hin k nng bi thc hnh ca nhm c chn v nh gi kt qu ca nhm mnh.

- Gio vin a ra nhn xt cui cng cho nhm c chn v cho c lp hc.

Vic nh gi c th bi thc hnh theo bng sau:

Tiu ch nh gi Cch thc nh gi

Tiu ch 1: Thu c mu t - Quan st thao tc thu

- Cht lng thu mu: ng v tr, mu, nh s mu

Tiu ch 2: Ha tan t vo nc

- Quan st thao tc thc hin

- nh gi kt qu: t ha tan trit trong nc

Tiu ch 3: Xc nh c t l ct, t, st

- Phng php o v c kt qu

- chnh xc ca s liu v kt lun

4.2. Bi thc hnh 1.2.2: Kim tra pH t

- Hng dn cc nhm t nhn xt, nh gi kt qu bi thc hnh

86






Tiu ch 1: Xc nh c gi tr pH bng giy qu

- Quan st qu trnh thc hin: ly mu nc, nhng giy qu, so mu, c kt qu

- nh gi chnh xc ca kt qu o

Tiu ch 2: Xc nh c gi tr pH bng b kim tra nhanh

- Quan st qu trnh thc hin: trng cc ong, ly mu, nh thuc th, so mu v c kt qu

- nh gi chnh xc ca kt qu

Tiu ch 3: o c gi tr pH bng my

- Trnh t thc hin: kim tra my o, hiu chnh, o, c kt qu

- nh gi tin cy ca kt qu o

4.3. Bi tp thc hnh 1.3.1: V mt bng ao







Tiu ch 1: Chun b dng c - Kim tra s lng, cht lng dng c

- nh gi kt qu: s lng, m bo cht lng

Tiu ch 2: Thc hin v mt bng.

- Quan st thao tc v

- nh gi chnh xc.

87

Tiu ch 3: Ghi ch t l trn mt bng.

- nh gi chnh xc.

4.4. Bi thc hnh s 1.3.2: V s cng







Tiu ch 1: Chun b dng c - Kim tra s lng, cht lng dng c

- nh gi kt qu: s lng, m bo cht lng

Tiu ch 2: Thc hin v s . - Quan st thao tc v

- nh gi chnh xc.

Tiu ch 3: Ghi ch t l trn s . - nh gi chnh xc.

4.5. Bi thc hnh s 1.4.1: Cm tiu ao







Tiu ch 1: Cm tiu thng, ng v tr

- Quan st thao tc cm tiu

- nh gi kt qu: ng v tr, s lng

Tiu ch 2: Cng c giy tiu qua cc cc tiu

- nh gi cao, cng ca dy tiu

88

4.6. Bi tp thc hnh 1.4.2: Cm tiu cng







Tiu ch 1: Cm tiu thng, ng v tr

- Quan st thao tc cm tiu

- nh gi kt qu: ng v tr, s lng

Tiu ch 2: Cng c giy tiu qua cc cc tiu

- nh gi cao, cng ca dy tiu

4.7. Bi tp thc hnh 1.5.1: Gim st p b







Tiu ch 1: o kch thc b - Phng php o cc ch s

- chnh xc ca kt qu o

Tiu ch 2: Kim tra li tng th b

- Trnh t tin hnh

- ng kch c theo bn v ao

4.8. Bi tp thc hnh 1.5.2: Gim st xy cng


89






Tiu ch 1: o c kch thc cng

- Phng php o cc ch s

- chnh xc ca kt qu o

Tiu ch 2: Kim tra li tng th cng

- Trnh t tin hnh

- ng kch c theo bn v ao

90

V. Ti liu tham kho

1. Nguyn Vn Vit, Nguyn Chin Vn, gio trnh K thut sn xut ging c nc ngt, Nh xut bn Nng nghip, 2007.

2. Nguyn Thanh Bnh, ng Khoa, gio trnh Qun l cht lng nc trong nui trng thy sn, Nh xut bn Nng nghip, 2007.

3. Nguyn Th Thuyt, gio trnh Cng trnh nui thy sn, Nh xut bn Nng nghip, 2007.

4. Phm Trang & Phm Bu, K thut gy nui mt s loi c sn, Nh xut bn Nng Nghip, 2000

5. Trung tm khuyn ng quc gia, K thut sn xut ging v nui thng phm mt s i tng thu sn nc ngt, nh xut bn Nng Nghip, 2005.

6. Trung tm khuyn ng quc gia, S tay nui mt s i tng thy sn nc ngt, nh xut bn Nng Nghip, 2005.

91

DANH SCH BAN CH NHIM XY DNG CHNG TRNH DY NGH TRNH S CP

NGH: NUI C R NG ( Theo Quyt nh s 874/Q-BNN-TCCB ngy 20 thng 6 nm 2012

ca B trng B nng nghip v pht trin nng thn.)

1. Ch nhim: Nguyn Vn Vit, Hiu trng, Trng Cao ng thy sn

2. Ph ch nhim: Trn Th Anh Th, Chuyn vin, B Nng nghip v PTNT

3. Th k: Ng Th Anh, Trng Khoa, Trng Cao ng thy sn

4. Cc y vin:

- L Vn Thng, Ph hiu trng, Trng Cao ng thy sn

- Vn Sn, Ging vin, Trng Cao ng thy sn

- Nguyn Th Phng Thanh, Trng Khoa, Trng Trung hc thy sn

- H Thanh Tng, Ph trng phng, Trung tm khuyn nng Quc gia

DANH SCH HI NG NGHIM THU CHNG TRNH, GIO TRNH DY NGH TRNH S CP

NGH: NUI C R NG (Theo Quyt nh s 2033 /Q-BNN-TCCB ngy 24 thng 8 nm 2012 ca B

trng B nng nghip v pht trin nng thn.)

1. Ch tch: L Th Minh Nguyt, Ph hiu trng, Trng trung hc thy sn

2. Th k: Hong Ngc Thnh, Chuyn vin, B Nng nghip v PTNT

3. Cc y vin:

- L Vn Thch, Gio vin, Trng trung hc thy sn

- Ng Ch Phng, Ging vin, Trng Cao ng thy sn

- V Minh Hong, Chi cc ph, Chi cc thy sn Ninh Bnh

nuoi ca ro dong

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