NC MA V CHNG TA 100 cch s dng nc ma

NC MA V CHNG TA 100 cch s dng nc ma

Bn ting Anh ca Nhm tc gi Raindrops, Nht Bn (1995)

CC BO V MI TRNG T chc dch v xut bn

Li gii thiu

Chng ti quyt nh dch cun sch ny tr gip Mng li Thng tin v S dng Nc ma Nht Bn v trn ton Th gii. T ngy 01 n ngy 06 thng 08 nm 1994, Hi ngh v S dng nc ma Quc t do Nht Bn ng cai c t chc ti thnh ph Sumida, Tokyo vi ch "S dng nc ma cu Tri t - Xy dng mi quan h thn thit vi nc ma cc thnh ph". Hi tho ln ny do Ban iu hnh Hi ngh S dng nc ma ti Tokyo, chnh quyn thnh ph Sumida v Hip hi cc h thng thu gom nc ma Quc t t chc.

Ngi ta c tnh rng n gia th k 21 c 60% dn s trn th gii sng ti cc khu th. Trong hi tho ny, cc thnh vin a ra nhng tng hay v s dng nc ma v cng nhau tm ra cch tit kim nc ma. Vo ma h nm 1994, Nht Bn b thiu nc nghim trng, do vy hi tho ny c gii thiu rng ri trn cc phng tin truyn thng v c hn 8000 ngi trn ton nc Nht tham gia. C 26 thnh vin nc ngoi, tt c u l nhng nhn vt quan trng trong vic thc y s dng nc ma nc h: t ngi dn, ngi i din ca cc t chc dn s, cn b chnh ph a phng, hc sinh cho n cc nh nghin cu Botswana, Kenya, Tanzania, Trung Quc, Indonesia, Singapo, Srilanka, Thi Lan, an Mch, Php, c, H Lan v M. Ngay t nhng ngy u, h tho lun v cch tit kim nc ma trong cc khu th. Kt qu l c 5 im c rt ra:

1. Dn s Chu , chu Phi v Chu M La tinh s tip tc sng tp trung ti cc thnh ph ln, do , nhng thnh ph ny phi i mt vi vn "Hn hn v l lt trong thnh ph";

2. Nhng bi hc su sc v lng ph v thi nc ma xung cng thot nc ca Tokyo, v mi y, ngi dn Tokyo to ra nhng cng ngh s dng nc ma hiu qu nhm gp phn gii quyt vn "Hn hn v l lt trong thnh ph";

3. S dng nc ma l trch nhim ca ton Th gii, gn lin vi "Pht trin bn vng" cc thnh ph;

4. Vn s dng nc ma c lin quan trc tip n ma axit v nhim khng kh;

5. Xy dng thi quen s dng nc ma trong cc thnh ph c lng ma di do.

Hi tho ny a ra nhng chnh sch v cng ngh lin quan n vic s dng nc ma; thay i cch ngh v nc ma ca ngi dn. Kt qu ln nht ca hi ngh l mng li thng tin v s dng nc ma ton cu. Chng ti mong rng vic s dng nc ma hiu qu s c din ra trn ton Th gii. Do vy, chng ti hi vng tt c mi ngi s quan tm ti vic s dng nc ma hoc nhng ngi s dng nc ma th s a ra

nhng cch s dng nc ma hiu qu. Chng ti thc s mun c cc bn chia s cc tng s dng nc ma hay nht ca cc bn.

Ngy 31 thng 3 nm 1995

MAKOTO MURASE

Tng th k Ban t chc Hi ngh

Quc tv S dng nc ma din ra ti Tokyo

Mc lc

Trang

Li gii thiu ................................................................................................................... 3

M u Nc ma v chng ta............................................................................... 7

Chng 1 CC THIT B S DNG NC MA

Nhng tng khc nhau ca nhiu ngi............................................. 11

Mc Bo co vng

Mi thu gom nc ma - Botswana ........................................................ 74

Chng 2 C S CA VIC TN DNG NC MA

T cung cp - Tun hon - Hi ho ......................................................... 77

Mc Bo co vng

Nui c bng nc ma - Srilanka ........................................................ 115

Chng 3 CC CNG NGH NG DNG NC MA

H thng thu gom - Lu cha - S dng............................................... 117

Mc Bo co vng

Waikiki c ngha l nc sui - Hawaii ................................................ 168

Phn tham kho VI NT V S DNG NC MA

Tham quan cc c s c cc h thng s dng nc ma..................... 171

Mc xut ca tc gi v ng dng nc ma

Hng ti mt thnh ph t iu tit nc ma ................................... 197

Cc thut ng ............................................................................................................... 200

Li kt Mt cm nang thc hnh v s dng nc ma.................................... 201

M u

Chng ti xut bn cun sch ny, hy vng bn c s nh gi cao v tc dng ca nc ma v s dng nc ma hiu qu hn.

Trc y, mi khi Tokyo ht nc dng, chnh ph c chiu hng xy thm p nc cc vng thng ngun. Tuy nhin, vic xy dng nhng p nc khng l lm mt i nhng khu rng, t nng nghip v i hi nhng hy sinh to ln ca c dn a phng. Chng ti ngh xy dng hng vn cc "p nc nh" (cc b cha nc ma) cc khu th thay v tip tc xy dng cc p nc khng l vng thng ngun bi v Tokyo c thin nhin u i ban tng mt lng nc ma ln hn nhiu so vi nhu cu s dng nc.

Mt t Tokyo c bao ph hon ton bng nha ng v b tng do khng cho nc ma thm xung t. Hu qu l Tokyo tr thnh mt thnh ph nng, kht v hay lt li. Chng ti mun phc hi s tun hon nc t nhin v lm cho thnh ph tr thnh ni mi ngi sng mt cch hi ha v gn gi ma nh di sn cho cc th h mai sau. Chng ta c th kim sot lt li trong thnh ph bng cch lu gi nc ma trn cc mi nh v trn mt t v cho chng thm xung t. Nc ma tr c c th dng cho cc mc ch khc khng phi n ung v dng trong cc trng hp khn cp, cho php chng ta bo m t cung cp nc mt mc no .

To iu kin cho nc ma thm c xung t c th ngn nga vic cc thnh ph b hy hoi do nhim nhit, phng nga tnh trng khan him nc v ci thin mi trng th. N cng gp phn ti np ngun nc di t v nh chng ta c nc ung ngon lnh t cc ngun nc di t. S dng nc ma l mt gii php ton din cho cc vn v ti nguyn nc v mi trng cc khu th.

Cun sch ny khng phi l mt cun sch i su vo kha cnh khoa hc trong s dng nc ma. y ch l sch hng dn vi 5 c im sau:

1. Cun sch ny l mt kho bu vi nhng tng m bt c ai cng c th ng dng bt c u.

2. L thuyt chung v s dng nc ma cc khu th, nng thn v cc vng o xa hon ton khng ging nhau. Cun sch ny tho lun nhng im khc bit c bn . Bn chc chn s ngc nhin v mc bao qut rt rng v s dng nc ma ca nghin cu ny.

3. Nhng thit k khc nhau ca cc h thng s dng nc ma v cc im cn thit cho vic bo tr c minh ha r rng phc v cho nhng ngi mun th nghim chng.

4. Nhiu v d thc t cc h gia nh, cc ta nh ln v cc khu cng cng c gii thiu. Cc v d ny s gip chng ta bin cc thnh ph thnh cc khu th m mi ngi c th sng hi ha vi ma.

Cc iu kin v v d v s dng nc ma nc ngoi cng c gii thiu. Bn s khm ph ra nc Nht c thin nhin u i nh th no vi nc ma. Cch nhn ca bn v nc ma s thay i.

"Nhm ma ri (Raindrops)" bin son cun sch ny. Mt s thnh vin ca nhm nm trong nhm nghin cu k thut ca ban t chc Hi ngh quc t Tokyo v s dng nc ma c t chc thnh ph Sumida, Tokyo thng 4-1994. Nhm nghin cu k thut cam kt cho s pht trin cc k thut cho bt c ai cng c th p dng ti mi ni. Hin nay, c th thy c thnh qu ca nhng n lc ca chng ti trong vic xy dng cc khu chung c, trm xng v cc khu siu th vi cc h thng s dng nc ma.

Chng ti cng t chc mt cuc thi v thu ht cc tng s dng nc ma trn khp th gii. Chng ti nhn c nhiu tng sng to tuyt vi, 116 t Nht Bn v 7 t nc ngoi. Chng ti cng i thm Botswana, Kenya, Tanzania v Hawaii hc hi cc k thut khc nhau cc a phng. Cun sch ny cng trnh by cc pht hin thy c trong nhng chuyn i ny. Mc ch cui cng ca "Nhm ma ri" l thay i kin trc ca cc thnh ph ti Nht mi ngi c th sng mt cch hi ha vi ma, da trn c mun ca nhng ngi i trc trong lnh vc ny.

Chng ti hy vng cun sch ny gip t c mc tiu .

Chng 1

CC THIT B S DNG NC MA NHNG TNG KHC NHAUCA NHIU NGI

TO S THOI MI CHO CUC SNG THNH PH NH S DNG NC MA

Vo nm 1982, khi quyt nh xy dng Ryogoku Kokugikan (Trng u vt Sumo), mt s thnh vin trong nhm Raindrops bt u ngay vic nghin cu s dng nc ma. ng thi, cc thnh vin ny cng yu cu hip hi Sumo, thng qua Vn phng Thnh ph Sumida, s dng nc ma t nhng mi che vo mc ch khc khng phi l n ung hoc cung cp nc cho a phng trong trng hp khn cp. H cng cho rng khng nn s dng nc ma theo cch n l tng ni, tng h m phi c p dng cho c mt vng hoc c mt cng ng th mi em li hiu qu s dng cao. Kt qu l mt h thng s dng nc ma c a vo xy dng trong cng trnh Ryogoku Kokugikan. Nm 1989, cc thnh vin trong nhm Raindrops bin son cun "Quan im v c o Sumida" v trnh ln cc nh chc trch thnh ph nh mt bn xut a ra cc gi .

KHI PHC NHNG KNH THOT NC MT

thnh ph Sumida, c rt nhiu knh o tri di sut t Bc ti Nam, t ng sang Ty

m trc y c ni vi sng Sumida, sng Ara hoc vnh Tokyo. Ngy nay, hu ht cc con knh ny u bin thnh ng b. Tuy nhin, theo quan im c trnh by trong cun sch ny cc thnh vin ca nhm gi nn khi phc tr li cc con knh mt thnh nhng knh nc nh c ng dnh cho ngi i b chy dc theo, ngi dn c th tn hng c s mt lnh ca cc dng nc ny. Hn th na, vic xy dng cc knh nc ny cng phi c xem nh mt chnh sch c bn trong quy hoch pht trin vng. Nc cp cho cc con knh ny nn c ly t ngun nc ma thu gom t cc mi nh ca cc ta nh hoc cc khu nh ln cn.

ng tic l nhng gi trong cun sch ny khng tr thnh hin thc. Tuy nhin, mt vi tng c trnh by trong cun sch cng c ng dng ti thnh ph Sumida v nhng ni khc. Nhng tng ny cng khuyn khch ngi dn cng nh cc chuyn gia suy ngh tm ra nhng sng kin mi nhm s dng nc ma. Mc d c bin son cch y 5 nm, song cc thnh vin ca nhm vn tin tng rng nhng quan im c nu trong vn cn rt mi m, c ngha, mang tnh thc t v sng to.

GC B CHA NC MA CHO CNG NG DNG "TENSUISON"

Trc kia, cc cng ng ngi ta s dng cc thng ng nc thu gom nc ma. Chng c y np v xp chng ln nhau theo hnh kim t thp. Hin nay, thnh ph

Sumida, rt nhiu thng sn mu cha nc sch xp dc l ng dng cho vic cha chy. Cc thnh vin ca nhm tham gia bin son cun sch "Quan im v c o Sumida" kin ngh thay v vic tch tr nc sch, nn cha nc ma trong nhng chic thng ny.

HI TNG LI CC THNG CHA NC MA THI XA

C th cha nc ma trong nhng b ln c t c nh trn mt t ti nhng a im c tnh chin lc. Nn hn ch lng nc ma chy xung cc cng v rnh thot nc xung quanh nh hoc hai bn ng ph. Lng nc ma c lu gi li ny c th s dng trong cc cng ng nh ti cy hay mt s mc ch tng t khc; v trong cc trng hp khn cp, c th dng lng nc ma d tr ny cha chy hoc thm ch c th thay th cho nc n. Mi b cha nn c lp t thm mt chic bm tay v mt ci vi nh bt c ai cng c th s dng nc vo bt c lc no. Cc thnh vin ca nhm gi b cha nc loi ny l "Tensuison" c ngha l "trn trng ngun nc ma cha ban tng".

H nu vn tt v