Xmnn wuun mxn - ion pm-yei

nun

B»>K1»|*(,™, „„„„„ „„

warn to „n ™ * ™«m iyiw

,nmn bs

^Msurle ^:x^it;:du Contrat sociai *- -W * .pi .O. dcl,a VCpe •rfc m •

PafiS 1964> * 459^

581 . pwcwwanaTim-wTipK'T.jOT

mem „,,„" BmWrm'™mBi>,2n

?mi

r,„M ,„,M,„n zzQzv^rpm ram as» »»

w. ,m>0D„ .„„„.,„ „;™»™™ WM «™» ,,n TO

I*-** -non »™;,,s„1,3 nram mwsnn iw M0„ ,mn„

"«* am win, n« oJ,Knl T° 0,Mn <™>*M**» •» ,„,„ orarta

^^™m> nowonsn ,n

iwnuB ™ prm, ™ " ™ 1,11,0"rtroptonti.

namxm • 582

wvro *rn mi

isn ion» urrmn 'm»»n VKiopVorsn nnVm nx umsV nan

maaim nixonro "unnn mxn" nx mianb na^nn jwmn ox6

:ipiD

nnV K-vpx^ - Ynpnan wp'a pnnxn ."^Van pram nrann mircata

nx j7ioV «w va ij?ia .naiann VP Vsn aixn ma ?» nan1

? - nmViwa

rm»K naian .mmxa nnwovi nxxan vr nnu? ,»mn up^aioa tnm ittna

mas'UJKp-uoiDn nsninn .nami?1

? pxn naxy xti xVx n^ia rvwnx nma

nx - pis'? di p'sVi - nuanV jn'M nmn"? inn nx nVVou; .n^aanan

Vxx naa xisa1

? jn^ rrunnr> nx ~|X .ipiDT nwu 1

-! nVnVn .'nmana abivn

ma'n dj yi ,ion Vu; DWinn "Dnaxan" 'ju> on. pV nmoyn .ion

."a^Tiw inison

"mamar nvrnV x-np irx ion n'jaVix'H no xin "C'lTiir?"

.n'a^v ny-im nnaa anw ,"fl«w xVx ."rpD-uvrntnx" ix

DminV iu>dx ,-p nrmib rr>n jn>i nx :mx »n bw irnn nrnu; .n'a'upQontn

n^Vis nV'npa ,*ju»na - op"mon n«ja n n'a'opVsn nirnn .mnx n>

.ipis nx n^nxan nanpni nnwaa n^nna x'n - nwy ninmai

xw ion .iasi> nx ruinm laxi? nx invn a'tj-uV n>axi> nnv xin wb«nW'na n-pVona'nxi nvman nvjio Vx wjDa pi xV : pma VxwpVurx xidx

pan 1

? ,n>axi? rvopVBiai n-was nunanna ,ip'i?ai dj xVx ."dVivh" nx pnnV

di ix .nvjmsn VxwpVurxa ion >qu?n3 nt pixa /"lKir nx ntnu?Vi

.nV "iai>a mnn rwna

nVan mwx-iV nnVi? .did^t nana Vtt> nVxa ,1898 ixwa 230

"imx'V" pmin namn 'ania nx vnanw xin ioaaVp 'nvt V'VxiupVurx"

.•-Dis'm-^jxn lEnon ,mxa oma ann maw nava ."D'VxiupVtiPX"

naV unaa ."D^xiupVurxn nxna" ~ naixvn lVtya wmb mmaaVian-p ,0^'? xw 'iran© ^x ."u?D3 ^q'" rmib mi irmaipaau?

,m ,

'3iD,

7E3xn on'-miyaa 'VxitjpWxn mnn T>anai txa ,nm nxaa

^n»aa (n»xon3n n^Vona .D^ran-w mimn ,D»mpion cpniyna

mnnV .a'na ^iVdV mipn omaa nyp'aT .mwpnn ^nsai D"anpxn jiyn

nnan mvi ix nVan ix manVnn ix nnp'a mvV .noV xnpV ,pan

t)]xp puVsxi otnp-ioa Vnn ,n'3iann n'VxiDpVDjixn nnoan bw 7\v>n

- n'NfKsnsn npwnn nsD3 ma'on pis ."DiNnmis imo - lpio V»" ,nams in6

.1999 p^x's idid .n^iyiT ,ipis iv ion» nHiyvn nxan buy D^xiopVorxn tj'ttnwn

David Ohana, "The Dreyfus Revolution: The Counter-'J'accuse' of the Radical Right", Les1

intellectuals face a I'affaire Dreyfus, alors et aujourd'hui, eds. R. Koren & D. Michman,

Paris: L'Harmattan 1997. nn. 189-208

583 . pwKin'jnianoiNn-ionpN'MS'T

•*i W norm ™v 1,1 l" •

," !'w'™n pmn

VmopVunm-e im dim. urn. ,Twain isid*

* l*i .no «in Llf 1?M •*« *™ *'> .1*11

,*»» ram »„ nB !nsT

«*-^ ,^'m.sr^rxr.o»to» DV3ma m» to™,, —JlS*T ,mo 1™** -"row

Olto Delra> -lmdi„111<ls <M

' -

U"ture - Inte^em and Other Writings10

rnr-wu nv iqX4 „

mmxm . 584

DiDTOn wisti - rreiVwa msxaxa np'va nwii> xm n«n ,n&xnw paV

,m» Vu? ro'HtJO'nnwx .nnoiBi msvin

ypian ,ion Vu> "'VVdh pnn" nx nawai VVn» ipia xpmiy sin 'htx n,x

,ipis .^"snn n'lnvin naanan au> nmau> ni?w ,]X"inu W n'maima

n'nnna anVna ^"ain n"Vm nxwn nV>D3 Vu> nunatv amxa T>ya naiin

:jxtx" nmian nx xunu; ,1979 mum p'xna .a"3xvxn B>3i»nn Vu> nw3sn

nasnaV nana ,]xvxa ^asnan inixan >a ipia ids ."bviiVx awa nasnan

nwxi /'Wan pnn' ns nxn xV nnx ixw :ttVma pn xtna .lrriDixn

.iwnsV iu;dx 'xw mwa ,nau;3n laa .a^nr^ laa xw "Wan pinn'w ma^npnn nx ]xvx Vaai pinua 13ms 13X "jx ,'ai? awaoa anx ox inr »aw

pan ,nxia mrr .civ Vaa nmpn nai m px ,np!> vnsn 1

? w> .dv ra'tspVipn

"".nnx naxi nnx nioia ,inx tjp"aix p>im ni 'a'DpVip

:p pmoovin a'wn .VxiupWxn nx lnninV paVu spy 'pxiyj ntyxa

pns/nn,2

".aunn nnxw na Vbaa xVi .nV'Va ]w urxu; mx xm VxiupWx"Vu; mvn nana nmnn nmnna naV3?na xm sna pxu> na xw 11 n-mna

itjwa in-run ix .a^Vman B'ans?n pan noia wx VxiupVtirxn

ana" arxw B^xiupVwx v tn»)ft mV-itm ninan waV .pnxn ix naxn

urn ;anxn nrpna nsnB awa marVn amx d'tiiot nsa

w-nx nonin Vi? dwu ninm b'tid anw ^aa mm: Bmuw B^xiapVurx

.wainn nxva aa .mxnvn -maa viajV B'Via' nriyn *rra .ma Vu? B^aai

nwna w ^TJiman nrn'fli^D-n ion Vu; vmnxn uira pV.mmxin 'anva namVn m'3ima mmxan nawn 1

? nnefi

orxi lona anmx 'mian p»»a a'-njua a'^rvn awn a'-nnii' x'pd xV

nvnna ixan nVnu; ]vu ,"noian Viy paw iona nxniy ,tJ3Kp .a^na

mix iud ion .mVa^n imnnanna »wi3«n pan Vu; maaiy nmifnn'VxiupVwx mmpnna nVmi pVn iV pxw .uiiysn mrxn iniRtonno

nT-mn njiDnm ,u3xp ana ",anxn-'3a nx naaV »m« na'V wn» : it

D'pnaian a^^n an iom D3xp,3

.idti Viy it mvn BiTi>n mna nDDisnnw

t33xp noi3 nsiann nx iianV nnxnn xin .n3»a snnV tt>p^a ion : nmx3n Vu;

iona no 1

? wxp .n>ai3'n nmnVi n»man naaxV ,m3t>3iBD manV ,'VVa psiVbVij;" xm i>aun pini^i ,anx n'n' anxu> -pb 'xsn x^n (virtue) naiun nvnnw

Michel Foucault, "Iran: The Spirit of a World Without Spirit", op. cit., pp. 21 1-226"

.eisia ,,?^n>3 noia .rumxm xua DHp.ii -py ,n'Voi3»3iK

585 • jwR*in »sYii»n mRn— ioti ps'T-jin

nx an:iV ,'ixnn Vx Vn"V aixn Vu; mVia'' X'n nmun nran .laiVa .""iDian

an ro pixa .wotm p-'Vavxi niwa na x'nw n ,>1

?cn3''aix n'VanV insnin

.ionV nvrwxi Vw am wxp Vw nuupn 'lvxn

nx»a ]xV - ion...» t'-cV^Kn nirpurn nwj Vi? Wfi TK\l)n num,nnx nni>ai nva Vaai ud>Vx>tx ,p«rmn Wian mxn m ?awV nsi sin

mnm>V jo-i-pxa nVm nasi* nxiaa nxu>V Vavw na nnoia 'rnpvV pptaa>

nn ,unnn 7am !?» imaa Vy taxi? paln» ,m m^Vaa hjp da .'axirn inaVi

Vu> mVxu>Vu"?aiu>V ion u>p>a |kV .Vxum awa ,}xV tx - 'i>aoV nawa

ws naa up - ion Vu> wrwi "irmnp - "yaaV town Va> nmna Vi> ntt/D'a

uwnaa p a>mai nuaRa pi* nV»a nViva Vaa »a ou nwa .nawnVx navV p»o>3 a» orVsvina as .pnan 'aVian vaun Vy nasrsna nnamnna Vx .i

1

? iayau> na Vx yatm ja n*fc>313!t03ifc>n Vax ,pmn lamV naya

.van linop

a*wn ."V'ax"! »n»marm naaxtr Dions nw ,i762-a ?ntn:ixn yatm mairxa-

: 1762 wa anaaa ania ion .nnmo mawn vw rrn nVxu>V ionn*-Vi» pi in nuwa xmun xm ait? iyaaa trtRnw ,nxia »s m mVpaio Vian" jri'Vana naian xna rmps xsaj "V'ax"a iV'xi "»i nnn imwrni-nmViannjx n»nn ."dix n»a nnuna Viam .tnain isrp n»a Rsrp xrnwanmana ,mn »jw Vxx laa ,-imi Vxx rnwp mxn uao Vy it n'aioiV'D

B^nttom B'asa on oxn .-wan axa-V -vaun axa» pa nrniun nnn»D»ion Vu; "vaon asa"a »i»aun mxn ?nmmV nnx nwms'n meiVn xaw ix.mon^nn mijMV ,m'a-n3pV .nnV xVx a'loa mum oix 1

? Dn»na i3»«

-na'V? Dww B^mtu6 xsia mij?3i nxiwn tt>a>rc 'vaun aixn »ia*i

.rrnan mwapiB'tia V'xxn xnsn nx aanV Via^ ion s'jaun anxn irx 'xnan D^xno^xinV awV nVia' px vm'on cnxV .Vx'^xn i3'x xin •]« ,nn^n xV pivwW a^xn^xV nava Vx pioaV nnv naana ion mioa .V'xxn xian Vu;

wnwi anxV nnwsK px ,'»aan mxn d'Vxh'xV -j3nVi 'xian anxn.V-naj mvuKR nnnV»a b'anV Via' xm -jx ,B»wanB D»nV iithVnn ,ia^ nx idu>V Via' vrnun mxn yx x^n n^ion .nax xV py-pamxn pin nx xu»i3 xmiy ^n aipnnV Via' xm .n'bp»Vx'i pia pi nu?ax

.48 «)i»d ,1978 3'ax-Vn ,(nVs " eim) d'Wkh nvpiy .nwun m M

E. Cassirer, The Question ofJ.I Rousseau (trans, and ed. Witt an introduction by P Gay)15

amn -m» p Vrn ton * man npna .Blooming ,963.148-79W |raDn aw.in

,np3n, ,Q 1W)

B

,an3 ,nQ11a QW„ ,a»-wmB

namxTn . 586

»b-Vj» D»n xVi n>5?xax ••nVa rr>nn ,tojw xVi tpnw .man kVi mm tnDtan

.naonna pan .mmxjm m'nnnn p»» bu> pnaia vjhi ion bu> uat p .nuVnanaaa .rouman V© wjwsn aVu>V wm» hduhd ion nou "vauVnawn"nana nn-nxu; Vt»BW xV aVwa" interna nai mtnaa xaana >]* mn wftnaVV pumn T-nvna ,iprw nx owipuD ,tm»nb aw unw»V na p-Van»3tV »i« »*na .jaxnnV »nVm owew m» inxa fu .vaix V»nVxV mn na>Vnn put nx vmm »jx Vv nxt Vap"? aw Vsix x"?u?

nx DuiaV wpa&» twtora kV ion n» "*.»»w 10aw iV u*nmn- .a*u>»n main nnw

mnn ion Vu> nwmnnw wares mViin w muaV pty mrmV .puna ht msBva-n .»Van tto*ta«w wnna mww-rnion nx oa k»v »*• mmnmi nx m>w mnsixn naanan nx dj ,nmV© mtoaV nwnn wan mnv naana nmx .nwran wanna© m.naonan V© xwn prnn mia ntannv D>ain nVnna .tan OD^mTXnwioian mn xVn na mw na

; pa pj» 'V pi - 'nmntna-w- nnn >xjp naw^ ion nx nwm ^om "WianMira iwotdtkiana nw utwa vfann o>oa™ tVm*p .nm ,irrt .n^iiaemm (i»5t» n*BBan iaa

} nvn "vnnwwn pmn mm^nwmwVa nx mb rmrmn nasnaa i^at*

trmn »imm ton nx torn.Dmrn -pna amawV ,»aa» mw* mxn-^a

.orrcwi omm a^nam i*Mon V» ion nvs^n nx paxa t>mM DJ

.opnxa wsa .oinan bw mxn ™ p mm wn V* WDpn»» xVxV© isiBa ,amx rmmi mam 'VaVan naana •ram 1Bn V» BnaVmnrpwmr Vaa- iqrm ana i 8 44-a .jinn pipva onrnm ^o'^k nan^ myo^taaw pbiid mn p ,w Wawa mn ,w mx-nn wV,Bnwi iV d»W aian -w.pnn Vu, mwiwi vmVa.aV on>am ,mn

V© .mnw ,9 v .nVa.ia nraa ax t» ,na«pW p00 p, «"

dik hrr lWn a^xan a^ »w31^n M™"p

G.R. Havens, VolMw Marginalia on the Pages ofRoseau, Ohio 1933 «

587 • pipmn vetvm mxn - ion pm-jin

- nnavn - wa noim nman in-nxn -ova irxnn wp nxw ,tns n»a

trmxn pa .anaiyV iimm »Vsa pa awa ovn ma1! nToa

pa 1

? nnasan pa ova tmiu/n awnn pa ai "nan ,p>so xb-V ,r>: a'Taw"?

•>V»a p .o'-Ka^V cpnussn pa .n^avV a'arixn pa iai>a nVx"•jmswi pmxn ft,Van an TawV Tasan pa awnwmb nmnxn

.'mian mxn V» a"xn»nan vj?nx nx mKiV anpn ion-'uo^nnn mtn >y-nn *pxn» bj nnp»aV pnj "B"iTnn" nana-swnn nxan «)id& nmxjn tiv o'Vp-n B'VxnjpV&rx ^au>a tHO^oiia.aftja Vnan 'VxiopVuj'xn an'n nx ion "wo .annwn nxan nVnm trmnsa'x ,VniD wi owam nwVxn fpnrnton ona ,ion !w wana nnixanVu> rwi .nwx>naB-n»mn no'onn nrrna mwaw .jatsfi n«BioiV'fi nx,"sa»n" aunaV onnn fnaw-roiawn nxan bw "D'siawn B»uimV»srt ,Vno»mn aunan nx rrwan miuon inu^nia mmrr\ niaV© aVwa aVaarciit>' ninan mwn pai ,"naiam "saw &»aman a'aunaa "Q^mbx"a^o xxia Vno .ion nm Vnow .wawiin mwawai .nvaiannV» ion totowib naa" >aV .nnixan nwma mnxui nvm Vu;U'x nrnxm Viy »Vai»>nn tonw ».aninaa B»dowtyi B»a-:in an wonV» ,mn o^vn nx i>arrt> owpaa arm ,*mn brrnna i*arca rowmnwm nx ion oVaa Vno wa ,onwa «*a nnVii waaa .vnirnoJwVisn n'sioixn Vu> mnV»ai naiann nixna Vu> n^rirum* .iwaipiw

".mronjrn nasnan Vu? nmaia

nwri»n to B'oi?mBnnwft iaw .wipi vuaV ,wm»no ^ »>a2?aw« nx B«win »o»nwnrarnnn Vu; vara on ,jma-mpa x>n ,nriB mp ion mrurannimn^n *y xVi ima»a nxn luVna; na pna niyv ion ,m mnnaiwwn - nimn rrwri mrmnnn rVnn .n»»V ^ iaiV nas^a WaV«Vx nwinnii? twbs n»Vana xV^ »JDB pnaia mam *n -mamwnrn ana-, m i»»

I31xa ^na aru .na im^» ipn mww10 naxn nx^m» rumn onmp ,*» .naiaa -n^-wip .nwaVna .mnohmmD mma xVx rtw iVma xV imaJ. Starobinski, W y>.OT„g; :

,pD„lnoo )fn ^ n^D,op8Bn ^ „

Mn .4.and Obstruction, Chicaeo 1971

'

n,nS1in ™»™^ mini h» »na ^ h -.418-40! w.iwi «*m* mm m^^, w„m

mmK-m . 588

•nawn DVu;n .pmim iV>n .nwrwsn Vu; trnnan on ion »n Vu> nmnan

rxip rwrruan nmroi - Vian tan .^nawwm mn«n ,unnm wiaan

D3aVp laa ,'aaiB *mft pjra ion 03»n fiDjrt ix « imwft 'O'DXua wi

mncMD iV» mwww «w tfraV now ."rfwn* ,n«ip "fiV* woa".onnx "pnro

D'XTip" OWn 1762-3 .TTlvV D^lttW <WSn3» &*0pYlBV IV D'TJ WV1

auia ...nunna D'aunn iu?xa d'mdj 'nVa an uroprrmn 'V inVp ,b»Wi

xin "".n'anp mstmh nnx raw osn'n'? kVi D>Bj?rns w»k x-ip-^nV 'V

iana »38" sinra awnn npnfc ion"nrra n»asn> rrwraa ht ip> ^wan

now ht .'rwiann raaxn' iina nrno aw ixxa' b*v» it rnijaaw

naVV nnana nwxa xni?1

? naftfr o'a*nw dwij?w iV'br

N>a wiixfi snun Vu> ni'VopriflV ion nxm minian ".D»ajM> nvn"?

.rcairnm rwnan nawnaV m'jman Vu> nnann

x»n ,(i75i) "nvuaxm n'snan Vi> -iaxa" ."ion anaw nnwxnn noan

inanw nywa raaoa nvrman *a mmx mm unvwi nxaa man Vi> nxia:i

nVxwa p ^ rra-jj?xn moa naiu? ,iaxan ".wuimi pan nnn win

nawn .nrran fon!? am nvuaxm B'inan owa ax .nwpxn ?MMm»

Vu> naV? awniis na nx ptnVnV nnn .nDipnn pa noixaV nai tuna ,ion

nan Vu? nnsiVprsnxa VwaV nxuannw .nanpai nVawna nnaxn - nmX3n

mn' .loiaa a'ans rvnViaiBn nVaumm rvwaxn ,snan ,n»i^> ,iiti aiun

,0'snan niaipnn ai> naa na wminn aixn-m maw .nxia

.unpawn nvroon pai "nawi nvan" n»nn pa »mna tiotb prtaa ion

h3dd u? 1 "|3'dVi ,i3W»»a m m u>sia D'V'aa 'anDJip''1 l^'nm *wwn vth

ina iia ,17 :nvnn nx }n»Vs? nnV t»»2> nvsa naa rata .an'Vs mswna

x^nu? ,mnman muan nju/nV mana mm 133'x ma'xi rimon ,nwn Vu;

»V»a nrnV anrmw ^3'n pai n'VinAn o"i>nan D'nV'in pa ni>p px ijjt1

.ri'SioiV'sn "p» pai "O'DoVonan pan" pa -pon on1

- a^pna ijjti firms

nminrtV ,'axf Viy mn" nan ,idik» Viy pwa naVuo ninx mmia n™&K 11

.68-61 '»» ,1997 Q'VW HXSW ,(]bDp

nixanan :n"» »as ,n"U>n o'Vunt ,(Vsw p 'k qjih) nrnn nai V» in V'»k .ion Tt 2!

j.j. Rousseau, "Emil ou de ,nw jns BR kVn ,mn Disinn 'u-Vs in V'»xb n-iasa

I'education", Oeuvres Completes, IV, Paris: Gallimard 1959, pp. 241-868

.pmVij Niaa yom iiv ,D3in) d'i»n» ima /'nvunxm nmm Vi? inxn" ,ion T"T2]

J.J. Rousseau, "Discours sur les Sciences et les Arts", Oeuvres ,66-29 '»» ,J"3iyn D'VlSIT1

589 • jwKiri'mian tnRti-wnpKi-iK'i

mn ,n„t, 1JW .•.maxVa coa mxn-'aa p p'lW-'K nnana p

nvnV b»yis o«ma wn^ vjnV q'Vid1 dj'KW nVx .nwatw "iraiun

D7|?tj nrx .rrnvax D^xmpVurx n'wnV rtw .tmrtxn iV^xi .d'jok

w wan wm wViBn man -Mxa pi wsff nvijaum in»n .tmnV

wau^ ppwyj snitjn ,pDv:a D>aioT>a Vsra> jxaai ,nta nt craiVtm D'nnx

rim pi D*mrt-'ia an min p am mwVsRn nunann .a'aVaV (j»aan»

naainV nn"n nx D'wnpau*- cmrxn D'twa "usa-'naV pn »ns» .nv&Rn

.mamwan nuiasV on'a Dipnoi mariA iwxa D"nnpia .iaVa

naxmu; n»aima'n ,ninV sr p n'-aiuiana ion -ma pwxm ina'na

nou> maa 'ai&Vax-'xp'VaTam pnp'in .np'O'ViaV rrmDiVa p wanan nx

u;aw xw op-man t,x .rpoiV'a-'TVa •>-p- ,

?i> ju>v 'Vx'Tx nj'ViD

.naxn i\o mnm viVa nvpnV xVx wbwb mix anaa ia»x iioiVan

mnmoiy maian .naainV n^xVa 'nVa na^xun pao nVun nvawa n'sioiV's

D'DiDi^a .'"iVibib ^na xVi fan' nvnV iioiV'sn Tpsn .naarwV pmVia'ii? ,np»t>>ViBV n'flioiV'S pa iwaa U'nan xVw >aaa ana-waa i"?u;aa

!i

.n'oxVpn rwVisn nuna pi awva nvnV

jnismwa nisna pao nVun Vi? b»jib8 saw B'aianV nuns xV n'Bi8iV»a

miyyV rnxn-^aa anV anwaxa bwibbi npn»*V»6 ,"pa'n ,nxT nan?1

?

mana .nVip^nan -pna nwpnaw manan ,viV aiu pa nnra manan

nb»npa mwaxna B^anjana a*ai» bw ama^ur jxaa ".mtnpaip imwB'nnran" .'wsn D-iwxn >aa ^ranm aion nx owr»»n twmm Vu> naup

caioVra ui>a 'naV iu;axV nVia^a nxuana mananan ix mu'Vian "naiun

man .tram nnax nx nviv"? moaV 'Va rmnn mana D"pnnV D'aana ix

nVia1 it ^x ,D'ain Vu? mm-rxn n»nn nx na«pa^ man m naiD n^mTX.narta nspnwau? it laa ,npwn nvn mil mna-TJb pT u>aannV

piovVi m nx ht ranV o^»» o^niTsn ps n^nj mana .ion V© imVin

.«]mu?an aiua

nwian no^ann nnp'a Kin "ni'Masm trsnan naxan"

n'Bioi^D pa ,ninV in' pa o^naau; ,D"oxVpn tmnn pn : np^'Vian

ni'an .mra n"?i>a m&»Vis nV'np pj'-a nmaxV nnv vn .np^^iaV

L. Strauss, Natural I'Tm'tcVlD'-n nx pU^DN JIO'Dn D1Knt3tt> 'VV WTOIS IHVM '124

gigftl andHistoiy, Chicago 1953

A. Bloom, "Jean-Jacques Rousseau", in: L. Strauss and J. Cropsey (eds.), History of Political"

Philosophy, Chicago 1987, pp. 559-580

Vty wunj ,DK*m 'i own ."npwViDn but rm^S" pisn mvan .in^vt t ^ wis n M

namK in . 590

na .*poiVnjn V© rtownn nj-nusn mwn Vu> ninixm raminsrnnn x!?i monnwnn rnrnn xin ,T*wm ion iao .wwtori B»nn awntytapa nj?ron nva mnnn iotd jitamptomin mnnonnn is impawn

jwrtw, ™na ^mnV ,™V^ >rnTKn * nVwa J

™™m»r m-'a ™ra-« « -»°- ! -

110 t"ra - ww « mi tmAm„J „mninm n™v«, mm) „smv „ m

m nmL

v r""m-n™« «p»n VB ,„«„ „,„„, *

"5

rK- ,„ „„„, ,

"iMim ornxw ti'sioiV'Qrwi in T'nanSmi ,» mtm DS, bB n„0,^m =1

,mm nro ,-,OTJ »,„,D,1Tna0TOn Vp

" "r'

°"

irons ,„,» D ,TO „,„ nB0 ,]3 ^_™ "™ "

n I ^ D,°,n"5m m"™m m,010»if'

™

591 • iwKm'jmiBnmKn-iDTii7X'i-F T

nrVpmn no iwi Iranian nwwi ,p w 1= wiro xV a«ania nn .wsinn

nnvmn ovsa .pwmn 'awan msn V*x mVu rnno^own iitmm Vw

jm^wtr wan 1

? nmVuDu nvwas onwsn nxaa wwi iwbbi rmwtraa

rmnn nrraaina -ipwn twi D^wtipVw* .rvrwin nun mawan."Strain nvnV amtma'" ion Vu? im*an% «iw navaVi nawa

rraman waipniy rroitf? na hwnia-m&n mnoan ooann ion

craana nmn .vmmaa wmmtiti inns nau; i80-a ix ,mnn *b-Vi> rraa

DT'Vpm av rvnVuDU rvraroa inV'u? natavi an»w .tnann ,T*»*Pifl ,V7HBwa

rmrvrw (nnxaV) opmsn nx ar»V wp'a an .Tma-'uiR n^Via

nvama" wan axi> tr .n-wxpxn nvama niireaxa rwViB maiVwai

nrornaw mnoia nmn ia nvVam .naias nwvno V» tana ''frtmxpRn

nM'« nanpn irwaw lata^ ma idti sR*n xbi ,naip na»na (rwaana)

.msj mns xV «jr ,»ama mna iron nura

»nawn nran" aana xsna nanpn atma V» idyi bw imparl Via

nw nva-naR piaV aamua .tmixin »aaaoa R»n "naian mwnnin "ran puVDKi DuipiDB .nRi wn run 'im na nrnaa ,mxn nwnannV

WR'xan i(hrn»un) 'ix-i1

? (nvaman) 'ixan nx 'xnnV tram to*a mnxan

rmcaa xisx marana ion nvmian .naiaa nxn^x Vx naxv paV nans

nvaiv-rcn .'aman pnm bw ms'xaa rr-oxVpn naipn rmsn bw

nvm" .noia-Rm 'noian ,wnnm 'Vavsnn sion nx nr^sxa rmmian

/panaa nt ixV m om np'uaavn m^onsns ."nnsm »nawn

.dwVk'STD .o'j'aipip :ur\bw -]ina:> lona D'x/np aViaw xVd xV

nninV nooia nny xin ion .crma-uoia ,a»ao',Jiaip .rywntb .n'Vnn''1

?

V» nan ~im nrnna .maaia n'nau;no na'wa xpin jnaa I3*s Vto namu;

nais wnwb ion Via 1 p .rpmTno Vi> mx'san nx ip^V mVis'a xVx .tjbik

.niawn waiVwTRTi wiras V27 .nrama1

?

Iranian n^asvn nviinn "D^ifra nsu;n3 maais na^n bw rrnriDa

fa ,Vnpn tmb »nm" pa ,»ia»iV 'aamxn p .nnwiaV noian p na^nann

Viua ,pwKin 'jiTian Qixn .ion .VpVipaV mpan pa .niyxiV pnpn,vi"im 3iDn wiu? nnx in ,h*ni»o*nn wanm nx vivn ,D"o ,

'Qxuz3n D'pnxn

ranani nu'Viy Vu; mmViaati nnxn xm ipis ^aV nam .Tnywm pnwn.n^mion np'O'Visn nx mafflWM o^mann rniman nx maaan

iman .ion nvi poVaxa ^sioi^sV nxityn ira1^ ,'jivn D*n Vx .DipixVa

nx *n«n»»V»*a a'snV paVeift nvoa ,nns nu^isi nwaiVn .a^n Vx !?»

mm* in • 592

.DipsVjV nVwa (naunn)" i*naun nasaV tmmn bv nnun a^an pa nnnanas oftwv

twa »nmnnn wnw na tya ma* aw twtw ,nwi Vxn

m»nm ,n»na nan xirw iv ...ipniw onxpi nauu onxp - Dip »»»a iV vmmm vm tthn wra^ [...] ip» Va ta mM nm luwnnnrrw nan dk tmmm rwrn m rmnn rmr tkiM nano max raw

,,ff."Wi inx iw nVs?a ix x>nla^D mR,^ DTj?iK?j mwa ion wonwn paVoa nnx ruiy 2 3000nn»om d'n .jornw mpnte Vu> iVosb nana- .man Vty .^n wrm

.J™-™*™ D'niVs1

? mm mn >a -» lWm nx wnwi...di>S7 di/dd nvmnm man> nana mann rumq mnnv ,nm.mrm iranp « V, inn tanwiw npa nan »Va> i» mm ™ nmna mono pn ,mv la yaw 1T mnmw nws D1|7»a .tnnvB ^nVa>a» iruttv ,mn p» jmai t..j mron npiwnaw imroa win nx xVx™law Vaa nn |WBpn uud >pn xVV mix npma <vuKn nm * iran».jViao nawnn ram* nx wni vm» ram p mann mw '

BW *™ 2"'11,3nV n™B™ »*n nta oixn -no* a^ (OT0B

Vx tmn iwbimd pnn m noma wn mm .ranm

P tram niann Vu; m™ n:an : nmuo^nnn^mm ^ rnS^w T»im mnnaci niana rs Dh,ai«™™^n n n:nann »nKBpn mnnonnmMw wJ™

> nwth(kim 9nmm Paris 1964

593 . jwRnnnTnonmsn-ionpRT'iK'i

.nnwOT Vu; mam Q'Vpxa xVu> .nnisi ni? nwnu nroa WR ion .pWtii

xVx .mnoia is iwsrw nxnpV mana mm nrx nwUKroe mao ion

jnsrv&a vxn naa 'Vax^pa .VnpVpn mnnxai ,fi*wn mn mwxna t-pnV

narfra ,o,»to o-mn-na nx xna vaunw unm V'SRH p ffHJQTi na Yvori"

nw ,nmsim nwrnan jt>» Vu; lairsa ,nnj? iVhci ".sin »tnpi»i loun

,nmx»V vemcm pa .VpVipaV nn&n pa runann .nana onxV diri pw-'HxVd xV .mawi mtw mxai ion Vxx n»ai» nanan x'n ,'miaV 'xapn pa

mv pnaV w» 'vaon nx" naxan nx itnaa iwto iwr« Vw luswau; xidx

"".a^pVipan mats xVi nynu V» araswn anana

wwm i»at» 'iV'aa na ni; iVuoa ,ion naio ,B»aanam maioiV'Dn

.nwRfi mann ai:^ onpu; 'vaun asaa pn fpumV nu>ox imxu; ,onxn

mista npan xnan-mxn .mrpn Tica xiax mai» wwian mxn n»nnnx 2?'xn ,man aVsa inxax nm ,pVxn p nnn lona xV->a imjreax 'nVa

i?aun :na ™ ion Vu; vnupoa .innwo nx iV paw pn imxV nnna i»xa

,aiL>n naaan ^va nx pma - n>nnixn nV'a ntnaon pinn jhju; au;a ami>nVan nrnnV nana namnan anxn .niomn nnvna .nxu>n Va nx Tau>ai

u»nx ,a"vaun vann >d-Vj? pn nnanV pna Vi;su> ,anxn .m^ax.nnunxa mn irm ^ax ••nVa poixa i»n nx ,D"airn n'ani>V

paixn Vi? i>»asai 'xnan rnnnn arna Vu; Vajian rmun nx npaa ion

,mn»an vniu>innV pi naann xnan-onxn >ro*ian anxn Vu> annn•-a Vawn irx mnV anxn pa b->~iim ".nauaiDai maa nn'n mau;n»"in'nn bw m'a'-upruorxn irmVivo mpa .mi'nn j?au;a .^mnn psin dx

,p »s Vi? ixi j'U>&m imAwnn nx axva mxn iV'xi .naV ^nua xin

inn^aiy mpwnV man narvn^uxn njiann ,ioian Vu; annai nnaV.lVaiy nx pxa irx dix

ix ma^n n'nnV i»n jvo3i vmpwn nx navV Vnoa i^x xnan-mxnVu> n^ia^pn n'nsvn mvnm mwasnn jsix tan ion .sanjpVip pnanVVu; n'assn msj?n»nnu> mpoaV wun mmian rt'iiVianruRa .mxnDjaa jn .nva^^ans mnana naV mna nmn mV ma nmavm nsiapnVa px man mnana .\nVima xVx mocn nay nr px n,x ,na»a mpoivnavnu; mva .u;nnnan mmn Vu> imu^n \mb ^iVwan nas;n pa mD'snnn .^Vinn jarn n,ina a^ioa wn n'2?3nV nu>paau> masv nvmn xin 'mucnnmy3 .n'vsax 'nVa min xin wan amxan iVivaV ymm na xm owanaVx ,ianau;V nu;ax 'xu> 'aj;s-nn 'Vx^juonpx ymxa pa ,r«mfi Vu> naa

nina m,^ oiD'sn .95 «y |W ."dik^u pa pito-^ nrnow n?»n ^ i1DT1>-

.1254a ,n pna ,1 i?is .yowi cViyiT .rmn '"n mm^ ramhte

nimmn . 594

iax»a nViau; '"yioiV-Q" noun mwi rvn dx dj "nVbn WW onpn sin

np^'sxuan Vaa penV pvtiM) fan n»n tibr nV»w TO" ,vn rroww nx

»,nms mnw wn as niY>n maun nxVn m»a»rft nm jn»j xVw ,nxm

naio ion .nnoia-x ninin nVapa naon asaa mwiwi-Kii nsninb

pa ,a»jn is D'aio uv& on .rnaie mViao is roVpVipa mn»a p« ms-naViy

.isauia aixn ,aiti ana pu> mxa »a ,oain Vu; innan nx imo'mn

n:iw nrrn p dx xVx .mx 1

? npnn xVw n>it>ux rr»n rr>fi 'vaon axaa tnxn

nanVa Vu; nuttw axa nnnw ,ion o*m ,oain W mum nvau f^a» .niaoa

,d>Vx nnaa mm mix* iaa nman 'i/aun tnxn Vs> -y^wn oain :Dix-'33 pixin nn*n iras^oamn Viaa Vian nanVa .vaun xbn mann ns jnu> mranowm qj .oaw taa .wosn *»aun asan xV .nnitjcn ninnonn Viz;

iVwa - ompx DOim np'p .lUonH nx nna ibm - aivan V "oxVpn

pin nTpax man rwnVi tnxn bw waxn imu nx »pu>nV Dmava

?u> "nVmn nnoan" tjj nmoa imnnn .nxVn >nVa pnn xm ion

n:ra n'n ompxiz; nwra-wn mamna nxrnz; nnoa ,a-ivan nawna

mann 'aau - umpn wiVwn - rpDwni nVixxn ,-pan .brim

Viy wtpVxn 'EJixn "?J7 .n'annan bw umpn 'sixn Vi? mwi .nrmia-tmun

-mxa abna innxun nmnn Viy iimira >nVan 'Dixn Vrn nnnva nviaT ^j/a

nxaa naa .oixn D"ioiam D"mann ,n"nuo ,

'nn mamn nx nnjnnT-sioi^sn :nxm "nVnjn nnoan" ™ nvnnn nVnn mu;v-n3i»u>n

nx nVxiz> ya'Da iTayn piVi nTirsu? ,oam Vu? mwVnuim nvjiV'nn

xVn Dn^moua .wo^a -prm 'D'Vis p*r». iaa n'Jiyia Vu; 'Vai'sin D'oan

.psia no 1 Vi? ooan' 'manm 'U'Visn pnsniy 'ixm ja 'a uvd nvopmnnxn-iuw-yau;n mxna vnu? "vaun n"Dioi^s"i "^aD" n'^iaa nxxa: nsiVnn

n'van .Dn>Vi? uaa mnxan niD'n nimniy D'aa^V mu;i?-n3ia»m

.vaun pin Vu> n»i?aai mxn »aua nmia nnr>V)D n^sioiV's bw n'-D'oan

? jmiiyn-'x1

? xsian mipj xidx 'na

.aniya .mVia' pi xVx nnua fx 'vaun dixV o«j?na 'J?aun asaa'u>Din jrema* bw ,ias» nx natya ,i"na nana .mwixai nVifv ir»n xm

David Ohana, "The 'Anti-Intellectual', Intellectuals as Political Mythmakers", The"

Intellectual Revolution against Liberal Democracy 1870-1945, ed. Z. Sternhell, The Israel

]Otn" .lail-peVo "; Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem, 1966, pp. 87-104

.214-201 'ayip»'twt)f,a jw/waisnmmC.E. Vaughan, The Political Writings of J.J. jion '1pm *TOOa V© Qrt'mtJli n "

Rousseau OxfnrH iqfi9-PP r!r<.i.n r r o„„ n u_:j_„

595 • pwnn wi»nanKfi-wnpNt-|X'<i

">mann" mm .nvu^iD is nvman mpn nyj ,vu;i>a nx muwVnrx .rvinu nyxu> n'mrxn mann nx w "^m^wn" ix '"man".n'-nucna Vn mxn to ivntan ^wan •nrwn ,p V» .n'jvnw nrxi rwDinDssa ,aV?a jto ^oiV>sn oiw >sa .wan axab >ya&n asana -nj?aatnw axan "jwto nnwna *muw'firk nnitwnn nn»n nnvmnmxn .wont-tnt) xVi ,^i8-»iiuo»fi axa ton wsnV nawa ia n»wnito op'tonpn man .annx V*awa nnv »n ,iaxj> Vara »nw .niBcnn

.onV paw nVx pai dhV aw nVx p ivan nsro» njwaB>j?aan ,iai3an tnxn .yaipn sin wann nran-mp jt» peoa u»r j?aunIpwan ,n»einn mxn to layaa xa ,mxn to nmpwm vnvnn nx mpnVxa nvnvv mpaa ;nas?aV pjnn xa npvn mpaa .naVa ito msm nxpis oain snmvn nx ion .*ps»nn xa mvnn mpaa

; namV pnn'sixn nx pD&v xw won axaw awnV ni?t> ix ,»axT dixV mx" nana.nana axr 'vaun mxna n«n»n xw 'nnnnn won axanw xw naxn .mnawnV nvo 7s .row pn^> iwmm rnann mrav pis piVntou nwnxn rnanrn ,'»ao pwa wem xw mx .mxV »»au xw to

".toot naioV n»vi pwm ,pwa »iVn mtxn .wmi nx uaapa rma» njnfcn nprtn jwnwn rnann pi»a ^Vnaa nsia pwxjavan ,nnv nan mu» p'snw ptnn ximu wVa niKsw wi wmV tnx,mia»n

Tm nx iatpV iron xsaw aawan ,tw nam marm ranwmw nraa cnaisa .ntpn mvV ppu !?nan onn ,Vna -pM aavn

asan - »*aun a*aa .mons nx xisaV nu^pnn rm ,nanaw nnxn mnnnpiVn nn'n xV ,»» Vu; m\ dix Va - wan axaV 'DiVnn ix mwn

.mmann mtowi n^ mew mi^Va tnu ix ntnn mnen .mnaae•wtibi ix »mann ,*rran asa 1

? «nm asana navan imps nx mxVla^ao ma ^xt ^ xw nxr noiV insna ntom naix npVn tpw pwmn-

".n'mtxn rnann to waxn mo«o rm & pasnV n^n swan troMrt>ny rww mann to rmramA n^o^opnxan mimn

Vt. w^d jtosb nnx .voranw pa ,nx>» >»V narin vupa Vpja na.v^ain ,»a V» pnV nxan pit waxa n'jnon mann to rm» nx nn:a tonjnm 10m '3d pun p^ mrm .nwVn u mo^» naonn nx D^ooaa p .^ma nvn mvnv mid pi nnvm rrortrewnQ'pinn» Vu; rnnai new p,™-x to mmn jtmn nnD mmi

A. Bloom, op. cit. pp. 577-57934

, „ , „ ,}

- Starobinski, op. cit. an 23-32 "

mrmin . mto pnV n3 Mum ,,„„„ MM , ^ v«—n nM„ nMwV^ „ »«*

™ ra sm rniw mane 1a nosaBno tarn

n™n nTOn ™M .JESSE'S"" *" "B ™

Lly"' Rousseau's 'Emilo"' w ,s Lni.le

, Modern ,mguase u

597 • iWNin 'nran D-mri - idvi px'T-ix't

T»n fpoa man nam jvo>a mT ."V>ax"V nmxa nai>o xw "D»rnin*niavV (ion mo mxV D>au> vans nx nKi "o»TT>nn" *?u> pu;xm ipVn)wnn - »V>ax» nana nx ran® yfm nan ian>!? waai .wapaVon»» .o'swi-rai mV> nu>»n ni'eaa - nsipnn vmn 'Jinannxi »*ax« nx ama ion Vnn .neo-a ,*a»nw Dions nw D»nii>in,"inr,w •TJ,nn v» vm «tan» ik .wnann naaxn-wnnw mw iai minv iwn xm (1740) »n*a aao rn nn W wrA*«ra Tann >nn 'Vman wnn novow imxa rww tmv» OKiVaan»Va mp^V pnai mtrtmnB pnno^aa Viaw dw Kin ixr*m» rib wk V»x .ion Vu; »tnsn i»» piaa mnv ,jm-

Tin nana Vu;

aaran Tin bx tVu irx Kin .-wo nvnV w» kib nbn ,buvti ik nana"?•mana ,-trm vma pwn wk ion .warm asan Tin Vk kVk ,™.n«i wVwrvuK era awaa -pna tpana kVk ,'ana.i asaV wanaa*ffwion rreimv ,1764 naiapxa 10-a tra^, 3na»a ana it nnarbwn pa* dk »a mum nV^n m* iaw *awm tanato orm kVx .tanaa -mw.nw .oioan Tann >a» xV "n^Visnnaxn

tnfi warn yam npn .u;an to -» 1WM ^ iavna mpm ato

note „, xVx xVl v„n xV (WW ^ ,t nnnan^Vina ™™ ^ jrtwm, m nKtn« nwmn ,n»a

™ ra >man nnn Kin oiKn bv mrfmL/, o^oan™»

.^Van prm n.anV Tann nx mwA ^ann Kin whn rmm .ra^

Completes, II, Paris,M

1971, pp. 36-42

J.J. Rousseau, "Projet pour ['education de M. de Sainte-Marie", Oeuvres

MffiK-m • 598

xin mm 1

? wxnnV xVx ,mx mm 1

? Disii nx nuarft nrx flMrtiiBn moon

nno nx VapV Tinn nx nano -pnonu/a jn .mmnann pinV lo^anV ,ioxi>

iwwi mvnm »an»pnnRn mann &mi .ma'-uj^aixn .n^vatm nvmann

.o'snu D»sttno

.mro-oro nv won too t«mmw .nvrWi atoV ion nau> mprn atooamuai mm awton mi&a 'V'ton -p:mn nmo> on mnm rmian mann

rawnn nuwon n« nroyo »rnann mam .npno nvoum iV>n» w»V.mann nx ,»at>n nx .miann nx n»o -prion .farm V» x"?i -prion

mu/xm rann .n»avnm nnvsnn nan?on -noa finn nx nmna D'lanV

,nw»0 tox /pno-wn i»a ioina axu>ou> ."noi nViatr .pto mV xin lamlvnpwn nx iVxo ,i"ur> nx waia .wijya u?nn Van 'oxy Vy mnopann dtoj p .nx&na in rnrnaw nVp'-Va nno 1

? iVia Va ioxy nx idiot

nsisn pnn pa rrowonn n'puano jmw mVa .nnjrn^n nw -pnom.inanoV mtxn pa ,manV Vxrra'U'xn pa .'VVan prft

too i?mn iou> Drwfta :ito np'trVisn aunoo mm ion to -pamn no'sn

ima xn'un mxn mpaa pinn xia-w xVx ...mman nbpbpb mj?n pK" .mxn'Wan pnn .[X"o ,"V>ox"] "wto toV men to iwna nu* »Vtan pnn tonx T>aia 'a^aron .nn nx tm rrafi mio i?aun pin ov nnitoiv

tVj? moxV xV" mown xV .mannn xm mva V>y*n >i?xoxm .'a'tij^aion

,tw*V .nanan ian* m^nn ,mx ]wb ".mo u/noVxVx 71s nnx arm nx4J

.[D"o ,-tox"] mto xV nnu? toroa» smann xVx ,mnanx jodo i^non .iV'n wis nx nwipv nnvVan maoon xidx xin ^nond» 10X1/ nx nmo i:non warm 'iV'oa nana u>amn .wamn mVoaTanu> mwo mio mx ps» nnw .-pnon nna xin mx'son nna :mx^on^non .nnV'n to mnan pnp'sn xin "you?n .p"y ,»V*ttK"] "ianx i)smiv 'o ix k«vx&N ^nVa jsixa mmten man n»n^ mo^toVoxo nnpnn mvn 'inn xm miVn Vna nanon pan .^non xm -pmn »»a wonxin ij7^n ".jn»x nvv^p mo «vmn mmV iV un- ^moV n«n«»i ov

:WDin to n'VwxV ,nnmV wDnw mpsm na»r«i

px .wn« nuwoV Dnx im ^ ,pnxn xmu> Ton poxnV iV wmnfna jnrnia to pvn-n'x-10 nx naviwoV Tmow nto ntoio iiayiy

u'x .noixo sht irxiy .jaoon nVm pxn .win D'uWo it

[...] ?j'DiVn^ DD'^a too .noixo Tao irxwi ,noixo nwvb Vnoo

if. Yonah, "The Quest for the good life in Rousseau's Emile: au assessment", Studies in"

599. jiwwj 'jvnan trow—wi pK't-jm

mw vrrp teamtttm •»» ^ ran* Va» mw mm torn no

.im* 131213 na n^nn un™ »Vao ,vd nx nns^; u/xia

r^: :::::-rrr ^ °>-~

a* in* 3Vw ^nVnm mvn> mnvmno mVn mmn nW

pm. V» JWW » ~ ^r°B

'

a'"0nD8n

roms Tii • too

snp^Vian mmpi> ov yvm mmpv •nnn iropoai ,p"op /'Vw'i "pin

van ma" .mrnn man nx annv VapV nnxm finn nx D»m» DfM©pannV mix ma^t? .pmn p »rvm rw»w nnx" .laina 'jdV finn mnna••asa nraai iai:n nx VtoV wan nx ion Vain aVw nnx aW ".manV nxns

.man inn mvnn .^non-pj?man naian .raemn dv mrowi »tt>an pnnnaa**a ion Vw yrroi it>au;a mVaai .mts-finn V» nana in nmsaVm ian ,iVb >fun -pV vmro» ,'V?an pjrfr rovnft jrw *»» }»n>mann

"".win nvnV viwww m xVx winm pKVu> »^Van pnn» ^an van ay isianaw "Vian par ntnan mn V'axnr jaixa .nnann os> nnnan ,'>3*0p»au6 i»x» a'xna 'a'Dp^aion »j?K't-|K"t

nx Mt»o m»»a •»»VBKn «pwV»en irwiMfr nxam paVaxV ion nannVuan "'Wan prrn" nx a*"a ion Vsx -pnan (tt^umtonwi D^xn'Rnasr»o .mvaa iioaV Tronai mnVia nx u?tnaty ,»3Kwan mnoimn j'liana

.lorn .mnxan mavin nx nam tx n^oxVpn nva mn po'jdx .naVa laxi? nxnwn nxmx Vx anna; tranaa .nrnxi

1

? nwnan pa nnan Vi» inaxaiDanxn- wn nxrn wawnn nxmxn Vu> mman nVu .nmup»aix ,rmm

Vwmn

»m»rmwi mf? bs nnan rwn nusovj -fVnn Ve? wva nvumn naanan'x .anna mmi nx nV"V ,wwcn w«na iaxv nx mn* mxn bm unxn•tooti wx-ra bnn ,mrm mvoK n»aa V» rna*n mrcn mamna nmnnwiwri to ,a"DD^ainn nwirai o»tjonaV'an manna -pan ,w» ^pi ix .anwm nxan to mwtan mwtarmtm nunnn nam n^xi bvvn D*rmon -p»nm np^^ian anaiy a^xann wna mnoim naanan txawn ni^ia naanan rwaw pw bv an nmnb t^awo

"nwann ruawrr 'ax Vu^ mpza laa naana avw ruin nmT xV oVivojVdd .dtoi?m ^ ttabjftWKii an^axa ion aan3 nnraa .1789 naanaTlaana .n^aixVn na^axn aV!xa 1790-a vxnn ,-nwann rnaxn- bv mm•naa mmxa naaV na^axn nan aipa nv^nn inwira rotoin naiy nmx,-n'na^n npnn 'ax- nau» na^va ,1791 omiiKa pn ix lW

.31-30 -as .mmann r»»Kn bv .ton

4S

« .199. Q'Vum1 (W Pw OTa iB?0S , „ D ,3W^J^JJ

601 • iwxin'miDnaistt-wi p»'T-]K'i

*]N ."nVmn naixn t Vv ]n*:u? 1133 niK" iV p'jvnV mtmn nnou

,idh rvmnn nx y?»n ami ,"rm»V»n nw»n ns 7ir -aix' nx xu>" VBoavwmiR» pi pxmsa pt?a ion Vi» hdxu; nn ,imx mson uo-'t *oi xinw «|H1

nraron dj? nrjsnan w» imi 1795 is .i»soaii nx iV>ant» nVx nn iriT

nimrr Viy nnnns 13 nx ixi i?89 -jsV ".a-ipa1

? mnn isDirw ion.*mnnn t'xiVx" Vu; nnnna 50-1 »V*a8" Vu> nnrma 23 ."n-ninnn

i3xu> - 'Wan -prnm njwVian nu'Vu; - naenan *m ne» rmnpy »au>

nrrn "nirxm mxn nviat mnxn" .iona aj ixwn pa nnxiwn nxix "*nDis" Dtt»n V» nsix na pxw xVs x?i .nmnaai rawVa irtwnnxVx ."nvisTn mnsn" nx nsnpn "n-xpnaxn rcMnarr nwx ,'twwwVib wVpna naVwa nn*nu> .rraaiB roav nn-n n-nsisn n3Qn»?u>Vv m»ur»n n»n mwovin mwanm maun 'pin "73/3 rrxa'&'aVn pwa.n-naix xV .n'VVa x-n rrmnn siwara nxsraa in ,mnx noVma n-wu-j 1

?

niyp-3 xVx .noiin nponon xV /'Vax" ix *n<fr»nn rwaRfr 1133 ftrmettrnpiTS nx nxxian rwjwm n-npinn naana 3"n nn ,"rrn cnx" pira

1

?www pipaw in' n-wata xV .m-vau nwwapoVwi-w idVii .rruipiuonxV lyva prtvnv rap rrpowia dxpTp» .D3?n n-a (m-13'in) puVrcn nx ion idb .nmaan mama* -jama,rrm .muxw »yin anai BwisiVp-sjxna ,iuVna ion Via- pnwndVis .naipn in V» mwva .ironpjip n^np^na ipo\> laoVxn -jxaVirriion ,onV Tana ,m» nonVa mnnV iu>sx >x -p-Vs pm n*ix dim 1130Vu? mio'ia ,-nr»n papnw nx ii>ab» vm urn runana .aip »V« u;u;

d'ddi law »pn.m»sa«a 'ni3n Vpiya *m> D^pVi .Viaio laVx pnwomn- nnxn *nw vn n3snn"7 »anoi» ny»a nax"? pv3 VnpiD m ,C3"3'dijiidrauniy no3 iv ,rpi3nii> ni3n maV- iim»nV npwm^ nxaiyxm "©inn oixn- -.mtama onw rmsn ,nrV m o-an w wwn

.nn-ni pun- Vu> onwanw pa d"dV *j3ona p»B»j xidxn^n rrb bv vmt> win nnxj? imumn nx iV»V npwnn

ix ("BMn dix" xii3V »n*rm unxn dv iVi- unnn nm mV »33Bnan,dwi ij; ix^u; .prrunn ,n3Dnan ^ ©Tipan >Vx'wran 3nian iaanssnan Vu; mV 4

".ia^ npnnn xV jmn Vu; nnnnn n'^onan npiVnn133 .1806 TO 1-3 DVWI 1793 1310piX3 5-3 p^D^ipn »T-V» P1XD'33snon iVnn .rrVaoan n^sa mxb m> ,1789^ 15-3 .rosnan mmV

.84-5 ,7« ,44 ,37-8 w ,tmm vair-Vn wtewn m>wiD to mm ,p^D - «

P IW.wlu fWf«b, fiwu—1 n*. J ,

-174,163-3,157

namm • 602

,pm nx i3u;aV ]wib una ."nrcrb »wn ova o'aaoai nmyn n>anxna

mitten nVnnna naanan nx pipnVi naiV tion noil w« noa ma n^n

niwn mba -pwanb -wax "pR ,Vian ninwn nx .pta niD'n 'xa ,nunn

nx piaa "unnn mxn" nau; .n^man ni>n nVnn ?ian mp xV iV'xa ^Y>an

up^na xu>n mVn .mm '33 pa wnw nxi nmiw man ma imvn

waana -pij nx tnVnn law .nnnxna nmuD'nm snun law »arna

.wayi jxa

n'aixa naanan nx naanan mVn nu^u:; mpn uinx nan bw mian 'a1

?

nrsa nxm nunuiin I'rax tx .noidcnn -^brmb nmx nmnm nnran

,a>unn "rtV nnpnn .nmVnnan nanam piasn p'j'nn Vj? inwaa

pin cu ion mVpnV^n nnanV ."['Uib-nV ni?ru xV ,unn mV "75? nooiaan

Dixn mnts nx mm .naanaV p-Va naia n^nu; ,"ttnnn mxn" mVn j'avn

D'Vxiun .n'unn n"iana nni?a mma mnxn .mix imizwV na vVaaa pnunna nua 1

? w» nxm mavnn n^nnan nx -wax 1

? na .mm ninoa .a^aVa

munnn nvuaxin nx -nx1

? imuaiy waa wa-w 'ip^aiam mVn .pin nx

.D'mixn .a-win a'unx bw naix piaVi mnxn Vu;

won mxn ."naix-'V n»n "Dirn" .owixn nnaanan Vxx dm ,ion Vsx

mVai nnx s*n ,ni>n n»a nxsai mnann" :nmaa 1793 npm .mix 1

? n^n

vauia tnan ".naix >mTX W nvVVan xin mann nvn ...rij^iVn1

? njma

nnm .D'nnxn bbib imaian nx ravn man .n:maa nvVaia mann ;naixa

,p dx .nVnpn W tim 'n"?a p"?na -mia .naixna nspm nx Vapa xin

ni'Via Viy ma"?jnn xVx ,na o^ian b>-]o nrx "n'nann n'nnxn nmx".nasv na xxai n

,

'xa''D,

'i'?n npau; ni^in

.jiinxn niyn nx ion ana "V>ax"i "nwann niaxn" --inx aw w»xin 'aixVn iumn Vi? nnva piaa .(1772) '"•iVian Vwaan Vv cnmn»nnimvi nx ina

1

?! .maixVn nna niacin nx asvV a"ntt/ xin -]irnn" : naoa

n,rwn iina ,n»D3 ^na D^inusw cnii> pixa Dix-'ja *?u> onwui nxi

nvaix^a uinuan nx x^aaiy -jii'na pain nx mxiV -wax "".nian imainx bb^b .n'ownn nV^npa V'ax nxi nwann niaxa mrxn nx .n^Vion

iwn pn nx VuaV .nuann ix mann ,naixn nVxw - up"aixa Dp"aion.pinn a» VxiTa^a^xn nx mntVi nV'npa u^sn nx vaunV .mrxn nam 'iaa

:nmuD''na Q-owa-^ppinan 'Vma maVV idii i^p^a j^id Vi? ina'na

orumuan ms'u .amnrxn pa wxVn pann nx ixsaw ,naui oimp^V ,nu?a

win 'jVian 'aixVn nvpn .Tanaa mbian nx a^n 'aixVn -jirnn niv^axa

J.J. Rousseau, "Considerations sur le gouvememenl de Pologne et sur sa reformation"

603 . jTON-m *imm mm - ion px't-jxt

mm vupVip a"n mix ,ma»x mp'sVi rnx ™Vo» jij^ nninromm D^opu mrun .nntsj^i rmioa *tra ,nca m mwt)8a

.*»ana pisa naixnn nnwovin Vx mm ,inx nvb a^x 1

?T»n -nnn man- to mm^ wn^

ran imnA ran main ton™w nn niJL^Smm jwrna mnw, >wtan xin iQ ,3Jno

0 *

.m«an„™ a>aian^Lwn