nugentwm_coll498research project paper

Citizen. Solider. Airmen.

An Analysis of Army and Air National Guardsmen Through the Lens of Role Conflict Theory

in the 21st Century Focusing on Work/Family & Inter/Intra Roles.

William M Nugent

American Military University

COLL498

Dr. Diana Stottlemyer

August 2, 2015

Role Conflicts of Guardsmen

Citizen. Solider. Airmen.

In today’s world, most people manage multiple roles, or status, concurrently. For

instance, a single individual may have at least three different statuses: employee, friend, and

family member. To give a more specific example, a man could be a husband, father, student,

Christian, uncle, friend, accountant, and a runner. These multiple roles may have different sets of

rules or norms that function to guide an individual’s behavior in different situations. Role

conflict theory proposes a person will experience tensions due to the result of having

incompatible roles; especially when the ideals of separate roles battle for dominance of a

person’s behavior. Role theory is construed as predictive in nature and argues that there are

expected role presumptions for any position. So to make this assertion, is that if behavior must

change, then the role will change as well and vice versa; roles will affect views and opinions;

people will switch their views and opinions to correspond with their roles. Role conflict theory

posits that a person will experience tensions due to the result of having incompatible roles. The

study of humans is a quite compelling field of study, challenging to study because of the multiple

fields such as social psychology, sociology, and anthropology that is necessary to really provide

an objective scientific approach to arrive at a legitimate conclusion or a theory.

Social Science proposes human behavior is derived from social expectations. Sociologist

and social psychologist consider social role theory as the model to describe how individuals act

out their everyday life (Biddle, 1986). For instance, teachers, policemen, and bankers have a set

of behavioral norms prescribed by society to guide their behaviors. The role expectation of a

teacher is to prepare lessons, teach classes, and be both authoritative and personable with

students. The socially prescribed role expectations of a policeman or a banker are different than

those of a teacher.

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A status can be a person’s lifestyle, education, or vocation. Status explains the position an

individual occupies in a particular setting. All of us will occupy multiple statuses and will play

roles that will be associated with them. The role will be the norms, values, behavior, and

personality characteristics attached to a status. Guardsmen are in the status of being part of the

Army /Air National Guard, and thus places many demands on their time while being in the

National Guard. Their expected roles are to dress in uniform, show up to work, and follow

military rules and regulations. Most guardsmen also have the status of being in a full-time

civilian occupation or full time college student. Their roles for those occupations may be to show

up to work on time, work thoroughly, be loyal to the company or business, attend class, or take

notes etc. Another status that most guardsmen occupy is that they belong to a family, through a

myriad of relationships. The roles that play is to be involved with their families lives, whether it

going out on a date as a couple, or calling home and checking in. It’s with these multiple roles

where conflicts occur due to obligations with the National Guard duty and their civilian lives.

This research project will be examining the role conflicts of work/ family, personality, and intra-

inter roles that individual Guardsmen experience as part of the 21st century Americas Army and

Air National Guard.

MILITARY HISTORY

The roots of the National Guard run deep into America’s history all the way back to

1600’s. The early colonists formed a militia for their towns for the common defense against

Native Americans and foreign invaders. Militia companies were formed with the first English

settlement at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. “The first militia regiments were organized by the

General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1636, and from the Pequot War in 1637 until

the present day, the Army National Guard has participated in every war or conflict this nation

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has fought” (http://www.nationalguard.mil). The United States did not maintain a large standing

Army throughout the nineteenth century; the state militias (national guard) provided the bulk of

forces that fought in the conflicts that America faced. During World War I and World War II, the

National Guard provided substantial amounts of troops in both conflicts. “The president

activated National Guard peacekeeping units destined for Iraq during the first Gulf War (1991),

Haiti (1999), Kosovo (1999), and Bosnia (2002). Since the terrorist attacks of September 11,

2001, the National Guard has provided extra security at the nation’s airports; it also assisted in

the recovery of the space shuttle Columbia, which broke apart on reentry February 1, 2003”

(Clark, 2011). The National Guard went from being a strategic reserve force to being a fully

operational force multiplier for the Department of Defense and the United States,

When ordinary citizens formed militias to defend against hostile attacks, the

as the nation’s first line of defense since America’s birth and have fought

in every major conflict in America's history. (http://www.ngaus.org/advocating-

nationalguard/evolving-role-citizen-soldier)

The transformation of the Army and Air National Guard over the last two decades has

truly redefined what it means to be a member of the National Guard, its mission obligations,

responsibilities to the state, and its federal mission to the United States.

ROLE CONFLICT

The intent is to show and perhaps give a better understanding of the extraordinary roles

and conflicts that these citizen-soldiers / airmen experience from their service that is part of our

national defense; understanding the challenges and demands of guardsmen being in the national

guard for employers, and aiding the leaders of the National Guard to be able to better support and

equip the individual Guardsman. As humans we create social roles based on our environment in

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http://www.nationalguard.mil/


our interaction with others. The focus of this project is about how national guardsman experience

the role conflict of being in the “state militia” through inter-intra role conflicts, and taking care

of their family/work commitments.

Intra Role Conflict: Military Structure. The Guardsmen are taught about this social role

with a series of tools the Army or Air National Guard, and the active components the Army and

Air Force has in place. The start is with the oath of enlistment that clearly defines the role and

expectation of the individual when they are enlisting with the Army or Air National Guard. The

next is the respective services core values that are designed to instill, and teach about the

integrity, service, and honor that is expected from them while being a Guardsmen. These values

that are taught, contribute to the status / role expectations that are required from all US military

members. The Code of Conduct (COC) serves as the ethical and directive guide that spells out

how US military members are to act in combat situations. It is an important part of the military

doctrine but it is not considered punitive in nature, never the less it is still a component that

clearly delineates expectations of the status and roles that guardsmen are in. The Uniform Code

of Military Justice (UCMJ) is the foundation of punitive military law in the United States and it

codifies behaviors or actions that a military could be charged for in combat or peacetime

situations. Also, the teaching of the Uniform Code of Military Justice is part of military doctrine

for all members of the US military. The COC and the UCMJ are the base line tools that serve to

define what the social role and expectations the Guardsmen play when they are in the status of

being an Army or Air National Guardsmen.

The role conflict really starts when a National Guardsmen raises their right hand and

swears an oath to the Constitution of the United States as well as to the constitution of the state

or territory where they join. They are serving two sovereign governments; “Each soldier and

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airman holds membership in both the National Guard of his or her state and in the U.S. Army or

the U.S. Air Force” (http://www.ngaus.org/advocating-national-guard/evolving-role-citizen-

soldier). This allows the National Guard to fulfill its role in Homeland Defense due the

geographic dispersion of forces that are a part of the local communities with ties to local and

state governments. Because of its unique dual Constitutional authority, the National Guard serves

to bridge the “zone of ambiguity” across state and federal government boundaries. The National

Guard is the only United States military force that operates across both State and Federal

jurisdictions.

The source of some the role conflict for Guardsmen is the lack of recognition for the

sacrifices made while wearing the uniform of The National Guard. There is a bill before the US

House (National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016) for securing “Veteran status”

for members of the National Guard and Reserve. This House Bill would provide veteran status to

all members the National Guard and Reserve that served 20 years regardless of their duty status.

“Currently, the Veterans Code, Title 38, excludes from the definition of “veteran” career

reservists who have not served on Title 10 active duty for other than training purposes. Title 32

drill training, annual training, vital day-to-day support operations, and emergency response to

terrorism and natural disasters under Chapter 502(f) are currently not considered qualifying

service for Veteran status” (http://www.ngaus.org). This means is that Guardsmen are not

considered veterans and are not eligible for a whole host of veteran’s benefits such as healthcare,

educational, and other related benefits if they remain on Title 32 orders for their entire military

career. This issue continues to be lobbied by various groups in Washington, DC and supported

by members of the House and Senate. But it ultimately comes down to this one thing, in the

simplest terms, who will foot the bill? This argument goes back to the dual role that the Guard

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fulfills in its State and Federal missions that is part of its charter within the framework of the US

Constitution.

Because of the status of being in the Army /Air National Guard, there are many roles that

are associated with it. A group of roles it is known as role set. To look at this from a Guardsmen

perspective they have a status in their unit, then with their civilian job, families, and the local

community. On a macro level the National Guard as a whole is experiencing a role set as well

with their individual states, and the federal government because of the multitude of roles that the

guardsmen are being tasked to support from state and federal government missions. These roles

play havoc on a guardsmen status in terms of pay and benefits that they may be eligible for based

on their state or federal status. Because of the difference between state and federal duty orders,

some guardsmen feel like that they have not been treated equally compared to the active duty

troops. “The evolving role of the Guard has led to increased involvement in overseas operations

and foreign aid missions, including in Iraq, Afghanistan, the Balkans, the Sinai, and many other

locations across the globe. Today more than 50% of our Guardsmen have combat experience”

(http://www.ngaus.org/advocating-national-guard/evolving-role-citizen-soldier). Because of

conflict, guardsmen have increasingly been facing stressors that have contributed to the role

conflicts.

Intra/Inter Role Conflict. Intra role conflicts are conflicts that occur within one status. Inter role

conflict occur when there is tension between two or more statuses. Guardsmen experiences intra

role conflicts every step of their journey from basic training to retirement. New recruits are sent

to basic training and then on to further advance technical training in a very structured

environment that operates on the strict discipline and obedience. This initial exposure, or role

indoctrination, is vital to the education of the military member as it familiarizes them with the

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social norms and expectations of the military. However, the military services (Army and Air

Force) train their active duty, reserves, and national guardsmen together as they are going

through basic training and their advance military training schools. This approach is fine when

everyone is operating in the same role as a combined military force at a deployed location.

However, after the advance training is over for the National Guardsmen, they are sent back to

their home state and taken off of active duty orders (Title 10) to the traditional guardsmen orders

(SAD or Title 32). For most Guardsmen the status, benefits, and pay of being an Active duty

member of the military end after basic training unless they are placed on Title 10 orders.

A guardsmen will juggle the expectations of what was spelled out by the military while

going through basic training and advance technical training; the expectations of the national

guard unit that they are with and the demands of the unit to maintain a good standing within the

unit; with their civilian job and with the interference of duties and requirements of being a

guardsmen; and finally family commitments. From this point on the guardsmen will be

experiencing the role conflict that will contradict and permeate everything they do while being a

part of the National Guard. Therefore, it is the pressures of these expectations and our difficulty

in reaching those expectations (social role performance) that result in conflict; especially when

these expectations are contradicting in nature. This is in the truest form of role conflict,

guardsmen will experience it no matter what their military rank maybe or their status in the

civilian world.

Work/Family Role Conflicts. One obvious example of role conflict is the work-family conflict, or

it is the conflict one feels when pulled between family and professional work obligations. Take

for example, a mother who is also a National Guardsman who is called up for duty on weekends,

state emergencies, or an overseas deployment. She may have to work long hours at a civilian job

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and have the constant constraint of being on call for state emergencies with her Guard unit, both

professional obligations limit her time with her family. This would be a personality role conflict:

the women is torn between the part of her personality that values being a mother and the other

part that identifies as being a National Guardsman (Boundless, “Role Conflict”). The status of

being a single mother would compound the role conflicts even further because she lack the

significant support system provided by a two-parent family.

The National Guard units that are located in every state and most territory will have

Family Assistance /Readiness Program coordinators. The coordinators handle a myriad of

different cases that can affect a National Guardsmen and their family. The following table

contains internal data tracking cases from 1 August 2014 to 1 August 2015 from the Florida

National Guard Family Assistance /Readiness Program Coordinator. It lists ten of the most

common issues that the office assisted with and gives a snapshot of what guardsmen or their

families were requesting assistance for. From August of 2014 to August 2015, the Family

Assistance /Readiness Program Coordinator had a total of 583 cases that their office handled.

This data highlights the work/family role conflict that guardsmen are currently experiencing.

Issue Category Issue Type # of Case Social Role Conflict associated with Issue

Community Outreach/ Partnerships

Community Organizations donating items to Military families

78 Work/ Family

Personality

Financial Rent/Mortgage Payment/Behind

75 Work/Family

Financial Emergency Funds Request

68 Work/Family

Financial Auto payment behind 34 Work/FamilyEmployment: Service Member

Job assistance / Job Fair

25 Work/Family

Financial Loan/ Grant 20 Work/FamilyEmployment: Service Career Opportunities 15 Work/Family

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MemberChild/Youth issues Child Care 13 PersonalityFinancial Medical Bill

Assistance10 Work /Family

Behavioral Health/Counselor Support and Contact Info

Separation, Depression, Family, Grief, Marital, Substance Abuse counseling referrals

23 Work/ Family

Source: Data was retrieved from internal report Aug 2014- Aug 2015 that was shared from Florida National Guard Family Readiness Program.

The most common issues were financial in nature of the types of cases that were handled

by Florida National Guard Family Assistance /Readiness Program.

Consequences of Poorly Managed Role Conflicts. The different role sets experienced by

Guardsmen, creates an unusual amounts of stress. Stress in daily living is often related in some

negative connotation that may have occurred or about to occur. Because of this many individuals

believe that the stress is bad for you, which is entirely not the case. Eustress, or positive stress, is

when individuals will experience the following; motivates, focuses energy and effort, it’s short

term, part of our coping abilities, can be exciting, and will improve performances. Conversely,

the negative stress, or malstress is when individuals will experience some anxieties, be short or

long termed, is thought of being out of coping ability, feels very unpleasant, decreases

productivity, can lead to impaired physical or mental health.

Anecdotal evidence suggests that repeated overseas deployments, and the

likelihood that such duty will continue or increase in coming years, is having a

corrosive effect on the willingness of Guard and Reserve members to

remain in service. For senior leaders, the major manpower challenge ahead

will be to create an environment conducive to citizen-soldier service that

exploits the military capabilities of individuals and units while addressing the

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often competing and conflicting priorities of service members, their families,

and their employers. (Doubler, 2008).

The hard part is being objective in labeling what the specifics are that can cause eustress or

malstress, because the guardsmen are different from each other and will react differently to

situations that they are faced with.

The perceived stress is important in the way that we label stress and our ability to cope

with it. Individuals will perceive the stress differently and many time on our personality structure

as well as our experiences. The stress that is experienced is mediated by a individuals support

system such as work or home. This perceived stress is a psychological construct that is not the

main reason for this research; but a mitigating factor in the role conflict that guardsmen may

differ due to the differing personality of the guardsmen but the support provided to them- the

more support the less perceived stress the less the support the higher perceived stress which may

result in higher role conflict. “A study…conducted on returning OEF/OIF [Operation Enduring

Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom] National Guard veterans…found that interventions to bolster

psychological resilience and post deployment social support may help reduce the severity of

traumatic stress and depressive symptoms” (Pietrzak, 2009).

In a study by Waldo Buchard of the role conflict experienced by Military Chaplin, he

found that a person has three coping strategies to deal with multiple role conflicts: 1) leave one

of the roles, 2) rationalize, or 3) compartmentalize. “When these techniques fail, the individual

will invent new patterns of behavior which are usually thought of as neurotic, aberrant or

psychotic, depending upon the severity of the conflict and the social definition of the given

situation” (Burchard, 1954). The educating the individual, the unit supervisors, and finally the

family seem to be the major importance to help with an effective support structure.

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The importance of the perceived support systems by Guardsmen is evident in the results

of the study listed above. This will go along way with taking care of our guardsmen, their

families, the state, and finally the United States. The National Guard has the responsibility and

resources to educate the individual on how best to prepare for the individual responsibilities of

being a Guardsmen. Thus, lessening the chance for any conflicts that may arise from their status

of being in the National Guard. It’s incumbent on the individual to have open discussions with

their families, and what to expect with what typically goes along with being a member of the

Guard and how best the family can support them.

A total of 272 predominantly older reserve/National Guard OEF/OIF veterans

completed a mail survey assessing traumatic stress and depressive symptoms,

resilience, and social support. Results: Resilience scores in the full sample were

comparable to those observed in civilian outpatient primary-care patients.

Respondents with PTSD, however, scored significantly lower on this measure and

on measures of unit support and post deployment social support. A hierarchical

regression analysis in the full sample suggested that resilience (specifically,

increased personal control and positive acceptance of change) and post

deployment social support were negatively associated with traumatic stress and

depressive symptoms, even after adjusting for demographic characteristics and

combat exposure.( Pietrzak, 2009).

A Guardsmen will need to inform their family on what available resources and support structure

are available to support them if they are deployed overseas; this will help significantly reduce

stressors in any role conflicts that may occur. First line supervisors, and First Sergeants should

check in with families periodically to establish a relationship, which makes them more

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approachable by the guardsmen family if necessary and vise versa. First-line Supervisors, First

Sergeants, and Commanders all have the responsibility to monitor their subordinates health,

welfare, and morale in which it can have a huge impact on the vital mission success in protecting

their State, and the United States.

It is obvious that support is necessary for the guardsmen to be able to handle any stress

that comes along; support has to come from a joint effort from the federal & state governments,

employer, guard unit, and families. Each of these entities understanding the roles the guardsmen

fulfill will help with interaction of the individuals and their abilities to cope. With an effective

support system, Guardsmen may be less likely to leave the National Guard due to having

multiple role conflicts. Numerous health, psychological, social and work issues have been

associated with role conflict. As Mary Van Sell, Arthur Brief, and Randall Schuler observed

“Role conflict is positively correlated with experienced stress level and depression and

negatively correlated with self-esteem,…job commitment, job involvement, participation in

decision-making, and satisfaction with compensation, coworkers, and supervision” (1981).

SUPPORTING AGENCIES

The challenge for the National Guard is to educate the individual guardsmen on what to

look for and what available resources that are available to them. A Guard unit in one state near a

major urban area will have a majority of resources that are available for the individual

Guardsmen to utilize. Whereas a Guard unit in another state that perhaps is semi rural area may

not have the same resources that are available to the Guardsmen to help them deal with the role

conflicts (stressors) that they are experiencing. The National Guard needs to continually educate

its first-line supervisors, first sergeants, and commanders that the most valuable resource that

they have is the traditional Guardsmen whom they have spent money, time, and training to

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ensure that the Guardsmen knows that he or she does have a support system and they matter to

them.

Supportive agencies such as the Employee Support of the Guard and Reserve

mission is to promote cooperation and understanding between Reserve Component Service

members and their civilian employers and to assist in the resolution of conflicts arising from an

employee's military commitment. Strong employee/employer relationships can have a significant

impact on resolving the work/family role conflict that can arise from service with the National

Guard or Reserves. Each State National Guard has a Family Support office and Coordinator

whose number one priority is to provide support to families of National Guardsmen. These

offices and individuals can help with the necessary families requests for assistance and help

resolve any issues for the family while the Guardsmen is away. This resource helps mitigate the

stressors of the role conflicts that guardsmen and their families could face. The state National

Guard Chaplain’s office can robust resource for guardsmen and families when they are facing

conflicts and be a source for counsel, or arrange for the appropriate counseling to occur. National

Guard Chaplains are an excellent resource that can provide perspective on how best to deal with

multiple role conflicts.

The National Guard is committed to the subject of behavioral health. This commitment

was instituted after the attacks on the World Trade Center. Before the attacks, the National

Guard Bureau did not recognize the need to have a full time behavioral health officer on staff.

Because of the ongoing conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, guardsmen returned from overseas

deployments, many were from combat zones and experience hardships with reintegration back

into their civilian lives. These many role conflicts that guardsmen experienced without a support

structure that led some to do drastic things such as suicide and family violence. The challenge for

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the National Guard Bureau was ensuring access to resources because of the vast geographical

dispersion of guard units. In a recent interview with Lt. Col Darrick Cunningham, Behavioral

Health Branch Chief for the Air National Guard and Lt. Col Laura Wheeler, Chief Behavioral

Health officer for the Army National Guard; Wheeler had said:

Returning Guard members coming back from a deployment face significant

challenges when reintegrating with their family, communities, work and school.

Aside from drill weekends, they are separated from their units when they return,

often living across large geo-dispersed areas, and this is unlike their active duty

counterparts who kind of decompress together. (Salzer, 2014).

The National Guard has come up with innovations to help manage these role conflicts.

First, Directors of Psychological Health have been hired for states; one per state for those “high

risk states” that have a significant amount of guardsmen that were experiencing multiple issues

and conflicts that are financial, marital, or legal in nature among all guardsmen. The Army

National Guard Directors of Psychological Health are working at the state level, and the Air

National Guard Directors of Psychological Health are working with the various units and

geographically separated units. The Directors of Psychological Health are in the local

community developing relationships with local resources to leverage for the needs for behavioral

health services for the National Guardsmen in their communities. Cunningham had stated, “all of

our DPHs are out in the local communities every day building capacity and creating a local

network of services ... so our Soldiers and Airmen are getting the best care” (Salzer, 2014).

Another role for the Directors of Psychological Health is to work with and educate those local

military commanders so they can emphasize to their subordinates that its ok to seek help for

behavioral health issues that are affecting them. When seeking help for this counseling it’s the

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role of the Directors of Psychological Health and local commander to generate military orders

for the Guardsmen seeking help with any mental health issues.

A challenge the National Guard faces is the dissemination of this information about new

programs that assist guardsmen with managing the role conflicts that they will experience. The

rapid advancements in technology, social media and development of applications for mobile

devices are assisting the National Guard Bureau in spreading information. An app has been

developed that can be downloaded on any mobile device called, “Ready54”; this app will be able

to tell a guardsmen the closest resources that are available, such as the Directors of Psychological

Health, and help to schedule appointments. The most preferred way to request the help is to

schedule an appointment in person so the provider can assess the needs and perhaps identified a

need that was not known. Some Guardsmen may rather seek help on their own and access a

website, GuardYourHealth.org, that provides the health and medical information to help

guardsmen. Other advancements in care include the Tele-Behavioral health capabilities for the

National Guard, which links a guardsmen to a mental health professional via webcam. This

capability allows for geographically separated units to have access to vital mental health

resources. The recognition of mental health resource access and the management of behavioral

health is of major concern for the National Guard because it directly effects the medical

readiness of all Army and Air National Guardsmen.

The synthesis of data is necessary for further research in the tabulation of all 57 state and

territories National Guard units Family Readiness Programs; that ties into the real world events

that these Guardsmen are experiencing and is validated by the role conflict theory in this

research project. The National Guard family Readiness Program offices have switched over to a

new client tracking system that is called the “Family management program”. It's with this

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tracking program that the family assistance coordinators use to open up a case on an issue,

institute a referral, and follow-up to ensure the issue is resolved. In the state of Florida, Family

Assistance (which is just one component of Family Programs), has 9 Family Assistance Centers

located in armories across the state. Also, Family Assistance is a National program, there are 400

plus Family Assistance Centers located across the states and three territories. The quantitative

analysis of guardsmen and their families that is experiencing these role conflicts and role strains

can help with the education, support, training of guardsmen, families, supervisors, employers,

and supporting agencies.

CONCLUSION

There is clear lack of relevant data from the academic community regarding military role

conflict, not to mention a near complete absence of academic discussion about National

Guardsmen. Some researcher believe “the best way to study behaviors is to observe them.

Consequently, the best way of studying roles is to observe the characteristic behavior of persons

as they cope with real world problems and contexts” (Biddle,2013). Just because a individual is

in the National Guard does not mean that they are going to completely understand the road ahead

for them when they are confronted with some of the conflicts that they will experience when it

comes to being a guardsmen. The strategy in dealing with role conflicts and how the perceived

stress is dealt with is depending on the support system that understands what the roles and most

likely the conflicts that will be experienced. There needs to be further academic research in the

area of role conflict within the National Guard to bolster not only society’s understanding, but

also strengthen resources.

The multiple role conflicts that occur due to obligations with the National Guard duty and

civilian lives is the example of what our Guardsmen and Reservists experience as they go about

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their lives. The 21st century Army and Air National Guard will continue to strive ahead by

supporting the state and federal missions as per the US Constitution. The role of the Guardsmen

is recognized as crucially important in supporting the state and federal missions; the Army and

Air National Guard will continue to strive to provide Behavioral Health resources that are

available through a variety of means to support the individual soldier or airmen in their duties

while deployed or at home.

The National Guard will have no notice when the next disaster will strike, whether it will

be an earthquake, tornado, or forest fire. It has a responsibility to respond and protect its citizens

of the state, or country. The National Guard has been a very efficient military force, and a cost

effective response capability to any crisis, with a fully equipped and properly trained force, its

mission to protect the public can be executed, and then return to normal day to day routines. The

Army and Air National Guard will continue with its proud tradition of supporting its Citizen-

Soldier- Airman that are the backbone of this truly remarkable organizations.

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Works Cited

Biddle, B. J. (1986). Recent development in role theory. Annual review of sociology, 67-92

Biddle, B. J. (2013). Role theory: Expectations, identities, and behaviors. Academic Press.

Boundless. “Role Conflict.” Boundless Sociology. Boundless, 10 Jul. 2015. Retrieved 11 Jul.

2015 from https://www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-

textbook/social-interaction-5/elements-of-social-interaction-52/role-conflict-328-7748/

Burchard, W. W. (1954). Role conflicts of military chaplains. American Sociological Review,

528-535.

Clark, Cynthia L., National Guard, The American economy: A historical encyclopedia. Santa

Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.apus.edu/login?url=

http://search.credoreference.com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/content/entry/abcamerecon/national_guard/

Doubler, Michael D. (2008). The National Guard and Reserve: A Reference Handbook Westport,

CT: Praeger Publishers. Retrieved July 3, 2015, from Praeger Security International

Online database:

http://psi.praeger.com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/doc.aspx?d=/books/gpg/C9325/C9325-824.xml

Getzels, J. W. and Guba, E. C. (1954), “Role, role conflict, and effectiveness,” American

Sociological Review, Vol. 19, pp. 164-75.

Goode, W. J. (1960), “A theory of role strain,” American Sociological Review, Vol. 25, pp. 483-

496. http://www.nationalguard.mil/AbouttheGuard/ArmyNationalGuard.aspx

Salzer, D. (2014). “Behavioral health: Army, Air Guard resources you should know about”,

National Guard Bureau

http://www.nationalguard.mil/News/ArticleView/tabid/5563/Article/575682/behavioral-health-

army-air-guard-resources-you-should-knowabout.aspx

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http://www.ngaus.org/advocating-national-guard/evolving-role-citizen-soldier

http://www.ngaus.org/advocating-national-guard/take action?url=

http://www.capwiz.com/ngaus/issues/alert/?alertid=66753626

Pietrzak, R. H., Johnson, D. C., Goldstein, M. B., Malley, J. C., & Southwick, S. M. (2009).

Psychological resilience and postdeployment social support protect against traumatic

stress and depressive symptoms in soldiers returning from Operations Enduring Freedom

and Iraqi Freedom. Depression and anxiety, 26(8), 745-751.

Van Snell, Mary, Arthur P. Brief, and Randall S. Schuler. 1981. Role Conflict and Role

Ambiguity: Integration of the Literature and Directions for Future Research. Human

Relations 34 (1): 43–71

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Appendix

Data from the Florida Nation Guard Family Assistance Office about their cases between August

2014 and August 2015.

Report Name: Case Issue by Category and Type

Report Description: The number of cases created from the user by category.

FiltersIssue Date BETWEEN 20140801 20150801

Issue Category Issue Type # of Cases


Behavioral Health Education Materials 1


Coping with Separation 2


Depression 1


Family Counseling 5


General Counseling 4


Grief Counseling 2


Marital Concerns 5


Substance Abuse 3

Child and Youth Related Issues

Academic Difficulties 2


Child Care 13


Deployment Information/Child and Youth 2


Emotional Difficulties 1


Programs for Child and Youth 2

Communications Access AKO/DKO or Other Military Email 5Communications Service Member Not in Contact with Family 1Community Outreach/Partnerships

Benefits & Support for Military Families Websites or Contact Info

8

Community Community Organizations Donating Items for Military 78

21


Outreach/Partnerships FamiliesCommunity Outreach/Partnerships

Community Resources 7

Community Outreach/Partnerships

Community/Individual Donations 1


Homeless 5


Offer of Donation/Holiday Adoption 1

Community Resources Elder Care 1Community Resources Holiday Donations/Adoption 1Community Resources Public Assistance 8Crisis Referral and Intervention (Duty to Warn)

Child Abuse/Neglect 2

Crisis Referral and Intervention (Duty to Warn)

Danger to Self 2

Crisis Referral and Intervention (Duty to Warn)

Domestic Abuse 3

Death and Survivor Benefits Burial Questions 1Death and Survivor Benefits Information and Referral 1Death and Survivor Benefits Survivor Benefit Plan 1Deployment/Mobilization Support

YRRP Event Information 1

Education: Service Member Career/Education Exploration 1Education: Youth Career/Education Exploration 1Employer Support of the Guard and Reserve (ESGR)

Employer Inquiry 3

Employer Support of the Guard and Reserve (ESGR)

Re-Employment Issues Following Deployment 1

Employer Support of the Guard and Reserve (ESGR)

Service Member Problem with Employer 2

Employment: Service Member Career Opportunities 15Employment: Service Member Information and Referral 1Employment: Service Member Job Assistance/Job Fairs 25Employment: Service Member Unemployment 4Employment: Spouse Career Opportunities 4Employment: Spouse Job Assistance/Job Fairs 2Employment: Youth Career Opportunities 1Exceptional Family Member Program (EFMP)

EFMP Referral and Contact Info 1

Family Readiness Groups Parents of Service Members/Support 1Financial Auto Payment/Behind 34Financial Budget Counseling 1Financial Damage to Home 1Financial Disability Claims 1

22


Financial Emergency Funds Request 68Financial Entitlements (BAH, Hazard Duty, etc.) 3Financial Family Pay Issues 3Financial Foreclosure 2Financial Loan/Grant Request (Military Affiliated) 20Financial Medical Bill Assistance 10Financial Military Pay is Late/Delayed 5Financial Personal Financial Management 7Financial Rent or Mortgage Payment/Behind 75Financial Tax Assistance (W2s or Tax Preparation) 1Financial Utility Bill Assistance 20ID Cards DEERS Enrollment 2ID Cards ID Card Locations 1ID Cards Required paperwork for ID Card 2Legal Child Support 3Legal Criminal issues 1Legal Custody/Visitation Issues 1Legal Eviction Notices 1Legal Family Care Plan Requirements 1Legal Financial Neglect of Family 2Legal Inquiry/Advice 3Legal Legal 1Legal Litigation 1Legal Notary Public Services 12Legal Power of Attorney/Wills 2Legal Separation/Divorce 3Legal Substance Abuse 1Military Related Absent Without Leave (AWOL) 1Military Related Medical Hold/Line of Duty/MMSO Questions 2Military Retirement Application for Retirement Pay 2Military Retirement Benefits (Commissary/Post Exchange/MWR) 3Military Retirement Pay 2Personal and Family Life Education

Educational Materials (Problem Solving, Stress Management, Parenting, Fitness, Nutrition, Wellness, Health)

2

Personal and Family Life Education

PREP/Strong Bonds 3

Property/Household Issues Major Building Repairs 1Property/Household Issues Property/Household/Storage 1Property/Household Issues Relocation Assistance 4Property/Household Issues Vehicle Issues 1TRICARE Information and Referral

Application Assistance: Medical 2

TRICARE Information and Referral

Claims Processing: Medical 1

23



Early Eligibility/Issues 1


Eligibility Issues: Dental 1


Eligibility Issues: Medical 3


Provider Location: Dental 1


Provider Location: Medical 2


TRICARE Program Information (Standard, Prime, Prime Remote)

2


TRICARE Reserve Select (TRS) 2

Urgent/Critical Adult Protective Referral 3Urgent/Critical Death: Family Member 2Urgent/Critical Illness or Injury: Family Member 2Urgent/Critical Illness or Injury: Service Member 4VA Related Benefits 9VA Related Disability Claims 3VA Related Rehabilitation 1VA Related Veteran Specific Services (ACAP, Advocacy) 2Total 583

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