nufact’02 summary of nufact’02 rob edgecock cern-ps & ral
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NuFact’02NuFact’02
Summary of NuFact’02Rob Edgecock
CERN-PS & RAL
OutlineOutline
• Introduction to the Neutrino Factory
• NuFact School
• NuFact’02
• The machine and R&D
• Neutrino Oscillations
• Conclusions
If you have questions, please interrupt
IntroductionIntroduction
CERN layout: 2.2 GeV protons; 50 GeV muons
IntroductionIntroduction
NF capable of producing intense beams of
Neutrinos: long baseline neutrino oscillations (only future project guaranteed physics BSM)
Neutrinos: short baseline, high precision physics studies
Muons: precision measurements, MuSR, MuCF, etc
Kaons: rare decays, etc
Test bed for
High power proton projects: neutron spallation, waste transmutation, etc
Muon collider: particularly cooling
NuFact SchoolNuFact School
1st International Neutrino Factory Summer Institute
• 23 students, 12 lecturers (and a cat)
• Aim: to provide an introduction to NuFact
The Cosener’s
House, near to RAL
See cern.ch/mellis/physics/nufact/nufact_school.html for photos
NuFact SchoolNuFact School
• Programme:Physics of
Massive Neutrinos: Boris Kayser Basic Accelerator Physics: Ted Wilson Neutrino Factory:
Bennett/Geer/Kaplan/Mori/Palmer/Prior Slow Muons:Yoshi Kuno Neutrino Detectors:Harris/McFarland Neutrinos in Astrophysics:
Bob Bingham
• Very positive response from students (the cat, however, was only interested
in MICE)
• Second school is planned before NuFact’03
Introduction to NuFact’02Introduction to NuFact’02
IntroductionIntroduction
• At Imperial College, London
• 4th in the series: Lyon, Monterey CA, Tsukuba
• 161 participants, 14 from CERN (cf 23 in 2000) – (no cats)
• Programme:
Monday Jul 1 Tuesday Jul 2 Wednesday Jul 3 Thursday Jul 4 Friday Jul 5 Saturday Jul 6
9:00 WG WG WGPlenary WGs reports reports reports Summaries
10:30 Coffee Coffee Coffee Coffee Coffee Coffee11:00 Summaries
Plenary WGs WGs WGs PlenaryClose
13:00 Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch14:00
Plenary WGs WGs WGs Plenary
15:30 Coffee Coffee Coffee Coffee Coffee16:00
Plenary WGs WGs WGs Plenary
19:00 Reception Banquet
IntroductionIntroduction• Four working groups:
(1) Machine - B.Autin (CERN), R.Fernow (BNL),
S.Machida (KEK)
(2) Neutrino oscillations - D.Harris (FNAL), S.King (Soton), O.Yasuda (TMU)
(3) Non-oscillation - A.Kataev (Moscow), S.Kumano neutrino physics (SAGA), K.McFarland (Rochester)
(4) Non-neutrino science - K.Jungmann (KVI), J-M.Poutissou (TRIUMF), K.Yoshimura (KEK)
• 49 Plenary talks, 106 parallel talks
• ~85 hours of talks!
Social events…..Social events…..
• Reception at V&A Silver Gallery
• Banquet in Flight Gallery, Science Museum
• Attended by
Lord Sainsbury – Minister of Science
Sir Richard Sykes – Rector of IC
Prof Ian Halliday – CEO PPARC
• Positive sign (hopefully) for UKfunding
The MachineThe Machine
• Proton drivers
• Targetry
• Particle production measurements
• RF manipulation
• Cooling
• Muon acceleration
• -beams
• Emphasize changes since NuFact’01
Proton DriversProton Drivers
• Range of energies: 2.2 to 50 GeV
• Some multiple purpose: PP + other areas
• Some multi-functional:superbeams, -beams, NF
• But….. 1-4 MW, ~ns bunch length
Proton DriversProton Drivers
• For CERN, two possibilities:
SPL
Wyss
Proton DriversProton Drivers
30 GeV Rapid Cycling
Synchrotron in the ISR tunnel
Proton DriversProton Drivers
PDAC RCS
MCHF MCHFSPL 350 Linac 110
Accumulator 63 Booster RCS 88Compressor 50 Driver 233TOTAL 463 TOTAL 431
Cost comparison
Schönauer
SPL: driver for a conventional superbeam to Frejusdriver for -beamsR&D already started with CEA
RCS: replacement for PS
Others……JHFOthers……JHF
JHF FacilityJHF Facility
Construction2001 ~ 2006 (approved)
JAERI@Tokai-mura(60km N.E. of KEK)
(0.77MW)
Super Conductingmagnet for beam line
Near detectors@280m and@~2km
1021POT(130day)≡ “1 year”
JHFJHF
~1GeV beamKamiokaJAERI
(Tokaimura)
0.77MW 50 GeV PS
( conventional beam)
Super-K: 22.5 kt
4MW 50 GeV PS
Hyper-K: 1000 kt
Phase-I (0.77MW + Super-Kamiokande)Phase-II (4MW+Hyper-K) ~ Phase-I 200
Plan to start in 2007
Kobayashi
JHF SuperbeamJHF Superbeam
Kobayashi
ProtonBeam
Target FocusingDevices
Decay Pipe
Beam Dump
,K
“Conventional” neutrino beam
TargetHornsDecay Pipe
Far Det.“Off-axis”
JHF Neutrino FactoryJHF Neutrino Factory
Neuffer
Neutrino Factory based on FFAGs:
Fixed Field Alternating Gradient synchrotrons
Others…..Others…..
Rees
• Upgrade to the AGS – BNL to Homestake/ WIPP superbeam
Machine Power Proton/Pulse Repetition Rate Protons/SSC year Current AGS 0.17 MW 6 1013 0.625 Hz 3.75 1020
AGS Proton Driver 1 MW 1 1014 2.5 Hz 2.5 1021
Japan Hadron Facility 0.77 MW 3.3 1014 0.29 Hz 9.6 1020
Super AGS Prot Driver 4 MW 2 1014 5.0 Hz 1.0 1022
See hep-ex/0205040
• ISIS upgrade:
New ring, R=78m; ISIS R=26m
3 GeV at 50Hz – 1MW neutron spallation source
8 GeV at 50/3 Hz – 1MW R&D for a Neutrino Factory
Same RF, modified magnet P/S for 8 GeV
Possibility of developing to 4MW
Kahn
Proposed rotating tantalum target ring
TargetryTargetry
Many difficulties: enormous power density lifetime problems pion capture
Replace target between bunches:
Liquid mercury jet or rotating solid target
Stationary target:
Densham
Sievers
Liquid Hg TestsLiquid Hg Tests
Tests with a proton beam at
BNL.
• Proton power 16kW in 100ns Spot size 3.2 x 1.6 mm
• Hg jet - 1cm diameter; 3m/s Kirk
0.0ms 0.5ms 1.2ms 1.4ms 2.0ms 3.0ms
Dispersal velocity ~10m/s, delay ~40s
Liquid Hg TestsLiquid Hg Tests
Tests with a 20T magnet at Grenoble.
B = 0T
1cm
Mercury jet (v=15 m/s)
B = 18T
Fabich/Lettry
Jet deflection Reduction in velocity
Pion Capture: SolenoidsPion Capture: Solenoids
Kirk
20T 1.25T
Pion Capture: HornPion Capture: Horn
Protons
Current of 300 kA
To decay channel
Hg target B1/R
B = 0
Gilardoni
Pion Capture: HornPion Capture: Horn
Gilardoni
BEAM AXIS
1500
1000
Ø80
0
Ø20
00
Ø80
600 kA (outer horn)
300 kA (inner horn)
Not to scale
Inner conductorInner conductor
Tests of inner horn prototype delayed due to
budget constraints
Particle Production ExperimentsParticle Production Experiments
The Hadron Production Experiment
2-15 GeV, East Hall, CERN
Ellis
Main Injector Particle Production Experiment
5-120 GeV, FNAL, 2002-2004
Raja
Phase RotationPhase Rotation
Beam after drift plusadiabatic buncher – Beam is formed intostring of ~ 200MHz bunches
Beam after ~200MHz rf rotation;Beam is formed into string of equal-energy bunches;matched to cooling rf acceptance
Neuffer
Phase RotationPhase Rotation
Studyii
Many ideas:
• Induction linac
• Drift and bunching
• Phase rotation in an FFAG
• Bunch to bucket at 88MHz
• Magnetic compression in AG chicane
• Weak focussing FFAG chicane
Neuffer
Sato
Hanke
Pasternak
Rees/Harold
Muon Frontend ChicaneMuon Frontend Chicane
Muon Front Ends Decay Region .2 GeV
44 MHz Rotation .2 GeV
44 MHz Cooling .2 GeV
44 MHz Accel’n .28 GeV
88 MHz Cooling & Acceleration .4 GeV 286.0 m
Decay Region .19 GeV
88 MHz Rotation .19 GeV
88 Mhz Acceleration .4 GeV 132.7 m
Decay Region .19 GeV
Reverse Rotation .19 GeV
88 MHz Acceleration .4 GeV 128.0 m
Pion-muon decay channel
88 MHz muon linacRees/Harold
Muon Frontend ChicaneMuon Frontend Chicane
Muon Frontend ChicaneMuon Frontend Chicane
Solenoid
channel
Es=190MeV
RF phase
rotation
channel
Es=190MeV
Linac
Es=400MeV
(Transmission
=77%)
Solenoid
channel
Es=190MeV
Inverse
rotation
channel
Es=190MeV
Linac
Es=400MeV
Transmission comparable to 44/88MHz scheme
CoolingCooling
• Cooling >10 increase in muon flux
• Existing techniques can’t be used ionsation cooling
RLEm
xdz
dE
Edz
d
3
2NN,
2
MeV/c6.13
• Cooling is delicate balance:
beam in
beam out
CoolingCooling
• Cooling cells are complex
• R&D essential: MuCool, MuScat and MICE
McKigney
CoolingCooling
• Main change: Rings!
Balbekov Palmer
Main advantages:shorterlongitudinal cooling
More RingsMore Rings
Cline
Quadrupole Ring Cooler
RFOFO Ring Cooler
Palmer
PerformancePerformance
Merit = 6 x trans.
But…..
Insertion 110
RF windows
Wedge absorber
Injection kicker
Palmer
PerformancePerformance
MuScatMuScat
• Measurement of muon multiple scattering
• Input for cooling simulations and MICE
• First (technical) run at TRIUMF summer 2000, M11 beam
• Run2: Oct 2002/Apr 2003
• New people welcome!
Murray
MICEMICEMICEMICE
• Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment
• Collaboration of 40 institutes from Europe, Japan, US
• LOI recently reviewed by international panel at RAL
• Enthusiastically supported MICE
• Asked for a proposal by end 2002
• Construction: 2002-2004
• First beam: 2004/5
• New collaborators welcome!
Edgecock
MICEMICEMuon AccelerationMuon Acceleration
• Needs to be fast – muon lifetime
• Needs to be a reasonable cost – not linacs all the way
• Baseline: Recirculating Linear Accelerators
• Other possibilities……Bogacz
MICEMICEFFAGsFFAGs
• Fixed Field Alternating Gradient magnets not ramped
krB ~
• Cheaper/faster RLAs/RCSs
• Large momentum acceptance
• Large transverse acceptance less cooling required!
Johnstone/Machida/Neuffer
MICEMICEFFAGsFFAGs
Proof Of Principle machine built and tested in Japan.
50keV to 500keV in 1ms.
150MeV FFAG under construction.
But…..
• Injection/extraction
• Low frequency 6.5MHzhigh gradient
MICEMICEVRCSVRCS
• Fastest existing RCS: ISIS at 50Hz 20ms
• Proposal: accelerate in 58s 4.3kHz
• Do it 15 times a second
For 2 20 GeV:Ring – 350m circumferenceRF – 200 MHz, 15 MV/m, possibly s/cMagnets – 100 micron laminations of thick
grain oriented silicon steelEddy current losses: 45MW 24kWSkin depth: 94 micronsPower supplies: 115kV x 81kACopper heating: 600 + 800W
• Also proposed: 20 180 GeV180 1600 GeV
Summers
MICEMICEStorage RingStorage Ring
• Straights should be large fraction
• Should point at two fardetectors
• Come in various shapes
Fraction of decays
in a straight
Length straights/length arcs
MICEMICE-Beams-Beams
• Produce radioactive beta emitters with T½~1s
• Accelerate and store:
ISOL Target and ECR
Linac Cyclotron Storage Ring
PS SPS Decay ring/Buncher
SPLLindroos/Wenander/Zucchelli
MICEMICE-Beams-Beams
Source:e 6He T½=0.81s Elab= 580 MeV
5 x 1013/s
Source:e 18Ne T½=1.67s Elab= 930 MeV 1012/s
• Single flavour
• Known intensity & energy spectrum
• Focussed
• Low energy
• Complementary to superbeams: same baseline/detector
But…… not cheap, needs R&D, decays losses a problem
Neutrino OscillationsNeutrino Oscillations
ii
iU Mixing described by
For 3-flavour eigenstates U is Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata (MNS):
231312231312231223131223
231312231312231223131223
1312131213
ccescscseccsss
scesssccecsssc
essccc
Uii
ii
i
6 parameters: 3 mixing angles - θ23,θ12 and θ13
CP-violation angle - δ
2 mass differences - Δm223 and Δm2
12
Transition probability:
E
LmP e 4
sinsin2sin2232
232
132
Neutrino OscillationsNeutrino Oscillations
cyclic
ij
ijjejieie E
LmUUUUP
)(
22**
4sin)Re(4)(
cyclic
ij
ijjejiei E
LmUUUU
)(
2**
2sin)Im(2
Or more precisely (in vacuum)
Kimura
2
~sin~
22sin))()(( 2
2213
1322
23
LB
BE
msP ee
2sin
22sin 2
212
1222
23
AL
EA
mc
E
LmLBAL
BE
m
EA
mJ
4cos
2
~sin
2sin~
22
~ 213
213
212
In matterMena
where 13231213 2sin2sin2sin~ cJ
eFnGA 2 E
mAB
2
~ 213
What don’t we know?What don’t we know?
• Which solar solution is correct (just)
• Atmospheric params (accurately)
• 13 (at all)
• (“ “)
• Sign of m223 (“ “)
• Whether LSND is correct
“Holy grail” - matter-antimatter
leptogenesis
Choubey
Ibarra/Morozumi/Pluemacher
(Davdison & Ibarra, hep-ph/0206304: important over much of parameter
space)
What about What about 1313 and and ??
EEp p
(GeV)(GeV)PowePowerr(MW)(MW)
BeaBeamm
〈〈 EE〉〉
(GeV)(GeV)
L L (km)(km)
MMdetdet
(kt)(kt)CC CC
(/yr)(/yr)e e
@peak@peak
CNGSCNGS 400400 0.30.3 WBWB 1818 732732 ~2~2 ~5,000~5,000 0.8%0.8%
K2KK2K 1212 0.0050.005 WBWB 1.31.3 250250 22.522.5 ~50~50 ~1%~1%
MINOS(LE)MINOS(LE) 120120 0.410.41 WBWB 3.53.5 730730 5.45.4 ~2,500~2,500 1.2%1.2%
JHF-SKJHF-SK 5050 0.750.75 OAOA 0.70.7 295295 22.522.5 ~3,000~3,000 0.2%0.2%
NuMI-OANuMI-OA 120120 0.30.3 OAOA ~2~2 730?730? 20?20? ~1,000?~1,000? 0.5%0.5%
AGSAGS???? 2828 1.31.3 WB/WB/OAOA
~1~1 2,5002,500??
1,000?1,000? ~1,000?~1,000?
CNGS-OACNGS-OA 400400 0.30.3 OAOA 0.80.8 ~120~12000
1,000?1,000? ~400~400 0.2%0.2%
SJHF-HKSJHF-HK 5050 44 OAOA 0.70.7 295295 1,0001,000 ~600,00~600,0000
0.2%0.2%
SNuMI-OASNuMI-OA 120120 1.21.2 OAOA ~2~2 730?730? 20?20? ~4,000?~4,000? 0.5%0.5%
SPL-FrejusSPL-Frejus 2.22.2 44 WBWB 0.260.26 130130 40(40040(400))
650(0)650(0) 0.4%0.4%
-Beam-Beam 2.22.2 0.10.1 WBWB ~1~1 130130 400400
-Factory-Factory 2.2-2.2-5050
44 WBWB ~10-~10-3030
3000/ 3000/ 70007000
50*250*2
Near term: $100-Near term: $100-200M200M
Mid-term: Mid-term: >$300M>$300M
Long term: >$1BLong term: >$1B Kobayashi Harris
ComparisonComparison
Huber 90% CL
JHF-HK = 4MW, 1000kT; 6 years , 2 years
NuFact-II = 5.3 x1020 useful /yr, 50kT; 4 years
ComparisonComparison
Zucchelli
SB+BB = 400kT; Nufact = 2x40kT
(M. Mezzetto, NNN02)
DegeneraciesDegeneracies
Degeneracy: 2 or more parameter sets fit the same data
Three types, all of which can effect measurement of & 13:
1313 ',',
223
223 mm
4,
2 232323
13=8o, =-90o, 0o, 90o, 180o
(1)
(2)
(3)
,',' 1313 ee
PP
,',' 1313 ee
PP
(1)
DegeneraciesDegeneracies
E
Lm
E
Lm
44cot2sincotcos'
,'212
213
12231313
13
large
NB depends on L/E possible solutions
• Two baselines and E-dependence at NF
• NF + SB combination
• Two off-axis detectors
• e as well as e
Mena
Huber/Mena
Whisnant
Meloni
DegeneraciesDegeneracies
Mena
NuFact at 2810km + SB at 130KM
NuFact at 732km + SB at 130KM
large
small
Comments……Comments……
• Neutrino Factory is still the best
• We must continue with the R&D!
• Resources are scarce:Cannot do everything Must build complementary programmebased on physics
• Degeneracy: Better SB + large (water) detector thantwo NF detectors – SN, proton decay, etc
• Weighing difference proposals will be painful
• Delicate balance:keep growingprevent fragmentation
Harris/Mezzetto
Mezzetto
Harris
LSNDLSND
+ decay at rest: 87.9 22.4 6.0 (3.8)
e
e + decay in flight: 8.1 12.2 1.7 (0.7)
s
Coney
LSNDLSND
(3+1) 2+2
Valle
Analysis of osc. data
(3+1) ruled out at 4.8
(2+2) “ “ “ 2.5
Other possibilities?
• CPT violation:
1m2m
3m
1m
2m
3m
Not yet excluded by data.
MiniBooNE:
e e
LSNDLSND
Babu• Lepton flavour violating muon decay
,,, eie ie
Branching ratio: (1.5 – 3) x 10-3
Not yet excluded.
MiniBooNE: uses + decays would see nothing!
Whatever MiniBooNE sees, LSND is still alive!
ConclusionsConclusions
• NuFact’02: very enjoyable and well organised
• Nice location (despite the weather)
• Good attendance
• Lots of new ideas
• NF is still the ultimate LBL neutrino oscillation facility
• Very important R&D continues
• Need a complementary oscillation programme
• NuFact’03……..
NuFact’03NuFact’03
NuFact 03
5th International Workshop on Neutrino
Factories & Superbeams
Columbia University New York
5 – 11 June 2003
NuFact’03NuFact’03
ChairsR. Fernow & M. Shaevitz
Local Organizing GroupJ. S. Berg (BNL)
J. Conrad (Columbia)L. Coney (Columbia)
S. Geer (FNAL)D. Harris (FNAL)
J. Monroe (Columbia)A. Para (FNAL)