nuclear war survival skills “proper shelter preparations”
TRANSCRIPT
Nuclear War Survival Nuclear War Survival SkillsSkills
““Proper Shelter Preparations” Proper Shelter Preparations”
Evacuation ChecklistEvacuation Checklist Survival InformationSurvival Information ToolsTools Shelter-Building MaterialsShelter-Building Materials WaterWater Peacetime ValuablesPeacetime Valuables LightLight ClothingClothing Sleeping GearSleeping Gear FoodFood Sanitation ItemsSanitation Items Medical ItemsMedical Items Miscellaneous Miscellaneous
Shelter, the Greatest NeedShelter, the Greatest Need
Adequate ShelterAdequate Shelter Shelter Against Radiation,Shelter Against Radiation, Flash Blindness,Flash Blindness, Fire,Fire, And Skin BurnsAnd Skin Burns
Ventilation and Cooling of Shelters Ventilation and Cooling of Shelters
• Supply enough air to carry away all the shelter Supply enough air to carry away all the shelter occupants’ body heatoccupants’ body heat
• Move the air gently, so as not to raise its Move the air gently, so as not to raise its temperature temperature
• Distribute the air quite evenly throughout the Distribute the air quite evenly throughout the shelter shelter
• Provide occupants with adequate drinking water Provide occupants with adequate drinking water and saltand salt
• Wear as few clothes as practical Wear as few clothes as practical • Keep pumping about 40 cfm of air per person Keep pumping about 40 cfm of air per person
through the shelter both day and night during hot through the shelter both day and night during hot weather weather
Protection Against Fires and Protection Against Fires and Carbon Monoxide Carbon Monoxide
Dr. A. Broido, a leading experimenter with Dr. A. Broido, a leading experimenter with fires and their associated dangers, fires and their associated dangers, reached this conclusion: "If I were building reached this conclusion: "If I were building a fallout shelter I would spend a few extra a fallout shelter I would spend a few extra dollars to build it in my backyard rather dollars to build it in my backyard rather than in my basement, locating the intake than in my basement, locating the intake vent as far as possible from any vent as far as possible from any combustible material. In such a shelter I combustible material. In such a shelter I would expect to survive anything except would expect to survive anything except the close-in blast effects." the close-in blast effects."
WaterWater
4 quarts of water per day per person 4 quarts of water per day per person and 1 tablespoon (10 grams) of salt and 1 tablespoon (10 grams) of salt
Polyethylene trash bags make Polyethylene trash bags make practical expedient water containers practical expedient water containers
Siphoning is the best way to extract Siphoning is the best way to extract the water from the bagsthe water from the bags
Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) is used Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) is used to disinfect drinking water (1 to disinfect drinking water (1 tspn/10gal.)tspn/10gal.)
FoodFood Food for babies (including milk powder, cooking oil, Food for babies (including milk powder, cooking oil,
and sugar) has the highest priority and sugar) has the highest priority Compact foods that require no cooking are preferred Compact foods that require no cooking are preferred Include at least one pound of salt, available Include at least one pound of salt, available
vitamins, a can and bottle opener, a knife, and 2 vitamins, a can and bottle opener, a knife, and 2 cooking pots with lids (4-qt size preferred) cooking pots with lids (4-qt size preferred)
For each person: one cup, bowl, and large spoon. For each person: one cup, bowl, and large spoon. Also, a bucket stove, or minimum materials for Also, a bucket stove, or minimum materials for making a bucket stove: a metal bucket, 10 all- wire making a bucket stove: a metal bucket, 10 all- wire coat hangers, a nail, and a cold chisel or screwdriver coat hangers, a nail, and a cold chisel or screwdriver
To maintain physical strength and morale, persons in To maintain physical strength and morale, persons in shelters ideally should have enough healthful food to shelters ideally should have enough healthful food to provide well-balanced, adequate meals for many provide well-balanced, adequate meals for many weeks weeks
Fallout Radiation MetersFallout Radiation Meters
Human beings cannot feel, smell, Human beings cannot feel, smell, taste, hear, or see fallout radiation taste, hear, or see fallout radiation
With a reliable dose rate meter you With a reliable dose rate meter you can quite quickly determine how can quite quickly determine how great the radiation dangers are in great the radiation dangers are in different places different places
LightLight
In a crisis, it is especially bad not to In a crisis, it is especially bad not to be able to see at all be able to see at all
Flashlights, candles, materials to Flashlights, candles, materials to improvise cooking-oil lamps (2 clear improvise cooking-oil lamps (2 clear glass jars of about 1-pint size, glass jars of about 1-pint size, cooking oil, cotton string for wicks, cooking oil, cotton string for wicks, kitchen matches, and a moisture-kitchen matches, and a moisture-proof jar for storing matches. proof jar for storing matches.
Shelter Sanitation and Preventive Shelter Sanitation and Preventive Medicine Medicine
Metal and strong plastic containers with tight lids Metal and strong plastic containers with tight lids protect food bestprotect food best
All cooked food be eaten promptly All cooked food be eaten promptly Insect repellents on the skin and clothing are Insect repellents on the skin and clothing are
generally helpful generally helpful Wash off sweat and dead skin Wash off sweat and dead skin Wash or disinfect clothing as often as practical Wash or disinfect clothing as often as practical Avoid infection from toilet seats by disinfecting Avoid infection from toilet seats by disinfecting
with a strong chlorine solution and then rinsing with a strong chlorine solution and then rinsing Wear shoes or sandals when walking about Wear shoes or sandals when walking about Adequate ventilation would help in disease Adequate ventilation would help in disease
prevention prevention
DISPOSAL OF HUMAN WASTES DISPOSAL OF HUMAN WASTES
Use a 5-gallon paint can, a bucket, or a large Use a 5-gallon paint can, a bucket, or a large waterproof wastebasket to collect both urine and waterproof wastebasket to collect both urine and excrement excrement
If only one container is available and is almost If only one container is available and is almost filled, periodically dump the wastes outside filled, periodically dump the wastes outside unless fallout is still being deposited unless fallout is still being deposited
People who plan to stay in a shelter should dig a People who plan to stay in a shelter should dig a waste-disposal pit if they do not have sufficient waste-disposal pit if they do not have sufficient waste containers for weeks of shelter occupancy waste containers for weeks of shelter occupancy
Use a hose-vented, 5-gallon can or bucket lined Use a hose-vented, 5-gallon can or bucket lined with a heavy plastic bag: cover tightly with plastic with a heavy plastic bag: cover tightly with plastic when not in use when not in use
DISPOSAL OF DEAD BODIES DISPOSAL OF DEAD BODIES
One solution is to put the corpse One solution is to put the corpse outside as soon as the odor is outside as soon as the odor is evident evident
Place it in a bag made of large plastic Place it in a bag made of large plastic trash bags taped together and trash bags taped together and perforated with a few pinholes perforated with a few pinholes
Surviving Without Doctors Surviving Without Doctors
Information about first aid and hygienic Information about first aid and hygienic precautions can be obtained from widely precautions can be obtained from widely available Red Cross and civil defense available Red Cross and civil defense booklets and courses booklets and courses
This knowledge, with a stock of basic first This knowledge, with a stock of basic first aid supplies, would reduce suffering and aid supplies, would reduce suffering and prevent many dangerous illnesses prevent many dangerous illnesses
Adequate shelter and essential life-support Adequate shelter and essential life-support items are the best means of saving lives in items are the best means of saving lives in a nuclear war a nuclear war
Potassium IodidePotassium Iodide An extremely small and inexpensive daily dose of An extremely small and inexpensive daily dose of
the preferred non-radioactive potassium salt, the preferred non-radioactive potassium salt, potassium iodide (KI), if taken 1/2 hour to 1 day potassium iodide (KI), if taken 1/2 hour to 1 day before exposure to radioactive iodine, will reduce before exposure to radioactive iodine, will reduce later absorption of radioactive iodine by the later absorption of radioactive iodine by the thyroid to only about 1% of what the absorption thyroid to only about 1% of what the absorption would be without this preventive measure would be without this preventive measure
Potassium iodide, when obtained in the Potassium iodide, when obtained in the crystalline reagent form and used as crystalline reagent form and used as recommended is safe, inexpensive, and easy to recommended is safe, inexpensive, and easy to administer administer
Prudent individuals should obtain and keep ready Prudent individuals should obtain and keep ready for use an adequate supply of potassium iodide for use an adequate supply of potassium iodide well in advance of a crisis well in advance of a crisis
Expedient Shelter Furnishings Expedient Shelter Furnishings
More people can occupy a properly More people can occupy a properly furnished shelter for weeks furnished shelter for weeks
Cleanliness, health, and morale are better Cleanliness, health, and morale are better if well designed furnishings are used if well designed furnishings are used
Persons occupying a shelter made Persons occupying a shelter made relatively comfortable by its furnishings relatively comfortable by its furnishings are more likely to stay in the shelter long are more likely to stay in the shelter long enough to avoid dangerous exposure to enough to avoid dangerous exposure to fallout radiation fallout radiation
Improvised Clothing and Protective Improvised Clothing and Protective Items Items
Trap "dead" air Trap "dead" air Use windbreaker materials Use windbreaker materials Prevent excessive heat losses by Prevent excessive heat losses by
conduction conduction Insulate the whole body with newspapers Insulate the whole body with newspapers
or paper bags or paper bags Any clothing that keeps fallout off the skin Any clothing that keeps fallout off the skin
helps greatly helps greatly Fallout Masks greatly reduce the risk of Fallout Masks greatly reduce the risk of
radiation particles entering your bodyradiation particles entering your body
Permanent Family Fallout Shelters Permanent Family Fallout Shelters for Dual Usefor Dual Use
Having a permanent, ready-to-use, well supplied fallout shelter Having a permanent, ready-to-use, well supplied fallout shelter would greatly improve millions of American families' chances of would greatly improve millions of American families' chances of surviving a nuclear attack surviving a nuclear attack
The illustrated shelter room has 106 square feet of floor space - The illustrated shelter room has 106 square feet of floor space - room enough for 5 adults and the survival essentials they will room enough for 5 adults and the survival essentials they will need for long occupancy need for long occupancy
12-inch-thick concrete wall between the landing at the foot of the 12-inch-thick concrete wall between the landing at the foot of the stairs and the end of the shelter room stairs and the end of the shelter room
Most of the radiation will not strike shelter occupants if they place Most of the radiation will not strike shelter occupants if they place containers filled with water and other shielding material against containers filled with water and other shielding material against the door the door
Below-ground shelter of the type specified in official Federal Below-ground shelter of the type specified in official Federal Emergency Management Agency pamphlets costs about $100 per Emergency Management Agency pamphlets costs about $100 per square foot of floor space square foot of floor space
If needed, a grid of 1/2-inch rebars, spaced at 12 inches, usually is If needed, a grid of 1/2-inch rebars, spaced at 12 inches, usually is adequate when constructing in clayadequate when constructing in clay
Big savings in shelter construction costs are made by using Big savings in shelter construction costs are made by using salvaged and/or used materials salvaged and/or used materials
Wet Shelter PreventionWet Shelter Prevention Shelter walls sometimes crack due to settling and Shelter walls sometimes crack due to settling and
earth movements earth movements Put a layer of gravel or crushed rock in the Put a layer of gravel or crushed rock in the
bottom of the excavation, and install perforated bottom of the excavation, and install perforated drainage pipes if gravity drainage is practical drainage pipes if gravity drainage is practical
Cover the gravel or crushed rock in the floor area Cover the gravel or crushed rock in the floor area with a plastic vapor barrier before pouring a with a plastic vapor barrier before pouring a concrete floor concrete floor
Coat the outer surfaces of roof and walls with Coat the outer surfaces of roof and walls with bituminous waterproofing or other coating that bituminous waterproofing or other coating that has proved to be most effective in your locality has proved to be most effective in your locality
Backfill with gravel or crushed rock against the Backfill with gravel or crushed rock against the walls, to keep the soil from possibly becoming walls, to keep the soil from possibly becoming saturated saturated
A Good Permanent Shelter Has A Good Permanent Shelter Has Two Ventilation Systems Two Ventilation Systems
The The primary ventilation systemprimary ventilation system of a small of a small permanent shelter should utilize a manually permanent shelter should utilize a manually operated centrifugal blower operated centrifugal blower
The The multi-week and/or emergency multi-week and/or emergency ventilation systemventilation system of a permanent shelter that of a permanent shelter that has an emergency exit should depend on a has an emergency exit should depend on a homemade KAP homemade KAP
Do not use air intake hoods on a permanent Do not use air intake hoods on a permanent shelter's pipes, because hoods are not as shelter's pipes, because hoods are not as effective as goosenecks in preventing fallout effective as goosenecks in preventing fallout particles from entering ventilation pipes particles from entering ventilation pipes
Never install any screen inside a gooseneck or air Never install any screen inside a gooseneck or air intake hood, because spider webs and the debris intake hood, because spider webs and the debris that sticks to webs will greatly reduce airflow that sticks to webs will greatly reduce airflow
ADEQUATE STORAGE SPACE ADEQUATE STORAGE SPACE FOR ESSENTIALS FOR ESSENTIALS
About 20 square feet of shelter floor area About 20 square feet of shelter floor area per family member is needed for:per family member is needed for:
Shelter furnishings and to store adequate Shelter furnishings and to store adequate water for a month,water for a month,
A year's supply of compact dry foods, A year's supply of compact dry foods, cooking and sanitary equipment, blankets, cooking and sanitary equipment, blankets, tools, and other post-attack essentials tools, and other post-attack essentials
To store the most supplies in a shelter, To store the most supplies in a shelter, you should install shelves after you know you should install shelves after you know the heights of the items to be stored the heights of the items to be stored
Instructions for an Expedient Instructions for an Expedient Fallout ShelterFallout Shelter
The most difficult to build expedient The most difficult to build expedient shelter should take no longer than shelter should take no longer than two days to constructtwo days to construct
Read all the instructions and study Read all the instructions and study the drawings before beginning work the drawings before beginning work
Sharpen all tools, including picks and Sharpen all tools, including picks and shovels shovels
Wear gloves from the startWear gloves from the start
Whenever Practical Select a Whenever Practical Select a Building Site That: Building Site That:
Will not be flooded if heavy rains occur Will not be flooded if heavy rains occur Is in the open and at least 50 ft away from Is in the open and at least 50 ft away from
a building or woods that might be set afire a building or woods that might be set afire by the thermal pulse from an explosion by the thermal pulse from an explosion tens of miles away tens of miles away
Has earth that is firm and stable Has earth that is firm and stable Has a sufficient depth of earth above rock Has a sufficient depth of earth above rock
or the water table or the water table
Expedient Instructions Cont.Expedient Instructions Cont. Before staking out the shelter, clear the ground of Before staking out the shelter, clear the ground of
brush, weeds and tall grass over an area brush, weeds and tall grass over an area extending about 10 ft beyond the planned edges extending about 10 ft beyond the planned edges of the excavation of the excavation
Stake out the complete shelter, and then dig by Stake out the complete shelter, and then dig by removing layers of earth removing layers of earth
Pile all earth about 8 ft away from the trench Pile all earth about 8 ft away from the trench Never risk a cave-in by digging into lower parts of Never risk a cave-in by digging into lower parts of
an earth wall an earth wall Make sandbags out of the excavated dirt with Make sandbags out of the excavated dirt with
pillowcasespillowcases
Cut and Haul Poles and Logs More Cut and Haul Poles and Logs More Easily By Doing the Following: Easily By Doing the Following:
Take time to sharpen your tools before starting to Take time to sharpen your tools before starting to work no matter how rushed you feel work no matter how rushed you feel
When sawing green trees that have gummy resin When sawing green trees that have gummy resin or sap, oil your saw with kerosene or diesel fuel or sap, oil your saw with kerosene or diesel fuel
After a tree has been felled, trim off all limbs and After a tree has been felled, trim off all limbs and knots so that the pole or log is smooth and will knots so that the pole or log is smooth and will require no additional smoothing require no additional smoothing
It usually is best first to cut the poles exactly two It usually is best first to cut the poles exactly two or three times the final length of the poles to be or three times the final length of the poles to be used in the shelter used in the shelter
Drag the logs rather than trying to carry them on Drag the logs rather than trying to carry them on your shoulders your shoulders
Expedient Instructions Cont.Expedient Instructions Cont.
Make a reliable canopy over the Make a reliable canopy over the shelter entry shelter entry
Take to your shelter enough window Take to your shelter enough window screen or mosquito netting to cover screen or mosquito netting to cover its openings its openings
Work to complete (1) an expedient Work to complete (1) an expedient ventilating- cooling pump (a KAP) ventilating- cooling pump (a KAP) and (2) the storage of at least 15 and (2) the storage of at least 15 gallons of water per person gallons of water per person
An Example of an Expedient An Example of an Expedient ShelterShelter
The room of this 6-person shelter was 3-1/2 feet The room of this 6-person shelter was 3-1/2 feet wide, 4-1/2 feet high, and 16-1/2 feet long. A small wide, 4-1/2 feet high, and 16-1/2 feet long. A small stand- up hole was dug at one end, so each tall stand- up hole was dug at one end, so each tall occupant could stand up and stretch several times a occupant could stand up and stretch several times a dayday
Door-Covered Trench Shelter Door-Covered Trench Shelter
Protection Factor – 250Protection Factor – 250 The shelter illustrated is roofed with The shelter illustrated is roofed with
3 doors 3 doors and is the and is the minimumminimum length length for for 3 persons3 persons
Pole-Covered Trench Shelter Pole-Covered Trench Shelter
Protection Factor 300Protection Factor 300 The shelter illustrated is the The shelter illustrated is the
minimum length recommended for 4 minimum length recommended for 4 personspersons
Small-Pole Shelter Small-Pole Shelter
Protection Factor 1000 Protection Factor 1000 Capacity - 12Capacity - 12
Making and Using Homemade Making and Using Homemade Shelter-Ventilating Pump Shelter-Ventilating Pump
In warm weather, large volumes of outside In warm weather, large volumes of outside air MUST be pumped through most fallout air MUST be pumped through most fallout or blast shelters if they are crowded and or blast shelters if they are crowded and occupied for a day or moreoccupied for a day or more
The KAP (Kearny Air Pump) is a practical, The KAP (Kearny Air Pump) is a practical, do- it-yourself device for pumping do- it-yourself device for pumping adequate volumes of cooling air through adequate volumes of cooling air through shelters with minimum workshelters with minimum work
The Pump Frame and Its Fixed SupportThe Pump Frame and Its Fixed Support Boards for the frameBoards for the frame (1st) 22 ft of 1 X 2-in. boards(1st) 22 ft of 1 X 2-in. boards (2nd) Boards of the same length that have approximately the (2nd) Boards of the same length that have approximately the
same dimensions as 1 X 2- in. and 1 X 1-in. lumbersame dimensions as 1 X 2- in. and 1 X 1-in. lumber (3rd) Straight sticks or metal strips that can be cut and fitted to (3rd) Straight sticks or metal strips that can be cut and fitted to
make a flat-faced KAP framemake a flat-faced KAP frame HingesHinges (1st) Door or cabinet butt-hinges(1st) Door or cabinet butt-hinges (2nd) metal strap-hinges(2nd) metal strap-hinges (3rd) improvised hinges made of leather(3rd) improvised hinges made of leather A board for the fixed horizontal supportA board for the fixed horizontal support (1st) A 1 X 4-in. board that is at least 1 ft longer than the width of (1st) A 1 X 4-in. board that is at least 1 ft longer than the width of
the opening in which you plan to swing your pumpthe opening in which you plan to swing your pump (2nd) A wider board(2nd) A wider board Small nails (at least 24)Small nails (at least 24) (1st) No. 6 box nails, about 1/2 in. longer than the thickness of the (1st) No. 6 box nails, about 1/2 in. longer than the thickness of the
two boards, so their pointed ends can be bent over and clinched)two boards, so their pointed ends can be bent over and clinched) (2nd) other small nails(2nd) other small nails
The Flaps The Flaps Plastic film or other Plastic film or other very lightvery light, flexible material -- 12 , flexible material -- 12
square feet in pieces that can be cut into 9 rectangular square feet in pieces that can be cut into 9 rectangular strips, each 30 X 5-1/2 in.strips, each 30 X 5-1/2 in.
(1st) polyethylene film 3 or 4 mils thick (3 or 4 one-(1st) polyethylene film 3 or 4 mils thick (3 or 4 one-thousandths of an inch)thousandths of an inch)
(2nd) 2-mil polyethylene from large trash bags(2nd) 2-mil polyethylene from large trash bags (3rd) tough paper(3rd) tough paper Pressure-sensitive waterproof tape, enough to make 30 ft of Pressure-sensitive waterproof tape, enough to make 30 ft of
tape 3/4 in. to 1 in. wide, for securing the hem-tunnels of tape 3/4 in. to 1 in. wide, for securing the hem-tunnels of the flapsthe flaps
(1st) cloth duct tape (silver tape)(1st) cloth duct tape (silver tape) (2nd) glass tape(2nd) glass tape (3rd) scotch tape(3rd) scotch tape (4th) freezer or masking tape, or sew the hem tunnels(4th) freezer or masking tape, or sew the hem tunnels
The Flap Pivot-WiresThe Flap Pivot-Wires
(1st) 30 ft of smooth wire at least as heavy (1st) 30 ft of smooth wire at least as heavy and springy as coat hanger wire, that can and springy as coat hanger wire, that can be made into be made into very straightvery straight pieces each pieces each 29 in. long (nine all-wire coat hangers will 29 in. long (nine all-wire coat hangers will supply enough)supply enough)
(2nd) 35 ft of somewhat thinner wire, (2nd) 35 ft of somewhat thinner wire, including light, flexible insulated wireincluding light, flexible insulated wire
(3rd) 35 ft of smooth string, preferably (3rd) 35 ft of smooth string, preferably nylon string about the diameter of coat nylon string about the diameter of coat hanger wire. hanger wire.
The Pull CordThe Pull Cord
(1st) At least 10 ft of cord(1st) At least 10 ft of cord (2nd) strong string(2nd) strong string (3rd) flexible, light wire(3rd) flexible, light wire
The Flap-StopsThe Flap-Stops
(1st) 150 ft of light string(1st) 150 ft of light string (2nd) 150 ft of light, smooth wire(2nd) 150 ft of light, smooth wire (3rd) 150 ft of very strong thread(3rd) 150 ft of very strong thread (4th) 600 ft of ordinary thread, to provide (4th) 600 ft of ordinary thread, to provide
4 threads for each stop-flap.4 threads for each stop-flap. (1st) 90 tacks (not thumbtacks)(1st) 90 tacks (not thumbtacks) (2nd) 90 small nails. (Tacks or nails are (2nd) 90 small nails. (Tacks or nails are
desirable but not essential, since the flap-desirable but not essential, since the flap-stops can be tied to the frame.)stops can be tied to the frame.)
The FrameThe Frame
Completing the FrameCompleting the Frame
The Pivot-Wires and FlapsThe Pivot-Wires and Flaps
End View of FlapEnd View of Flap
Top of the FrameTop of the Frame
Hinge is Attached So the Pump Hinge is Attached So the Pump Can Swing 180 DegreesCan Swing 180 Degrees
More Ventilating More Ventilating
The Final IdeaThe Final Idea
Reference Reference Nuclear War Nuclear War
Survival Survival SkillsSkills
Cresson H. KearnyCresson H. Kearny Original Edition Published September, 1979,Original Edition Published September, 1979,
by Oak Ridge National Laboratory,by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, a Facility of thea Facility of the
U.S. Department of EnergyU.S. Department of Energy
Published by thePublished by the Oregon Institute of Science and MedicineOregon Institute of Science and Medicine
Cave Junction, OregonCave Junction, Oregon
Copyright (c) 1986 by Cresson H. Kearny. The copyrighted material Copyright (c) 1986 by Cresson H. Kearny. The copyrighted material may be reproduced may be reproduced without obtaining permission from anyonewithout obtaining permission from anyone, provided: (1) all copyrighted material is , provided: (1) all copyrighted material is reproduced full-scale (except for microfiche reproductions), and (2) the part of this reproduced full-scale (except for microfiche reproductions), and (2) the part of this copyright notice within quotation marks is printed along with the copyrighted material."copyright notice within quotation marks is printed along with the copyrighted material."