Bong-Geun JUNProfessor and Director

Center for Nonproliferation and Nuclear SecurityIFANS, Seoul

The 10th ROK-UN Joint Conferenceon Disarmament and Nonproliferation Issues

November 7, 2011November 7, 2011

The Nuclear Security Sum-mit: Significance and

Achievements

Contents

ⅠⅠ Nuclear Terrorism Threats

Nuclear Security

Global Nuclear Governance

Nuclear Security Summit;background, significance, achievements

2012 Nuclear Security Summit

ⅡⅡ

ⅢⅢ

ⅣⅣ

ⅤⅤ

“Nuclear terrorism is one of the most challenging threats to international security, and strong nuclear security measures are the most effective means.”

“Gravely concerned by the threat of terrorism and the risk that non-State actors … may acquire , develop, traffic in or use nuclear, ...,weapons and their means of delivery, Recognizing the urgent need for all States to take additional effective measures to prevent the proliferation of nuclear, …,weapons and their means of delivery.”

On Nuclear Terrorism and Nuclear Security

IAEA Director-General Mohamed ElBaradeiIAEA Director-General Mohamed ElBaradei

UNSC Resolution 1540(2004)UNSC Resolution 1540(2004)

2010 Washington NSS Communiqué2010 Washington NSS Communiqué

“Nuclear terrorism is No. 1. security threat right now. If they get it, they will use it. (2008 IAEA Annual Conference)

Nuclear Terrorism Dangers

Terrorists’ plans and attempts to make and/or acquire nuclear bomb and its material

Civilian HEU and separated Pu stock become major targets of thefts and sabotage.

Global Fissile Material Stock(2010)

HEU(ton) Separated Pu(ton)

Military 1,600 250

Civilian 10 250

Total 1600 500

De

• Prevention, detection of and response

- to theft, sabotage, unauthorized ac-

cess, illegal transfer or other mali-

cious acts,

- involving nuclear material, other ra-

diological substances or their associ-

ated facilities

Nuclear Security: Definition

Nuclear security

Non-state actors

Nonproliferation

States

Nuclear security Nuclear safety

Intentional Natural, technical

Nuclear security Radiological securityNuclear terrorism, IND

Nuclear security Physical protectionborder control, export control, nuclear forensics, information security, etc

Material protec-tion, fence, guards

ACTOR

CAUSE

MEANS

MEASURES

Radiological terrorism, RDD

Nuclear Security and Comparisons

12

Nuclear Diarmament

Nuclear Safety Nuclear

Security

NPT’s 3 Pillars: Disarmament, Nonproliferation, PUNE

IAEA’s 3S: Safeguards, Nuclear Safety, Nuclear Security

Obama’s 4 Pillars for a Nuclear weapons free world:

Nuclear disarmament, Nonproliferation, PUNE, Nuclear Security

Nuclear Security in Global Nuclear Governance

GlobalNuclear

Governance

Non-Proliferation

Nuclear Security Summit: Background

about 30 cases of terrorism with over 100 deaths since 2000

The era of political instability and mass-killing terrorism

Terrorists seeking nuclear materials and weapons

HEU 25 kg or Pu 8 kg Per Nuclear Explosive Device Hundreds cases of losses or thefts of radiological Material, over 20 cases of losses or thefts of HEU/Pu since the 90s 130 HEU reactor

Over 2,000 tons of global fissile material stock (IPFM Report)

To secure all vulnerable nuclear material in 4 years To hold Global Summit on Nuclear Security in 2010 Endorsed by UNSC Res. 1887(2009.9)

President Obama’s call for NSS (2009.4.5)

Fukushima Nuclear Accident(2011.3)

NSS: Significance

The first and only summit forum on Nu-clear Security

- highest-level political attention

Participation of all stake-holders- goal- and action-oriented

Comprehensive ‘Governance’ approach- multiple norms, actors and issues- Partnership: states, IOs, business, NGO …

National voluntary commitments

• 50 global leaders sharing threats perception, agreeing on nu-clear security actions

• HEU/PU elimination and consolidation. Chile, Kazakhstan, Rus-sia, Ukraine, etc.; Shut-down or conversion of HEU reactors: Russia, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Vietnam

• Ratification of CPPNM 2005 Amendment and ICSANT

• Extension of the UNSC Res. 1540 Committee, G8 Global Partner-ship program; membership increase of GICNT:

• Strengthening IAEA NS function: IAEA Nuclear Security Fund, IAEA INFCIRC 225/rev.5(physical protection guideline document)

• Establishment of nuclear security training centers of excel-lences

(Source: The 2010 Nuclear Security Summit: A Status Update, Arms Control Associa-tion and Partnership for Global Security Report, 2011.4)

Achievements of the 2010 Summit

2012 Seoul Nuclear Security Summit

Summit March 26(M)~27(T), 2012, Seoul 47 Heads of States + plus 4 Representatives of IOs (UN, IAEA, EU, INTERPOL)

Pre-SummitExperts

Conference

March 23(F), 2012 Hosted by KINAC and IFANS Approx. 200 participants, including over 100 foreign guests Nuclear security policy, technical issues Technical exhibition

Business CEOConference

March 23(F), 2012

Hosted by KHNP

2012 Seoul Nuclear Security Summit

2012 Seoul NSS official website

: www.seoulnss.go.kr

2012 Nuclear Security Symposium(Draft)

“Innovating Global Nuclear Security Governance”

TITLE

• Progress since the 2010 NSS• Nuclear security activities by (NG)IOs: UN, IAEA, INTERPOL, WANO/INPO/WINS, etc.• Global Nuclear Security Governance: vision, goals, principles, innovations, strategies• Key issues - radiological security, interface between NS and NS, IAEA’s role, regional approach, international cooperation and coordination, HEU minimization, information security,

illicit trafficking, nuclear forensics, etc.• Beyond the 2012 Seoul Summit

PROGRAM

• Experts from NSS participating states, IOs, NGOs, labs, schools etc.• Media, general public

PARTICIPANTS

Why ‘Global Governance’ Approach?

GlobalGovernanceApproach

1

4

2

3

Diversified Normstreaties/ conventions, initiatives, national laws/regulations, code of conduct, best practice, principles, compliance program

Multiple ActorsStates, GIO, NGIO, NGOs, companies, labs, schools, individuals

Complexity, interrelation of issues

3 pillars of NPT, 3S/2S, development, economics, culture, sovereignty, globalization

Limits of traditional state-centered approach

THANK YOU!