Nuclear Science in Africa(What is New or Planned)

1. Nuclear Science and Facilities in Africa

2. Algeria and Reunion

3. New Developments in South Africa

- AMS- New 3 MV Tandetron for Materials

Research- Low Energy RIB- Accelerated RIB

Kobus Lawrie – iThemba LABS

Research Reactors Particle Accelerators for Research

Facilities in Africa

Countries Participating in the IAEA AFRA programme(African Regional Cooperative Agreement for Research, Development and

Training Related to Nuclear Science and Technology)

AFRA enjoys a membership of 34 countries in Africa

Programmes• Human health• Food and agriculture• Water resources• Sustainable energy

development• Industrial applications• Radiation and waste safety

South Afri

caEg

ypt

Morocco

Algeria

Tunisia

Nigeria

Libya

Ghana

Ethiopia

Sudan

Camero

onKen

ya0

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150

200

250

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400

5 Year Publication Output in selected Nuclear Physics Journals

South African Small Accelerator Facilities Workshop in November 2014 agreed to expand to rest of Africa

Reunion

GIP CYROI at the University of ReunionSmall cyclotron for 18F production

- applications in Medical and Biological sciences- microPET (for Preclinical Imaging)

iThemba LABS collaboration on the usage of a 68Ge/68Ga generator for the development and evaluation of

various 68Ga-labelled DOTA-conjugated somatostatin derivatives (peptides)

Algeria50 year old 3.75 MV Van de Graaff – p, d and Mainly for Materials Science and Applications

- Stopping Power, Straggling, Sputtering, Radiation Damage- Ion Beam Analysis (RBS, PIXE, ERDA, NRA etc)

Planned:- 6 MV Tandetron at COMENA, Algiers

- with both light ion and heavy ion sources- Materials Science and Applications programmes as above- Some nuclear astrophysics studies

- 3 MV Tandetron at University of Science and Technology, Algiers

Current research collaboration with iThemba LABS-ray production cross sections with protons on light elementsE(p) = 30 – 200 MeV (continuation of work at Orsay)

South Africa

• 6 MV Van de Graaff• 6 MV Tandem • K=8 solid pole cyclotron – high current protons • K=8 solid pole cyclotron – heavy ions• K = 200 Separated Sector Cyclotron

iThemba LABS:

Necsa: 20 MW Research Reactor (remaining life 10 -15 years)

- mainly for isotope production- neutron tomography, small angle scattering, diffraction

RFQ – 4 MeV deuterons for neutron production

Replacement of the 50 years old Van de Graaff accelerator of iThemba LABS

Existing Van de Graaff

3 MV Tandetron

Ion sources for p, and HI Delivery November 2016

Biological Samples: Metal-hyperaccumulating plants and related insects

Berkheya coddii Roessl. (Asteraceae)

Endemic - ultramafic soils South Africa

Nickel hyperaccumulator Up to 7.6 wt.% of Ni in leaves(average 1% of dry mass)

Phytoremediation and phytomining

Ni

Quantitative maps of Ni distributions of Berkheya coddii and Senecio anomalochrous leaf cross-section

Chrysolina pardalinaPotential weed control

South Africa - 5 hyperaccumulating plantsCuba - about 130 hyperaccumulating plants

Proposed layout of the 3 MV Tandetron facility at iThemba LABS

Microprobe

Heavy-ion Implantation

Broad beam PIXE, RBS, Channelling

Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) system at Gauteng site of iThemba LABS

Livermore designed Ion source – 300 A

Refurbished Tandem fitted with Pelletron chain

Electrostatic and magnetic analysers

• 12C3+ transmission better than 35%.

• Determined 13C3+/12C3+ - in agreement with natural abundance

• Identified 14C peak

• 12C sample prep lab near completion

• 14C dating by end of 2015

High Energy Analysis system from NEC

Isotope Production and Particle Therapy - Monday to Friday

Nuclear Physics - weekends only

Isotope Production

70 MeVCyclotron

ISOL

Experimental area

Phase 0: (Funded $3.3m)- Design Study ($ 0.7m )- Test Ion Source/”Demonstrator” ($2.6m) (Un-accelerated Radioactive Beam Facility)

Phase 1: (~ $ 55m)- 70 MeV Cyclotron and beam lines- Isotope Production Target Stations

Isotope Production moves to new facility SSC exclusively available for physics with stable beams and Unaccelerated Radioactive Beams from “Demonstrator”

Phase 2: (~$ 55m)- ISOL target stations- Laser Ionization, mass seperation, charge breeding- Post-acceleration (existing SPC2 and SSC)- Experimental Facilities

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Phase 0Test Ion Sources(Demonstrator)

Later to be used for • -decay studies• Testing fundamental

symmetries (lifetimes)• Materials sciences

(Mössbauer, Emission channelling)

• Design of Tape station under investigation

• Use existing Ge detectors

SPES RIB Target

Power in this design limited toP = 70 MeV x 150 µA = 10.5 kW

More than doubles the fission yield (2 x 1013)

Collaboration with INFN LegnaroSPES direct target designed for 40 MeV at 200 A Upgraded to 70 MeV beam

UCx or SiC target discs

60 μA, 66MeV = 4 kW

High – Power Test of SiC Target

Test Ion Source- MoA with Legnaro signed;

Target and Ion source ordered (Delivery 1st half of 2016)

- design of beam lines completed

- Started purchasing beam line components (mainly vacuum)

- Discussions on licencing underway

- First beam late 2016/201750 A at 66 MeV 6 x 1012 fissions/s

A competitive low energy RIB facility

•Diameter < 4m •Weight > 120t •Magnetic field: 1.55T •Magnetic Gap: 30mm •Extraction Radius: 1.2m •2 exit ports

• Particles: H- / D- / He2+/ HH+

• Energy : 15 MeV 70 MeV

• Performances: 750μA H- @ 70MeV 35μA He2+ @70MeV

RIB Phase 1: 70 MeV Cyclotron

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RIB Phase 1: Layout

Radionuclide

Annual production

(mCi)

Annual revenue2015/16

(1000 Rand)Ga-67 4 800 1 000I-123 12 000 2 300Sr-82 166 400 95 696 Ge-68 41 600 73 000Na-22 12 960 12 960

Total Revenue 100% Sold 184 056Total Revenue 80% Sold 147 244

220 A from 2 ports 2 weeks/month

Phase 1: Funding

Research Funding for ½ of cyclotron costCommercialization of Isotope production to fund the remainder

Phase 2: Layout (Preliminary)

•Present SPC2 inflector unsuitable for heavy-ions•Double-drift buncher in injection line before SPC2

• Puts 80% of beam within phase acceptance•Presently have Variable Frequency Flat-Topping on SPC1

• Introduce the same to SPC2•Variable frequency flat-topping on SSC•Upgrade Vacuum

Overall transmission to reach up to 30%

Upgrade SPC2 and SSC:

Facility BeamEnergy

BeamCurrent

Powerdepositedin target

Fissionsper

second

132Sn beam

intensity(pps)

HRIBF, Oak Ridge, USA 40 MeV 10 µA 0.4 kW 4×1011 2×105

ISOLDE, CERN, Switzerland 1.0–1.4 GeV 2 A 0.4 kW 4×1012 107

TRIUMF, Canada 450 MeV 70 µA 17 kW

HIE ISOLDE upgrade, CERN 4×1012 2×108

SPIRAL II, GANIL, France (initial) 40 MeV (d) 5 mA 200 kW 1014 3 ×108

SPES, INFN-Legnaro, Italy, baseline 40 MeV 200 µA 8 kW 1013 3 ×107

iThemba LABS (Phase 2) 70 MeV 150 µA 10.5 kW 2×1013 3 ×107

iThemba LABS (later upgrade) 70 MeV 500 µA 35 kW 6 ×1013 1 ×108

Beam Intensity Comparison

- Array (aim for 10% efficiency)

Solenoid Spectrometer

- internal target

- reactions on light targets

- external target

- heavy ion transfer with -coincidence

Upgrade of experimental facilities

Upgrade of experimental facilitiesIn-flight production of n-deficient beams Fusion-evaporation; inverse kinematic

Beam A ~ 1201 pµA; 6 MeV/A

A ~ 20

Products A ~ 140~ 4MeV/A 107 pps

Coulex

Summary(developments at iThemba LABS)

1. First AMS facility in Africa (end 2015)2. Modern Electrostatic Accelerator for IBA at

below 1 position resolution (April 2017)3. Low energy RIB (~2018)4. Technical design study for RIB Project completed

early in 2016

5. RIB Phases I and II can contribute to the advances in nuclear physics internationally

6. Contribute to the growth of Nuclear Science in Africa