nuclear power plant
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Nuclear Power Plant](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a6a7e81a28abe72e8b4863/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
![Page 2: Nuclear Power Plant](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a6a7e81a28abe72e8b4863/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
RADIOACTIVITY
• Nucleus is stable forces acting on electron and proton are equal.
• Nucleus is unstable Un equal forces.
• Becomes stable by emitting radiation (particles or EM Waves).
• This phenomenon is called radioactivity.
• Alpha
• Beta
• gamma
![Page 3: Nuclear Power Plant](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a6a7e81a28abe72e8b4863/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
RADIOACTIVITY
• Alpha particle nucleus of a Helium atom, 24He.
• Beta particles negatively charged high speed electrons emitted by
the nucleus. They have no mass but posses a charge of -1. They are
denoted by -10e.
• Gamma rays are high energy photons travelling with the velocity of
light. They have no mass or charge. They are denoted by 00y.
![Page 4: Nuclear Power Plant](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a6a7e81a28abe72e8b4863/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
NUCLEAR FISSION
• Splitting of nucleus into lighter nuclei by colliding it with a neutron
(projectile).
• Must have an energy equivalent to nuclear binding energy to split the
nucleus.
• Nuclear fission produces heat and electromagnetic radiation.
• E = mc2.
![Page 5: Nuclear Power Plant](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a6a7e81a28abe72e8b4863/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
NUCLEAR FISSION
• Fission produces additional neutrons (projectiles) which can then be
captured by other atoms to continue the reaction (chain reaction)
• The reaction can get out of control and an explosion can occur.
• To prevent this control rods that absorb the extra neutrons are used.
• Uranium-235 is the most commonly used fuel for fission.
![Page 6: Nuclear Power Plant](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a6a7e81a28abe72e8b4863/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Nuclear Power Plant](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a6a7e81a28abe72e8b4863/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• The materials U-235, U-233 and Pu-239 are called fissionable
materials.
• The only fissionable nuclear fuel occurring in nature is uranium
• 99.3 % is U-238
• 0.7% is U-235
• U-234 is only a trace.
• Out of these isotopes only U-235 will fission in a chain reaction.
NUCLEAR FISSION
![Page 8: Nuclear Power Plant](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a6a7e81a28abe72e8b4863/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• The materials U-235, U-233 and Pu-239 are called fissionable
materials.
• The only fissionable nuclear fuel occurring in nature is uranium
• 99.3 % is U-238
• 0.7% is U-235
• U-234 is only a trace.
• Out of these isotopes only U-235 will fission in a chain reaction.
NUCLEAR FISSION
![Page 9: Nuclear Power Plant](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a6a7e81a28abe72e8b4863/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Nuclear Power Plant](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a6a7e81a28abe72e8b4863/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Nuclear Power Plant](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a6a7e81a28abe72e8b4863/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• REACTOR CORE
• Contains nuclear fuel – U 235
• MODERATOR
• To reduce the speed of the neutrons (projectile) so as to maintain reaction
• Hydrogen, Deuterium, Helium, Lithium, Berylium, Boron, Carbon, Nitrogen,
Oxygen
• CONTROL RODS
• Absorb neutrons to control the reaction
• boron-10, cadmium, graphite.
![Page 12: Nuclear Power Plant](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a6a7e81a28abe72e8b4863/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• COOLANT
• Transfer heat to water
• GAS - Air, helium, hydrogen and CO2
• LIQUID - light and heavy water
• METAL - molten sodium and lithium
• REFLECTOR
• Confines the neutrons within the reactor.
• SHIELDING
• Lead or thick concrete.
• Protection from alpha, beta and gamma rays
![Page 13: Nuclear Power Plant](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a6a7e81a28abe72e8b4863/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Boiling Water Reactor (BWR )
Ordinary water is used as coolant and moderator
![Page 14: Nuclear Power Plant](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a6a7e81a28abe72e8b4863/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR )Water under pressure is used as coolant and moderator
![Page 15: Nuclear Power Plant](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a6a7e81a28abe72e8b4863/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Heavy Water Cooled And Moderated (CANDU Type) Reactor
CANDU Canadian Deuteriurn Uranium.
Heavy water is moderator and coolant
![Page 16: Nuclear Power Plant](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a6a7e81a28abe72e8b4863/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Fast-Breeder Reactor.
• Uranium or plutonium is surrounded by a blanket of U-238 or Th-232. • U-238 or Th-232 absorbs neutrons produced by the fissioning of U-235 and produces fissile material Pu-239 or U-233• Thus secondary fuels (U-233 and Pu-239) results in reduction of fuel cost. • Two heat exchangers are used to prevent the possibility of a sodium-water reaction with the radio-active sodium.
![Page 17: Nuclear Power Plant](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a6a7e81a28abe72e8b4863/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
GAS COOLED REACTOR
• Uses CO2 and Helium as coolant.
• Graphite as the moderator.
• A large quantity of gas is required, due to poor heat transfer qualities.